Solubility Enhancement and Inhalation Delivery of Cyclodextrin-Based Inclusion Complex of Delamanid for Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contiguous airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), primarily affecting the human lungs. The progression of drug-susceptible TB to drug-resistant strains, MDR-TB and XDR-TB, has become a global challenge toward eradicating TB. Conventional TB treatment involves frequent dosing and prolonged treatment regimens predominantly by an oral or invasive route, leading to treatment-related systemic adverse effects and patient's noncompliance. Pulmonary delivery is an attractive option as we could reduce dose, limit systemic side-effects, and achieve rapid onset of action. Delamanid (DLD), an antituberculosis drug, has poor aqueous solubility, and in this study, we aim to improve its solubility using cyclodextrin complexation. We screened different cyclodextrins and found that HP-ß-CD resulted in a 54-fold increase in solubility compared to a 27-fold and 13-fold increase by SBE-ß-CD and HP-É£-CD, respectively. The stability constant (265 ± 15 M-1) and complexation efficiency (8.5 × 10-4) suggest the formation of a stable inclusion complex of DLD and HP-ß-CD in a 2:1 ratio. Solid-state characterization studies (DSC, PXRD, and NMR) further confirmed successful complexation of DLD in HP-ß-CD. The nebulized DLD-CD complex solution showed a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 4.42 ± 0.62 µm and fine particle fraction of 82.28 ± 2.79%, suggesting deposition in the respiratory airways. In bacterial studies, minimum inhibitory concentration of DLD-CD complex was significantly reduced (four-fold) compared to free DLD in M.tb (H37Ra strain). Furthermore, accelerated stability studies confirmed that the inclusion complex was stable for 4 weeks with 90%w/w drug content. In conclusion, we increased the aqueous solubility of DLD through cyclodextrin complexation and improved its efficacy in vitro.

Nisin ZP, an Antimicrobial Peptide, Induces Cell Death and Inhibits Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Progression in vitro in 2D and 3D Cell Culture.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths globally with most of the reported cases (> 85%) associated with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Current therapies have enhanced the overall survival rate of patients but treatment-related adverse effects and increase in drug-resistance limit the success of these treatment options. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have gained interest as anticancer agents as they selectively target cancer cells and decrease the possibility of resistance. Nisin ZP is a polycyclic antimicrobial peptide produced by the Gram-positive bacterium, Lactococcus lactis and is commonly used as a food preservative. Nisin ZP has recently demonstrated anticancer activity in melanoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, hepatic, colon, and blood cancer. In this study, we evaluated the anticancer potential of nisin ZP and assessed the underlying mechanisms in NSCLC cells. The results revealed that nisin ZP induced selective toxicity in cancer (A549 and H1299) cells compared to healthy (HEK293) cells after 48 h of treatment. Nisin ZP exposure induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest (G0/G1 phase) in NSCLC cells irrespective of tumor protein p53 expression. The cancer cell proliferation was inhibited via non-membranolytic pathways by mitochondrial membrane depolarization and elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Furthermore, nisin ZP decreased cancer cells' clonal expansion and migration, demonstrating potential use against highly metastatic NSCLC. The 3D spheroid growth and cell viability of the A549 cells were significantly inhibited by nisin ZP compared to control. Overall, the results suggest an excellent antitumor potential in vitro and, thus, can further be developed as a novel therapeutic for NSCLC.

Repurposing Bedaquiline for Effective Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Therapy as Inhalable Cyclodextrin-Based Molecular Inclusion Complexes.

There is growing evidence that repurposed drugs demonstrate excellent efficacy against many cancers, while facilitating accelerated drug development process. In this study, bedaquiline (BDQ), an FDA approved anti-mycobacterial agent, was repurposed and an inhalable cyclodextrin complex formulation was developed to explore its anti-cancer activity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A sulfobutyl ether derivative of ß-cyclodextrin (SBE-ß-CD) was selected based on phase solubility studies and molecular modeling to prepare an inclusion complex of BDQ and cyclodextrin. Aqueous solubility of BDQ was increased by 2.8 × 103-fold after complexation with SBE-ß-CD, as compared to its intrinsic solubility. Solid-state characterization studies confirmed the successful incorporation of BDQ in the SBE-ß-CD cavity. In vitro lung deposition study results demonstrated excellent inhalable properties (mass median aerodynamic diameter: 2.9 ± 0.6 µm (<5 µm) and fine particle fraction: 83.3 ± 3.8%) of BDQ-CD complex. Accelerated stability studies showed BDQ-CD complex to be stable up to 3 weeks. From cytotoxicity studies, a slight enhancement in the anti-cancer efficacy was observed with BDQ-cyclodextrin complex, compared to BDQ alone in H1299 cell line. The IC50 values for BDQ and BDQ-CD complex were found to be ~40 µM in case of H1299 cell line at 72 h, whereas BDQ/BDQ-CD were not found to be cytotoxic up to concentrations of 50 µM in A549 cell line. Taken together, BDQ-CD complex offers a promising inhalation strategy with efficient lung deposition and cytotoxicity for NSCLC treatment.

Sorafenib Loaded Inhalable Polymeric Nanocarriers against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

PURPOSE: This exploration is aimed at developing sorafenib (SF)-loaded cationically-modified polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) as inhalable carriers for improving the therapeutic efficacy of SF against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: The NPs were prepared using a solvent evaporation technique while incorporating cationic agents. The optimized NPs were characterized by various physicochemical parameters and evaluated for their aerosolization properties. Several in-vitro evaluation studies were performed to determine the efficacy of our delivery carriers against NSCLC cells. RESULTS: Optimized nanoparticles exhibited an entrapment efficiency of ~40%, <200 nm particle size and a narrow poly-dispersity index. Cationically-modified nanoparticles exhibited enhanced cellular internalization and cytotoxicity (~5-fold IC50 reduction vs SF) in various lung cancer cell types. The inhalable nanoparticles displayed efficient aerodynamic properties (MMAD ~ 4 µM and FPF >80%). In-vitro evaluation also resulted in a superior ability to inhibit cancer metastasis. 3D-tumor simulation studies further established the anti-cancer efficacy of NPs as compared to just SF. CONCLUSION: The localized delivery of SF-loaded nanoparticles resulted in improved anti-tumor activity as compared to SF alone. Therefore, this strategy displays great potential as a novel treatment approach against certain lung cancers.

Microbes as Medicines: Harnessing the Power of Bacteria in Advancing Cancer Treatment.

Conventional anti-cancer therapy involves the use of chemical chemotherapeutics and radiation and are often non-specific in action. The development of drug resistance and the inability of the drug to penetrate the tumor cells has been a major pitfall in current treatment. This has led to the investigation of alternative anti-tumor therapeutics possessing greater specificity and efficacy. There is a significant interest in exploring the use of microbes as potential anti-cancer medicines. The inherent tropism of the bacteria for hypoxic tumor environment and its ability to be genetically engineered as a vector for gene and drug therapy has led to the development of bacteria as a potential weapon against cancer. In this review, we will introduce bacterial anti-cancer therapy with an emphasis on the various mechanisms involved in tumor targeting and tumor suppression. The bacteriotherapy approaches in conjunction with the conventional cancer therapy can be effective in designing novel cancer therapies. We focus on the current progress achieved in bacterial cancer therapies that show potential in advancing existing cancer treatment options and help attain positive clinical outcomes with minimal systemic side-effects.

Effect of Spray Drying on Amorphization of Indomethacin Nicotinamide Cocrystals; Optimization, Characterization, and Stability Study.

Cocrystals have gained a lot of consideration regarding its superior role in enhancement of solubility and dissolution of the included API. Cocrystals could be converted to coamorphous systems via different techniques like milling and quench cooling; however, the use of spray-drying technique has not been investigated before. So, the aim of this study was to explore the effect of spray drying on the amorphization of indomethacin/nicotinamide, INDNIC, as model cocrystals. Spray-drying operating parameters were optimized using the Taguchi design of experiment for maximum powder yield and low moisture content. The obtained INDNIC spray-dried cocrystals were characterized for their degree of crystallinity, morphology, moisture content, and dissolution performance. In addition, stability study was performed at different temperature and humidity conditions. Experimental design results delineate that spray-drying inlet temperature and cocrystal concentrations as the most influential factors for maximum powder yield and low moisture content. Powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry studies revealed the conversion of INDNIC cocrystals to a partial coamorphous or coamorphous structure without dissociation of INDNIC molecular structure. INDNIC coamorphous powders showed a significantly higher release of IND compared with cocrystals and remain physically stable for 2 months when stored in the refrigerator.

Design and Optimization of a Temperature-Stable Dry Powder BCG Vaccine.

PURPOSE: Loss of vaccine potency due to extreme temperature exposure during storage and transport remains a significant obstacle to the success of many vaccines, including the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, the only vaccine available against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BCG is a live, attenuated vaccine requiring refrigerated storage for viability. In this study, we formulated a temperature-stable BCG dry powder using the spray drying technique. METHODS: We employed a factorial design to optimize our formulation of stabilizing excipients that included L-leucine, bovine serum albumin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, mannitol, and trehalose. Powders were characterized for their particle size, yield, water retention and uptake, glass transition temperature, and aerosol performance. Three optimal powder carrier mixtures were selected from the factorial design for BCG incorporation based on their stability-promoting and powder flow characteristics. Vaccine powders were also assessed for BCG viability and in vivo immunogenicity after long-term storage. RESULTS: Live BCG was successfully spray-dried using the optimized carriers. Dry powder BCG showed no loss in viability (25°C, up to 60% relative humidity; RH) and ~2-log loss in viability (40°C, 75% RH) after one year of storage. The aerodynamic size of the powders was in the respirable range. Further, when healthy mice were immunized intradermally with reconstituted BCG powders (storage for 2 years), the vaccine retained its immunogenicity. CONCLUSION: We developed a spray-dried BCG vaccine that was viable and antigenic after long-term storage. To our knowledge, this is a first study to show room temperature stability of live BCG vaccine without any loss in viability for 12 months.

In Vivo Pulmonary Delivery and Magnetic-Targeting of Dry Powder Nano-in-Microparticles.

This brief communication evaluates the cytotoxicity and targeting capability of a dry powder chemotherapeutic. Nano-in-microparticles (NIMs) are a dry powder drug delivery vehicle containing superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and either doxorubicin (w/w solids) or fluorescent nanospheres (w/v during formulation; as a drug surrogate) in a lactose matrix. In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated in A549 adenocarcinoma cells using MTS and LDH assays to assess viability and toxicity after 48 h of NIMs exposure. In vivo magnetic-field-dependent targeting of inhaled NIMs was evaluated in a healthy mouse model. Mice were endotracheally administered fluorescently labeled NIMs either as a dry powder or a liquid aerosol in the presence of an external magnet placed over the left lung. Quantification of fluorescence and iron showed a significant increase in both fluorescence intensity and iron content to the left magnetized lung. In comparison, we observed decreased targeting of fluorescent nanospheres to the left lung from an aerosolized liquid suspension, due to the dissociation of SPIONs and nanoparticles during pulmonary administration. We conclude that dry powder NIMs maintain the therapeutic cytotoxicity of doxorubicin and can be better targeted to specific regions of the lung in the presence of a magnetic field, compared to a liquid suspension.

Bovine serum albumin adsorbed PGA-co-PDL nanocarriers for vaccine delivery via dry powder inhalation.

PURPOSE: Dry powder vaccine delivery via the pulmonary route has gained significant attention as an alternate route to parenteral delivery. In this study, we investigated bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorbed poly(glycerol adipate-co-ω-pentadecalactone), PGA-co-PDL polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) within L-leucine (L-leu) microcarriers for dry powder inhalation. METHODS: NPs were prepared by oil-in-water single emulsion-solvent evaporation and particle size optimised using Taguchi's design of experiment. BSA was adsorbed onto NPs at different ratios at room temperature. The NPs were spray-dried in aqueous suspension of L-leu (1:1.5) using a Büchi-290 mini-spray dryer. The resultant nanocomposite microparticles (NCMPs) were characterised for toxicity (MTT assay), aerosolization (Next Generation Impactor), in vitro release study and BSA was characterized using SDS-PAGE and CD respectively. RESULTS: NPs of size 128.50 ± 6.57 nm, PDI 0.07 ± 0.03 suitable for targeting lung dendritic cells were produced. BSA adsorption for 1 h resulted in 10.23 ± 1.87 µg of protein per mg of NPs. Spray-drying with L-leu resulted in NCMPs with 42.35 ± 3.17% yield. In vitro release study at 37°C showed an initial burst release of 30.15 ± 2.33% with 95.15 ± 1.08% over 48 h. Aerosolization studies indicated fine particle fraction (FPF%) dae < 4.46 µm as 76.95 ± 5.61% and mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 1.21 ± 0.67 µm. The cell viability was 87.01 ± 14.11% (A549 cell line) and 106.04 ± 21.14% (16HBE14o- cell line) with L-leu based NCMPs at 1.25 mg/ml concentration after 24 h treatment. The SDS-PAGE and CD confirmed the primary and secondary structure of the released BSA. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that PGA-co-PDL/L-leu NCMPs may be a promising carrier for pulmonary vaccine delivery due to excellent BSA adsorption and aerosolization behaviour.

Design of Experiment (DoE) Approach for Developing Inhalable PLGA Microparticles Loaded with Clofazimine for Tuberculosis Treatment.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), resulting in approximately 1.3 million deaths in 2022 worldwide. Oral therapy with anti-TB drugs often fails to achieve therapeutic concentrations at the primary infection site (lungs). In this study, we developed a dry powder inhalable formulation (DPI) of clofazimine (CFZ) to provide localized drug delivery and minimize systemic adverse effects. Poly (lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) containing CFZ were developed through a single emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Clofazimine microparticles (CFZ MPs) displayed entrapment efficiency and drug loading of 66.40 ± 2.22 %w/w and 33.06 ± 1.45 µg/mg, respectively. To facilitate pulmonary administration, MPs suspension was spray-dried to yield a dry powder formulation (CFZ SD MPs). Spray drying had no influence on particle size (~1 µm), zeta potential (-31.42 mV), and entrapment efficiency. Solid state analysis (PXRD and DSC) of CFZ SD MPs studies demonstrated encapsulation of the drug in the polymer. The drug release studies showed a sustained drug release. The optimized formulation exhibited excellent aerosolization properties, suggesting effective deposition in the deeper lung region. The in vitro antibacterial studies against H37Ra revealed improved (eight-fold) efficacy of spray-dried formulation in comparison to free drug. Hence, clofazimine dry powder formulation presents immense potential for the treatment of tuberculosis with localized pulmonary delivery and improved patient compliance.

A quality-by-design strategic approach for the development of bedaquiline-pretomanid nanoparticles as inhalable dry powders for TB treatment.

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) and is the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease globally. The disease mainly affects the lungs and forms granulomatous lesions that encapsulate the bacteria, making treating TB challenging. The current treatment includes oral administration of bedaquiline (BDQ) and pretomanid (PTD); however, patients suffer from severe systemic toxicities, low lung drug concentration, and non-adherence. In this study, we developed BDQ-PTD loaded nanoparticles as inhalable dry powders for pulmonary TB treatment using a Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach. The BDQ-PTD combination showed an additive/synergistic effect for M.tb inhibition in vitro, and the optimized drug ratio (1:4) was successfully loaded into polymeric nanoparticles (PLGA NPs). The QbD approach was implemented by identifying the quality target product profile (QTPPs), critical quality attributes (CQAs), and critical process parameters (CPPs) to develop efficient design space for dry powder preparation using spray drying. The three-factorial and three-level Box-Behnken Design was used to assess the effect of process parameters (CPPs) on product quality (CQAs). The Design of Experiments (DoE) analysis showed different regression models for product quality responses and helped optimize process parameters to meet QTPPs. The optimized dry powder showed excellent yield (72 ± 2 % w/w), high drug (BDQ-PTD) loading, low moisture content (<1% w/w), and spherical morphology. Further, aerosolization performance revealed the suitability of powder for deposition in the respiratory airways of the lungs (MMAD 2.4 µm and FPF > 75 %). In conclusion, the QbD approach helped optimize process parameters and develop dry powder with a suitable quality profile for inhalation delivery in TB patients.

Report of the 2023-2024 AACP Research and Graduate Affairs Committee.

The 2023-2024 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Research and Graduate Affairs Committee ("the Committee") was charged with developing programs focused on career and professional development for researchers, new faculty, and graduate students in colleges and schools of pharmacy. After reviewing exiting resources available to pharmacy faculty for grant writing, the Committee recognized a need for more comprehensive, diverse, and tailored resources for pharmacy faculty. The Committee, therefore, focused its effort on creating an intensive grant writing course intended for independent pharmacy researchers without previous major grant awards that would support writing for career development and research grant applications and cater to faculty in translational, clinical sciences, and pharmacy practice, along with fellows and residents. To implement this grant writing course and other programs to advance research progress by pharmacy faculty, the Committee proposes 3 recommendations for consideration by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy and 1 suggestion for consideration by colleges and schools of pharmacy.

Nanocarriers targeting dendritic cells for pulmonary vaccine delivery.

Pulmonary vaccine delivery has gained significant attention as an alternate route for vaccination without the use of needles. Immunization through the pulmonary route induces both mucosal and systemic immunity, and the delivery of antigens in a dry powder state can overcome some challenges such as cold-chain and availability of medical personnel compared to traditional liquid-based vaccines. Antigens formulated as nanoparticles (NPs) reach the respiratory airways of the lungs providing greater chance of uptake by relevant immune cells. In addition, effective targeting of antigens to the most 'professional' antigen presenting cells (APCs), the dendritic cells (DCs) yields an enhanced immune response and the use of an adjuvant further augments the generated immune response thus requiring less antigen/dosage to achieve vaccination. This review discusses the pulmonary delivery of vaccines, methods of preparing NPs for antigen delivery and targeting, the importance of targeting DCs and different techniques involved in formulating dry powders suitable for inhalation.

Pulmonary delivery of spray-dried Nisin ZP antimicrobial peptide for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment.

Nisin ZP is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) produced by the bacterium Lactococcus lactis, and we have previously demonstrated anticancer activity in NSCLC (A549) cells. In this study, we formulated a nisin ZP dry powder (NZSD) using a spray dryer to facilitate inhaled delivery for the treatment of NSCLC. Nisin ZP was spray-dried with mannitol, l-leucine, and trehalose in a ratio of 75:15:10 using Büchi mini spray-dryer B-290 in different drug loadings (10, 20, and 30% w/w). NZSD powder revealed a good powder yield of >55% w/w with ≤3 % w/w moisture content and high nisin ZP drug loading for all the peptide ratios. The NZSD powder particles were irregularly shaped with corrugated morphology. The presence of an endothermic peak in DSC thermograms and attenuated crystalline peaks in PXRD diffractograms confirmed the semi-crystalline powder nature of NZSD. The anticancer activity of nisin ZP was maintained after fabricating it into NZSD powder and showed a similar inhibitory concentration to free nisin ZP. Stability studies indicated that NZSD powders were stable for three months at 4 and 25 ℃ with more than 90% drug content and semi-crystalline nature, as confirmed by DSC and PXRD. Aerosolization studies performed using NGI indicated an aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) within the desired range (1-5 µm) and a high fine particle fraction (FPF > 75%) for all peptide ratios, suggesting powder deposition in the lung's respiratory airways. In conclusion, a dry powder of nisin ZP was formulated using a spray dryer with enhanced storage stability and suitable for inhaled delivery.

Anticancer activity of D-LAK-120A, an antimicrobial peptide, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major cause of global cancer mortalities and accounts for approximately 80-85% of reported lung cancer cases. Conventional chemotherapeutics show limited application because of poor tumor selectivity and acquired drug resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have gained much attention as potential anticancer therapeutics owing to their high potency and high target selectivity and specificity with limited scope for drug resistance. In this study, D-LAK (D-LAK-120A), a cationic AMP, was evaluated for its anticancer efficacy in various NSCLC cell lines. D-LAK peptide demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity in A549, H358, H1975, and HCC827 cell lines with inhibitory concentrations between 4.0 and 5.5 µM. An increase in the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and propidium iodide (PI) uptake across compromised membrane suggested membranolytic activity as an inhibition pathway. In addition, we found D-LAK induced lung cancer cell apoptosis and arrested cells in the S phase (DNA synthesis) of cell cycle. Moreover, a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and elevated ROS levels were observed after D-LAK treatment, suggesting induction of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Additionally, D-LAK inhibited single cell proliferation and cancer cell migration in vitro. The tumor reduction observed in the 3D spheroid assay further suggests the potential use of D-LAK as an anticancer agent for NSCLC treatment. Our results postulate innovative insights on the anticancer mechanism of D-LAK, which may contribute to its further development into preclinical studies and a potential therapeutic.

Pulmonary delivery of osimertinib liposomes for non-small cell lung cancer treatment: formulation development and in vitro evaluation.

Osimertinib (OB) is a third-generation irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer. Systemic administration of drug often results in poor drug levels at the primary tumor in the lungs and is associated with systemic side effects. In this study, we developed inhalable OB liposomes that can locally accumulate at the tumor site thereby limiting systemic toxicity. OB was loaded into liposomes via active and passive loading methods. The OB active liposomes achieved a higher encapsulation (78%) compared to passive liposomes (25%). The liposomes (passive and active) exhibited excellent aerosolization performance with an aerodynamic diameter of 4 µm and fine particle fraction of 82%. In H1975 cells, OB active and passive liposomes reduced IC50 by 2.2 and 1.2-fold, respectively, compared to free drug. As the OB active liposomes demonstrated higher cytotoxicity compared to OB passive liposomes, they were further investigated for in vitro anti-cancer activity. The OB active liposomes inhibited tumor cell migration and colonization as determined by the scratch assay and clonogenic assay, respectively. Furthermore, the 3D spheroid studies showed that the liposomes were successful in inhibiting tumor growth. These results highlight the potential of OB liposomes to suppress lung cancer. Owing to these attributes, the inhalable OB liposomes can potentially promote better therapeutic outcomes with limited systemic toxicity.

Mixed Bacteriophage MS2-L2 VLPs Elicit Long-Lasting Protective Antibodies against HPV Pseudovirus 51.

Three prophylactic vaccines are approved to protect against HPV infections. These vaccines are highly immunogenic. The most recent HPV vaccine, Gardasil-9, protects against HPV types associated with ~90% of cervical cancer (worldwide). Thus, ~10% of HPV-associated cancers are not protected by Gardasil-9. Although this is not a large percentage overall, the HPV types associated with 10% of cervical cancer not protected by the current vaccine are significantly important, especially in HIV/AIDS patients who are infected with multiple HPV types. To broaden the spectrum of protection against HPV infections, we developed mixed MS2-L2 VLPs (MS2-31L2/16L2 VLPs and MS2-consL2 (69-86) VLPs) in a previous study. Immunization with the VLPs neutralized/protected mice against infection with eleven high-risk HPV types associated with ~95% of cervical cancer and against one low-risk HPV type associated with ~36% of genital warts & up to 32% of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Here, we report that the mixed MS2-L2 VLPs can protect mice from three additional HPV types: HPV51, which is associated with ~0.8% of cervical cancer; HPV6, which is associated with up to 60% of genital warts; HPV5, which is associated with skin cancers in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). Overall, mixed MS2-L2 VLPs can protect against twelve HPV types associated with ~95.8% of cervical cancers and against two HPV types associated with ~90% of genital warts and >90% recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Additionally, the VLPs protect against one of two HPV types associated with ~90% of HPV-associated skin cancers in patients with EV. More importantly, we observed that mixed MS2-L2 VLPs elicit protective antibodies that last over 9 months. Furthermore, a spray-freeze-dried formulation of the VLPs is stable, immunogenic, and protective at room temperature and 37 °C.

Inhalable bedaquiline-loaded cubosomes for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths globally. Treatment-related adverse effects and development of drug resistance limit the available treatment options for most patients. Therefore, newer drug candidates and drug delivery systems that have limited adverse effects with significant anti-cancer efficacy are needed. For NSCLC treatment, delivering drugs via inhalation is highly beneficial as it requires lower doses and limits systemic toxicity. Bedaquiline (BQ), an FDA-approved anti-tuberculosis drug has previously shown excellent anti-cancer efficacy. However, poor aqueous solubility limits its delivery via the lungs. In this project, we developed inhalable BQ-loaded cubosome (BQLC) nanocarriers against NSCLC. The BQLC were prepared using a solvent evaporation technique with the cubosomal nanocarriers exhibiting a particle size of 150.2 ± 5.1 nm, zeta potential of (+) 35.4 ± 2.3 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 51.85 ± 4.83%. The solid-state characterization (DSC and XRD) confirmed drug encapsulation and in an amorphous form within the cubosomes. The BQLC nanocarriers showed excellent aerodynamic properties after nebulization (MMAD of 4.21 ± 0.53 µm and FPF > 75%). The BQLC displayed enhanced cellular internalization and cytotoxicity with a ~ 3-fold reduction in IC50 compared to free BQ in NSCLC (A549) cells, after 48 h treatment. The BQLC suppressed cell proliferation via apoptotic pathway, further inhibited colony formation, and cancer metastasis in vitro. Additionally, 3D-tumor simulation studies established the anti-cancer efficacy of cubosomal nanocarriers as compared to free BQ. This is the first study exploring the potential of cubosomes as inhalation therapy of repurposed drug, BQ and the results suggest that BQLC may be a promising NSCLC therapy due to excellent aerosolization performance and enhanced anti-cancer activity.

Aerosolized nanoliposomal carrier of remdesivir: an effective alternative for COVID-19 treatment in vitro.

Aim: To formulate an aerosolized nanoliposomal carrier for remdesivir (AL-Rem) against coronavirus disease 2019. Methods: AL-Rem was prepared using modified hydration technique. Cytotoxicity in lung adenocarcinoma cells, stability and aerodynamic characteristics of developed liposomes were evaluated. Results: AL-Rem showed high encapsulation efficiency of 99.79%, with hydrodynamic diameter of 71.46 ± 1.35 nm and surface charge of -32 mV. AL-Rem demonstrated minimal cytotoxicity in A549 cells and retained monolayer integrity of Calu-3 cells. AL-Rem showed sustained release, with complete drug release obtained within 50 h in simulated lung fluid. Long-term stability indicated >90% drug recovery at 4°C. Desirable aerosol performance, with mass median aerodynamic diameter of 4.56 ± 0.55 and fine particle fraction of 74.40 ± 2.96%, confirmed successful nebulization of AL-Rem. Conclusion: AL-Rem represents an effective alternative for coronavirus disease 2019 treatment.

Lay abstract Remdesivir is one of the first drugs approved for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019. Currently, it is administered via an injection into the bloodstream. This means that the drug circulates around the entire body and only a limited amount reaches the diseased site ­ the lungs. Frequent dosing is therefore required, which needs expert personnel and multiple hospital visits and can result in serious side effects. In this study, the authors developed specialized, nanosized particles containing the drug remdesivir that can be administered directly into the lungs. This could drastically minimize side effects, enhance efficacy and allow easy self-administration at home. The results of the study are promising but require additional investigation.

Afatinib-loaded inhalable PLGA nanoparticles for localized therapy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-development and in-vitro efficacy.

Afatinib (AFA) is a potent aniline-quinazoline derivative, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2013, as a first-line treatment for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its clinical application is highly limited by its poor solubility, and consequently low bioavailability. We hypothesize that loading of AFA into biodegradable PLGA nanoparticles for localized inhalational drug delivery will be instrumental in improving therapeutic outcomes in NSCLC patients. Formulated AFA nanoparticles (AFA-NP) were evaluated for physicochemical properties (particle size: 180.2 ± 15.6 nm, zeta potential: - 23.1 ± 0.2 mV, % entrapment efficiency: 34.4 ± 2.3%), formulation stability, in-vitro aerosol deposition behavior, and anticancer efficacy. Stability studies revealed the physicochemical stability of AFA-NP. Moreover, AFA-NP exhibited excellent inhalable properties (mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD): 4.7 ± 0.1 µm; fine particle fraction (FPF): 77.8 ± 4.3%), indicating efficient particle deposition in deep lung regions. With respect to in-vitro drug release, AFA-NP showed sustained drug release with cumulative release of 56.8 ± 6.4% after 48 h. Cytotoxic studies revealed that encapsulation of AFA into PLGA nanoparticles significantly enhanced its cytotoxic potential in KRAS-mutated NSCLC cell lines (A549, H460). Cellular uptake studies revealed enhanced internalization of coumarin-loaded nanoparticles compared to plain coumarin in A549. In addition, 3D tumor spheroid studies demonstrated superior efficacy of AFA-NP in tumor penetration and growth inhibition. To conclude, we have established in-vitro efficacy of afatinib-loaded PLGA nanoparticles as inhalable NSCLC therapy, which will be of great significance when designing preclinical and clinical studies. Graphical abstract.