"De-novo" consultation: Evaluation of an outpatient's clinic dedicated to early diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes.

INTRODUCTION: In the absence of specific clinical signs, imaging or biomarkers, the differential diagnosis of degenerative parkinsonian syndromes may be difficult at early stages of the disease. To reduce the risk of misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis and referral to multiple medical centers at disease onset, easier access to expert centers should be available. To improve the initial care of parkinsonian patients, the Parkinson's disease Expert Center (PEC) at Pitié-Salpêtrière Academic Hospital has set up a specific outpatients clinic with short waiting times dedicated to the diagnosis of early Parkinson's disease and related disorders. METHODS: The PEC setup first identifies requests for diagnostic confirmation of parkinsonian syndromes, then specific outpatients clinic visits are scheduled weekly, with examinations carried out by neurologists at the PEC on a rotating schedule. Data from the first year of the new procedure were analyzed retrospectively through self-administered questionnaires sent to patients seen during this period. The main outcomes were to confirm the ability to keep to short delays for patients' examinations and to assess patients' satisfaction with the setup. RESULTS: Both study outcomes were achieved. The creation of an outpatients clinic dedicated to the early diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes allowed shorter delays before the first examination of 5 weeks instead of several months. Keeping to the weekly schedule and limited time taken for each visit was also achieved. Following this initial outpatients visit, diagnosis of a parkinsonian syndrome was clinically confirmed or further specified in 80% of cases. A survey of patients' satisfaction showed a rate of over 91% in terms of the timing and course of clinical examinations at our PEC. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: This study of our quality-improvement program for Parkinson's disease management has shown that specific consultations with shorter waiting times aiming to allow early specialized assessment of parkinsonian syndromes is beneficial for patients and reduces the risk of delayed diagnoses.

Clinical implications of neuropharmacogenetics.

INTRODUCTION: Pharmacogenetics aims to identify the underlying genetic factors participating in the variability of drug response. Indeed, genetic variability at the DNA or RNA levels can directly or indirectly modify the pharmacokinetic or the pharmacodynamic parameters of a drug. The ultimate aim of pharmacogenetics is to move towards a personalised medicine by predicting responders and non-responders, adjusting the dose of the treatment, and identifying individuals at risk of adverse drug effects. METHODS: A literature research was performed in which we reviewed all pharmacogenetic studies in neurological disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, multiple sclerosis, stroke and epilepsy. RESULTS: Several pharmacogenetic studies have been performed in neurology, bringing insights into the inter-individual drug response variability and in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. The principal implications of these studies for the management of patients in clinical practice are discussed. CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION: Although several genetic factors have been identified in the modification of drug response in neurological disorders, most of them have a marginal predictive effect at the single gene level, suggesting mutagenic interactions as well as other factors related to drug interaction and disease subtypes. Most pharmacogenetic studies deserve further replication in independent populations and, ideally, in pharmacogenetic clinical trials to demonstrate their relevance in clinical practice.

A phase II-III trial of olesoxime in subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and safety of olesoxime, a molecule with neuroprotective properties, in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) treated with riluzole. METHODS: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of 18 months' duration was conducted in 512 subjects, with probable or definite ALS and a slow vital capacity (SVC) ≥70%, receiving 330 mg olesoxime daily or matching placebo and 50 mg riluzole twice a day in all. The primary intention-to-treat (ITT) outcome analysis was 18 months' survival. Secondary outcomes were rates of deterioration of the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R), focusing on the 9-month assessment, SVC and manual muscle testing. Blood levels, safety and tolerability of olesoxime were also assessed. RESULTS: At 18 months, 154 of the 512 ITT patients had died (79 of 253 placebo, 75 of 259 olesoxime). Estimated overall survival according to Kaplan-Meier analysis was 67.5% (95% CI 61.0%-73.1%) in the placebo group and 69.4% (95% CI 63.0%-74.9%) in the olesoxime group; hence survival was not significantly different between treatment arms (P = 0.71, stratified bulbar/spinal log-rank). The other efficacy end-points evaluated were also negative, with the exception of a small difference in ALSFRS-R global score at 9 months in favor of olesoxime but not sustained after 18 months' treatment nor evident in either the stratified bulbar or spinal subpopulations. Treatment did not raise any safety concerns. CONCLUSIONS: Olesoxime, although well tolerated, did not show a significant beneficial effect in ALS patients treated with riluzole.

Periodic salbutamol in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects on muscle strength of salbutamol administered for 6 months using a periodic regimen in patients presenting with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). DESIGN: Placebo-controlled double-blind randomized study. SETTING: Three clinical centers involved in neuromuscular disorders. PARTICIPANTS: Ambulatory patients (N=112), 56 per group, with genetically confirmed FSHD, age 18 to 60 years. INTERVENTIONS: Salbutamol (sustained released formulation) administered orally at a daily dose of 16 mg using a periodic dosage regimen (3 wks on, 1 wk off). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Muscle strength was assessed with quantitative muscle testing (QMT), manual muscle testing (MMT), and timed motor tests. Patients were evaluated at baseline, and 3 and 6 months later. Plasma drug assays were carried out at each visit. RESULTS: There was no significant change with periodic use of salbutamol in the total composite QMT z-score, MMT score, or timed motor tests. Salbutamol was well tolerated. Lack of efficacy did not seem to be related to plasma concentrations, which were within the expected range. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study and previous controlled trials preclude at present the use of salbutamol as routine treatment for FSHD, even if we cannot exclude improvement from anabolic effects with a longer duration of treatment.

[Parkinson disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Tauopathies, TDP-43 and SOD mutations]. / Syndromes parkinsoniens et sclérose latérale amyotrophique Tauopathies, TDP-43 et mutations SOD.

In addition to a large number of clinical descriptions of atypical cases, recent pathological, biochemical and genetic studies challenge the view that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disorder restricted to the pyramidal motor system. Relations between ALS, Parkinson disease, fronto-temporal dementia, progressive supranuclear paralysis, and cortico-basal degeneration have now been identified. We propose a review of the topic and discuss the contribution of various clinical and pathological features leading to consider motoneuron diseases as neurodegenerative processes included in a broad spectrum of tauopathies.

[Measurement instruments and assessment scales for frontotemporal dementia]. / Instruments de mesure et échelles d'évaluation utilisés dans la démence fronto-temporale.

In frontotemporal dementia (FTD), evaluation scales and measurement instruments are less codified than in Alzheimer's disease. Some nonspecific scales are available, two of which are very useful for early diagnose of the disease: Lebert and Pasquier's Frontotemporal Behavioral Scale (FBS) to assess behavioral disturbances and Dubois's Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) to assess executive ability. However, these scales do not contain enough items to follow up FTD. The main scale used to follow up the disease is the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). The Frontal Behavioural Inventory (Kertesz) seems to be interesting, but has not yet been validated in France. The Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, not specific for FTD, is used to assess the cognitive rate. The activities of daily living scales and caregiver burden are not well known in FTD.

[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: cognitive and behavioral evaluation]. / Evaluation cognitive et comportementale.

Cognitive impairment in nondemented ALS patients has been demonstrated, although its incidence remains to be determined. FTD is the most frequently form of dementia in ALS. The clinical profile of patients with dementia or mild cognitive deficit evokes neuropsychological deficits and behavioural changes resulting from executive dysfunction. The psychometric evaluation, centred on executive disturbances, goes with behavioural scales in order to accurately appreciate the repercussion of cognitive and behavioural changes on daily life.

Effect of yohimbine on blood pressure in patients with depression and orthostatic hypotension induced by clomipramine.

Orthostatic hypotension, one of tricyclic antidepressant treatment's side effects, is also a factor in limiting adequate antidepressant dosing. We tested in a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study the effect of low doses (4 mg/t.i.d.) of yohimbine in 12 patients with depression with clomipramine-induced orthostatic hypotension. Yohimbine, a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, had a favorable effect in orthostatic hypotension and induced a significant increase in blood pressure. A pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction between yohimbine and clomipramine or demethylclomipramine was discussed.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of high doses of gangliosides in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

We performed a 3-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 300 mg of gangliosides (Cronassial) in 40 outpatients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We evaluated drug effect through physical examinations and symptom scales. Though this dosage had no major toxic effect, Cronassial treatment did not significantly benefit ALS patients.

Manic-like state after bilateral orbitofrontal and right temporoparietal injury: efficacy of clonidine.

A manic-like state occurred in a 44-year-old right-handed woman with bilateral orbitofrontal and right temporoparietal traumatic contusions. In a brief trial, we assessed the effect of clonidine, carbamazepine, dopa therapy, and placebo on manic symptoms and cognitive functions. Clonidine rapidly reversed the manic syndrome. The patient's behavior did not change with carbamazepine and worsened with levodopa. We suggest that the manic-like syndrome was related to noradrenergic overactivity secondary to the fronto-orbital lesions.

A confirmatory dose-ranging study of riluzole in ALS. ALS/Riluzole Study Group-II.

ALS is a progressive motor neuron disease with no effective treatment. The anti-excitotoxic drug riluzole (100 mg/day) has been shown to decrease mortality and muscular deterioration in ALS patients. To confirm and extend the therapeutic effect of riluzole, we performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, international, dose-ranging (50, 100, 200 mg/day), stratified study in 959 ALS outpatients treated for up to 18 months. Primary efficacy criterion was survival and the effect of treatment was analyzed before (Wilcoxon and log rank tests) and after adjustment on prognostic factors (Cox model). Secondary efficacy criterion was disease progression assessed through change in functional measures. Tracheostomy-free survival rates were: 50.4% (placebo), 55.3% (50 mg riluzole) (p = 0.23, Wilcoxon test; p = 0.25, log-rank test), 56.8% (100 mg riluzole) (p = 0.05, Wilcoxon test; p = 0.076, log-rank test), and 57.8% (200 mg riluzole) (p = 0.061, Wilcoxon test; p = 0.075, log-rank test). At the end of the 18-month study, there was a significant dose-related decrease in risk of death or tracheostomy (p = 0.04). Adjustment for baseline prognostic factors showed a 35% decreased risk of death with the 100-mg dose compared with placebo (p = 0.002). No significant treatment effects were detected for the functional assessments. The most frequent dose-related adverse events included nausea, asthenia, and elevated liver enzyme levels. This study confirms the therapeutic effect of riluzole in a large representative ALS sample, over an 18-month period. Riluzole is well tolerated and decreases the risk of death or tracheostomy in ALS patients.

Parkinson's disease and sleepiness: an integral part of PD.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential causes of excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with PD-poor sleep quality, abnormal sleep-wakefulness control, and treatment with dopaminergic agents. METHODS: The authors performed night-time polysomnography and daytime multiple sleep latency tests in 54 consecutive levodopa-treated patients with PD referred for sleepiness, 27 of whom were also receiving dopaminergic agonists. RESULTS: Sleep latency was 6.3 +/- 0.6 minutes (normal >8 minutes), and the Epworth Sleepiness score was 14.3 +/- 4.1 (normal <10). A narcolepsy-like phenotype (> or = 2 sleep-onset REM periods) was found in 39% of the patients, who were sleepier (4.6 +/- 0.9 minutes) than the other 61% of patients (7.4 +/- 0.7 minutes). Periodic leg movement syndromes were rare (15%, range 16 to 43/h), but obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndromes were frequent (20% of patients had an apnea-hypopnea index >15/h; range 15.1 to 50.0). Severity of sleepiness was weakly correlated with Epworth Sleepiness score (r = -0.34) and daily dose of levodopa (r = 0.30) but not with dopamine-agonist treatment, age, disease duration, parkinsonian motor disability, total sleep time, periodic leg movement, apnea-hypopnea, or arousal indices. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with PD preselected for sleepiness, severity of sleepiness was not dependent on nocturnal sleep abnormalities, motor and cognitive impairment, or antiparkinsonian treatment. The results suggest that sleepiness-sudden onset of sleep-does not result from pharmacotherapy but is related to the pathology of PD.

APOE: a potential marker of disease progression in ALS.

Although documented in AD, the role of APOE remains unclear in ALS. APOE phenotype and plasma levels were measured in 403 patients with ALS and were correlated with clinical parameters and survival time. No correlations were observed between the APOE phenotype and these variables. In contrast, APOE plasma levels were correlated with both rate of deterioration and survival time and appeared to be an important risk factor for decreased survival time with a relative risk of 0.647 (95% CI: 0.465 to 0.901; p = 0.01).

Clinical and spectroscopic improvement in HIV-associated cognitive impairment.

To assess the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on AIDS-associated cognitive impairment, 22 patients with AIDS with (n = 11) and without (n = 11) cognitive deficit were evaluated clinically and by MRS every 3 months for 9 months. Nineteen patients were on HAART at study entry, 21 after 2 months. Cognitively impaired patients presented with a subcorticofrontal deficit and decreased N-acetyl-aspartate in frontal white matter. These clinical and metabolic abnormalities reversed partially on HAART, whereas they remained within normal limits in cognitively unimpaired patients.

Apraxic disturbances in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.

Twenty-two patients meeting the NINCDS-ADRDA diagnostic criteria for probable AD were included in the study, along with 10 matched controls. Praxic disturbances were investigated using eight tasks and the results were interpreted according to the neuropsychological model of Roy and Square modified by Rothi et al. (1988) [Aphasiology 21:381-388] which distinguishes a conceptual system concerned with knowledge of the action and function of gestures and a production system that effects gestures in the environment. Disturbance of the production system was found only in 17 patients. Disturbance of the production system was correlated to disturbance of verbal comprehension. The patients scored lower using the left hand than the right. Disturbance of the conceptual system was found in all patients and was not significantly correlated with other cognitive deficits. No significant difference in results was found according to the type of input to the conceptual system (visual or verbal). Deficits in tasks using real objects were correlated to disturbances of both the production and conceptual systems. Most patients performed poorly both in tasks exploring the conceptual system and in those exploring the production system. However, two patients performed badly in production tasks but had performances in the range of controls for conceptual tasks and one patient had the opposite pattern of dissociation. This provides evidence that the production and the conceptual system are independent. Impairment in the ability to perform everyday activities was correlated to disturbances of the conceptual system whereas poor performances in tasks exploring the production system or in using real objects were not.

Anti-sulfoglucuronyl paragloboside IgM antibodies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

We report here our results on IgM anti-sulfated glucuronyl paragloboside (SGPG) antibodies in sera from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Studies by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay on 72 ALS sera showed IgM polyclonal reactivity towards SGPG in 25 cases. The titer was high in 16 cases. Thin-layer chromatography immuno-overlay showed that reactivity with SGPG was associated to reactivity towards GM1 in five cases and to GM1 and GD1b in one case. Anti-SGPG reactivity was not found in controls and in multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction blocks, in contrast to anti-GM1 antibodies. The presence of anti-SGPG antibodies in ALS patients sera raise again the question of autoimmunity in this pathology.

What has changed with riluzole?

Riluzole, after two significant trials, was introduced as the first standard treatment of amyotrophic lateral clerosis (ALS) in the early 95'. After 5 years what has changed in the field of ALS? In the field of basic science, riluzole as an active drug has largely contributed to stimulate the research of the possible role of glutamate in the genesis of ALS. However, the apparent simplicity of the relation between the drug and its mechanisms has to modulated in the light of the negativity of other trials (gabapentin) and the display of other mechanisms of the disease and of the compound. Possible relation with other putative mechanisms of ALS, as oxydative stress or growth factors, could be (and probably are) also involved. In the field of its activity, riluzole has an impact on the survival rate which has been largely debated. Comparison with historical databases are supporting the results of the two initial trials. Other information have been published supporting the probable activity of the drug on the muscle strength decline, a controversial matter. They strengthen the initial data and give additional reasons to use riluzole as a standard treatment of patients. In the field of the daily care, riluzole provided a real and unique hope for ALS sufferers. Even if its activity is not as complete as patients would have expected, it provides a hope for slowing down the rate of evolution and abolishes the myth of "no hope, no cure" which was the leitmotiv of patients care until recently. We have to better define the mode of administration with regard to the clinical status of the patients (respiratory disorders, fatigue, stiffness). In the field of care givers, riluzole was one major factor which provided the basis for national and international collaborations either for therapeutic trials or for standard of care. It made possible large collaborative programs in and among many countries. We do hope that this impulse will continue and be stimulated by additional results both in the field of basic science and clinical research.

A study of riluzole in the treatment of advanced stage or elderly patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Treatment with the neuroprotective drug riluzole has previously been shown to increase the probability of survival in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This report describes a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomised clinical trial of riluzole carried out in ALS patients with advanced stage disease or aged over 75 years. The primary objective was to enable access to treatment to patients excluded from the pivotal trial which was run in parallel. Another goal was to assess the safety of riluzole in patients with advanced-stage disease. One hundred and sixty-eight patients were included, randomised to either riluzole 50 mg b. i. d. or to placebo, and treated for eighteen months. Riluzole was well-tolerated in this patient population, and the adverse events observed were similar in nature and frequency to those observed in previously published clinical trials in patients included in pivotal trials. The study could not include enough patients to reach adequate power to detect differences in survival between the two treatment groups, and no such difference was in fact observed. In conclusion, riluzole is well-tolerated in ALS patients with advanced stage disease.

Peripheral neuropathies during treatment with almitrine: report of 46 cases.

Almitrine bismesylate is thought to cause sensory peripheral neuropathy. Forty-six patients are reported who received almitrine bismesylate alone for chronic respiratory failure or in combination with raubasine for various cerebrovascular diseases. Polyneuropathy appeared between 9 and 25 months after the onset of treatment. Sensory signs and symptoms were confined to the distal parts of the lower limbs and involved large and small fibres. Histological and electrophysiological findings indicated axonal degeneration. Respiratory failure could have caused the polyneuropathy in some cases but many had no chest disease. Patients began to improve between 3 and 6 months after withdrawal of the drug. Recovery was usually complete after 12 months.

Bullous pemphigoid and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a new clue for understanding the bullous disease?

BACKGROUND: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) occurs in many patients with multiple sclerosis. Isolated cases of BP in patients with other neurological disorders further support a pathogenic association between cutaneous and neurological diseases. Any description of BP in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is lacking. OBSERVATIONS: We studied a French population of 168 patients with typical amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Among these, 3 had clinical and histological features of BP. The mean age of the patients was 54 years. None was known to have autoimmune disorders. Results of immunoblot analysis disclosed both anti-BP antigen 1 and anti-BP antigen 2 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: Bullous pemphigoid seems to be unexpectedly associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. On the basis of the cases presented herein, we discuss the epidemiological significance of the association and the possible interrelation between BP antigen 1 and neurofilaments in the pathogenesis of both disorders.