[Retrograde cholangioscopy in differential diagnosis of parasitic invasion]. / Retrogradnaya kholangioskopiya v differentsial'noi parazitarnoi invazii. Klinicheskii sluchai.

The authors present differential diagnosis of parasitic invasion of the common bile duct. A 52-year-old patient admitted with malignant bile duct obstruction, mechanical jaundice, cholestatic hepatitis and cholangitis. Bile duct tumor was preliminary diagnosed according to anamnesis, complaints, physical, laboratory and instrumental data. Retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic papillotomy and revision of the common bile duct were performed. There was occlusion at the level of the upper third of the common bile duct. Retrograde cholangioscopy was performed to clarify the nature of obstruction and tumor. Cholangioscopy revealed parasites in the common bile duct that required extraction. The patient was sent to the infectious disease hospital.

[Modern endoscopic technologies for chronic calcifying pancreatitis]. / Sovremennye endoskopicheskie tekhnologii pri khronicheskom kal'tsinoznom pankreatite.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of electrohydraulic lithotripsy of calculi of the main pancreatic duct using ultrathin SpyGlass DS endoscope. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 29 patients with chronic calcifying pancreatitis and obstructive calculi of the main pancreatic duct. All surgeries were carried out between 2018 and 2023. RESULTS: Complete removal of calculi (≥5 mm) within one procedure was achieved in 25 (86%) patients. CONCLUSION: Pancreatoscopy with electrohydraulic lithotripsy using the digital SpyGlass DS system (BostonScientificCorp, Marlborough, MA) is the most effective method for calculi of the main pancreatic duct.

[Possible mechanism of operator influence on magnetic-measuring systems]. / O vozmozhnom mekhanizme vozdeistviia operatora na magnitoizmeritel'nyesistemy.

Influence of operator on magnetic measuring systems is investigated. Mechanism of the influence based on conductivity increasing between the electric scheme elements under operator influence is proposed.

[Generalization by the relative sign of "top" in bottlenose dolphins]. / Obobshchenie otnositel'nomu priznaku "verkhnii" u del'finov afalin.

Bottle-nosed dolphins demonstrated the ability to distinguish the top position of the objects in the process of learning. They always chose the top object from the three identical things under conditions of permanent location changing of this stimulus triplet on one of the sides of the water enclosure. Specialization of the reflex was tested under conditions of the stimulus triplet administration at the background of different situational changes in surroundings, including the changes in location of external reference points. The animals retained the adequate reaction also after a sudden substitution of the initial stimulus objects for others which were considerably different from the initial stimuli in the shape, material, size etc. When the natural stimuli (three fishes) were presented of the number of the stimuli was substituted from 2 for 5, nevertheless, the dolphins chose the top stimulus. The findings testify to the capability of dolphins for generalization by the relative sign "top position".