RESUMEN
One of the essential parts of fundamental research in Nutrition Science is the determination of the physiological requirements of humans for energy and food substances. Research that has been carried out in this area over the past 90 years, consistently develops and improves the norms of physiological requirements for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation. In the 50 years of the last century in this research field, determining the values of daily intake for macronutrients (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates), was in the first place. Then the Era of micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, trace elements) was started, and, finally, now there is the Era of minor food biologically active substances. More and more facts are accumulating about their leading role in regulating metabolism. They can be recognized as endogenous regulators, the primary vital components involved in the formation of human health. In recent years, the new definition of Nutriome is introduced into Nutrition Science. It is considered as a set of essential nutritional factors to maintain a dynamic equilibrium between human being and the environment, aimed to ensure viability, the preservation and reproduction of the species, keeping the adaptive capacity, the system of antioxidant defence, apoptosis, metabolism, and immune system function. The Nutriome is a formula for optimal nutrition, which is continually being improved and supplemented. Knowledge of this formula is the key to forming an optimal diet for a person, and, therefore, to save their health. It is evident that at the population level, the Nutriome has its characteristics, its structure for each age period of human life. The need to develop a formula for optimal nutrition and, consequently, updating nutrient-based dietary guidelines is induced by socio-economic and demographic changes in population, changes in anthropometric characteristics of children and adults, increasing prevalence of socially significant non-communicable diseases, developing studies of the significance of particular food substances and establishing the relationship between nutrition and health.
Asunto(s)
Dietoterapia/historia , Dieta/historia , Ingestión de Energía , Micronutrientes , Política Nutricional/historia , Ciencias de la Nutrición/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
The study has been carried out on 6 groups of male Wistar rats, which received semi-synthetic diets within 28 days. Rats of 1st and 4th group received fat-free diet, 2nid.and 5th - diet containing standard amount of fat (10% by weight, 26% by caloric content; lard/sunflower oil - 1/1); 3rd and 6th group - a high-fat diet (30% by weight, 56% by caloric content). During the last 14 days of the experiment rats received rutin in the dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. AOA, MDA level and the activity of paraoxonase I have been evaluated in blood serum. In rat liver along with the parameters of the antioxidant status (MDA level, activity of paraoxonase 1, quinone reductase, heme oxygenase-1) the activity of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A1, CYP2B1, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase and glutathione transferase) and the activity of lysosomal enzymes (arylsulfatase A and B, ß-galactosidase and ß-glucuronidase) have been investigated. Elevation of the activity of antioxidant enzymes and XME in liver with the increase of diet fat content has been-noted. Rutin admihistration had no effect onparamete6rs of antioxidant status and decreased unsedimentable activity of lysosomal enzymes that did not depend on fat content in the diet. Rutin receiving increased the activity of all studied XME in rats fed standard diet, but practically did not effect on their activity in rats fed by fat-free and high-fat diets. Thus, rutin in pharmacological dose has no effect on the activity of antioxidant enzymes that doesn't depend on the level of fat in the diet, while the decrease or increase of diet fat content modulates (weakens) the influence of rutin on the XME activity.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Grasas de la Dieta/farmacología , Hígado/enzimología , Rutina/farmacología , Animales , Cerebrósido Sulfatasa/metabolismo , Glucuronidasa/metabolismo , Glucuronosiltransferasa/metabolismo , Glutatión Transferasa/metabolismo , Lisosomas/metabolismo , Masculino , N-Acetilgalactosamina-4-Sulfatasa/metabolismo , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , beta-Galactosidasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Flavonoids are the most numerous group of natural polyphenolic compounds, the secondary metabolites of plants that may play an important role in human health protection. Flavonols and flavones constitute the main two classes of flavonoids, whose antioxidant properties and high biological activity have been proofed both in vitro and in vivo. This review summarizes data, concerning the structure, occurrence and content of the main flavonols (quercetin, kaempherol, myricetin, isorhamnetin) and flavones (apigenin, luteolin) in some most widely consumed foodstuffs, including vegetables, fruits, berries, nuts, beverages and other products of plant origin. The products with high content of these biologically active food compounds--the major dietary sources of them--are noted. Forms of flavonols and flavones more often distributed among edible plants are characterized and some of their known glycosides occurred in foods are enumerated. Some peculiarities, characteristic to flavonol sand flavones glycosilation (O- and/or C-glycosides formation) are described. The data for flavonol and flavone glycosides composition (profiles) of some commonly consumed commodities rich by these flavonoids (onions, cabbage, apples at al.) are shown. Information about levels of daily dietary intake of total and individual flavonols and flavones in several countries is presented. The questions about dietary habits and lifestyle factors and the contribution of certain foods to flavonols and flavones in daily dietary consumption values are also discussed.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/análisis , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Flavonas/análisis , Flavonoles/análisis , Frutas/química , Verduras/química , Flavonas/química , Flavonoles/química , HumanosRESUMEN
Intragastric administration of nanoclay to rats during 28 days led to reductions in the relative weight of the liver, the activity of its conjugating enzymes, the antagonistic activity of bifidoflora, and the hyperproduction of colonic yeast microflora. The findings lead to the conclusion that nanoclays that may be present in foods must be the object of sanitary regulation.
Asunto(s)
Silicatos de Aluminio/toxicidad , Bentonita/toxicidad , Mucosa Gástrica/efectos de los fármacos , Higiene , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Nanopartículas/toxicidad , Animales , Arcilla , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Mucosa Gástrica/patología , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Difracción de Rayos XRESUMEN
A four-week experiment dealing with the intragastric administration of fullerene C60 dispersion to rats has established that this substance in a dose of 1 to 10 mg/kg body weight causes a number of changes in the parameters of animals, such as reductions in relative liver weight and isoform CYP 1A2 activity and increases in glutathione reductase activity, eosinophils, and neutrophils. It is concluded that fullerene can affect the animals when orally given in the doses studied.
Asunto(s)
Fulerenos/toxicidad , Tracto Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Higiene , Nanopartículas , Toxicología , Administración Oral , Animales , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Recuento de Eritrocitos , Eritrocitos/citología , Eritrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Fulerenos/química , Fulerenos/farmacocinética , Tracto Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Glucuronosiltransferasa/metabolismo , Glutatión Transferasa/metabolismo , Absorción Intestinal , Recuento de Leucocitos , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Peróxidos Lipídicos/sangre , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Solubilidad , Pruebas de Toxicidad SubcrónicaRESUMEN
This review summarizes data concerning distribution, as well as the main food sources and daily consumption of flavanones, a relatively small group of flavonoids exhibiting wide range of biological activities, which are mainly specific for citrus fruits. The questions on their bioavailability and metabolism are discussed. The results of the in vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of flavanones on the activity of I and II phase drug metabolizing enzymes are shown.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Suplementos Dietéticos , Flavanonas , Plantas Comestibles , Xenobióticos/farmacocinética , Animales , Disponibilidad Biológica , Flavanonas/aislamiento & purificación , Flavanonas/farmacocinética , Flavanonas/farmacología , Humanos , Inactivación MetabólicaRESUMEN
Dietary administration of green tea extract (GTE) or epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), quercetin (Qu) or caffeine (Cf) in doses equal to their concentration in GTE led to an increase of serum and liver antioxidant capacity and strengthening stability of microsomal and lysosomal membranes in rats. The antioxidant efficiency of EGCG and Qu was considerably higher than that of GTE. There were significant differences in the effects of EGCG, Qu and GTE on the activities and expression of mRNA for CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A1. But feeding both GTE and Cf to rats results in similar elevated activities of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase and glutathion transferase. Our results suggest that Cf is the main contributor to GTE effects on activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Camellia sinensis/química , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Lisosomas/enzimología , Microsomas Hepáticos/enzimología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Masculino , Extractos Vegetales/química , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , XenobióticosRESUMEN
Water suspensions of titanium dioxide nanoparticles were introduced intragastrically to growing male Wistar rats daily for 28 days. The data obtained revealed the presence of toxic risks related to said nanomaterials action and demonstrate the necessity of sanitary regulation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in food contact materials, cosmetics and other commodity.
Asunto(s)
Daño del ADN , Absorción Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/toxicidad , Titanio/toxicidad , Administración Oral , Animales , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Cristalización , Hemoglobinas/análisis , Intestino Delgado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/enzimología , Hígado/metabolismo , Pruebas de Función Hepática , Masculino , Nanopartículas/ultraestructura , Tamaño de la Partícula , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Compuestos de Sulfhidrilo/metabolismo , Titanio/química , Titanio/farmacocinética , Pruebas de Toxicidad CrónicaRESUMEN
Data for monomeric flavan-3-ols (catechins) occurrance and content in foodstuffs of plant origin, as well as the main food sources and dietary intake of these flavonoids are reviewed. The questions on bioavailability, distribution and biotransformation of individual catechins are discussed. The results of in vitro and in vivo investigations of catechins effects on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes activities were shown.
Asunto(s)
Catequina/metabolismo , Enzimas , Plantas Comestibles , Xenobióticos/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMEN
Data for phenolic acids of two classes (hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids) occurrance and content in foodstuffs (fruits, berries, vegetables, species, cereals, tee, coffee and other beveradges) are reviewed. Data on their main dietary sourses are shown. Bioavailability and metabolism of phenolic asids and their derivatives are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Bebidas , Ácidos Cumáricos/metabolismo , Dieta , Alimentos , Hidroxibenzoatos/metabolismo , Animales , Ácidos Cumáricos/química , Humanos , Hidroxibenzoatos/químicaRESUMEN
We studied the activity of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, NADPH- and ascorbate-dependent systems of lipid peroxidation in liver microsomes, the activity of superoxide dismutase in the supernatant and the level of malonic acid dialdehyde in liver tissue of rats of various age. The activity of lipid peroxidation system and the malonic dialdehyde content in the early postnatal period increased to the adult level. The NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity increased during the first four months of animals life while that of superoxide dismutase increased until the animals were seven months old. A single administration of polychlorinated diphenyls at a dose of 500 mg/kg (1/10 LD50) to pregnant rats drastically stimulated and changed the pattern of the studied activities in their offspring. The role of lipid peroxidation in modification of microsomal membranes after the monooxygenase system induction by polychlorinated diphenyls in early ontogenesis is discussed.
Asunto(s)
Crecimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Microsomas Hepáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Bifenilos Policlorados/toxicidad , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Envejecimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Femenino , Crecimiento/fisiología , Peroxidación de Lípido/fisiología , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Microsomas Hepáticos/metabolismo , NADPH-Ferrihemoproteína Reductasa/metabolismo , Embarazo , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
After a single administration of polychlorinated diphenyls (sovol) at a dose of 50 mg/kg content of hemoproteins was increased simultaneously with an increase in the rate of N- and O-demethylation in rat liver microsomes. Repeated administrations of a synthetic antioxidant 2,6-ditret-butyl-4-methylphenol (ionol) at a dose of 500 mg/kg stimulated also the liver tissue monooxygenase system; in this case, an increase in content of cytochromes P-450 and b5 was accompanied by a distinct acceleration in oxidation of the first and second types of substrates in microsomes. A combined effect of sovol and ionol maintained the rate of microsomal enzymes induction, which exceeded markedly the values caused by individual effects of the compounds.
Asunto(s)
Hidroxitolueno Butilado/farmacología , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/biosíntesis , Hígado/enzimología , Bifenilos Policlorados/farmacología , Aminopirina N-Demetilasa/biosíntesis , Anilina Hidroxilasa/biosíntesis , Animales , Grupo Citocromo b/biosíntesis , Citocromos b5 , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Retículo Endoplásmico/enzimología , Inducción Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Microsomas Hepáticos/enzimología , Oxidorreductasas N-Desmetilantes/biosíntesis , Ratas , Ratas EndogámicasRESUMEN
In vitro influence of sodium selenite on cytochrome P-450-dependent formation of active oxygen species on lipid peroxidation (LPO) in rat liver microsomes was studied. Sodium selenite (10(-6)-10(-3) M) did not influence rates of NADPH/Fe-induced formation of active oxygen species (O2.-, OH., H2O2) and NAPDH-dependent LPO. Only at 10(-3) M selenite caused significant decrease in production of hydrogen peroxide in microsomes. Data obtained suggest that sodium selenite at physiological concentrations does not influence formation of active oxygen species by cytochrome P-450 and the rate of enzymatic LPO in rat liver microsomes.
Asunto(s)
Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Microsomas Hepáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Selenito de Sodio/farmacología , Animales , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Cinética , Mediciones Luminiscentes , Masculino , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Microsomas Hepáticos/metabolismo , NADP/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
The effect of lignin on some biochemical and morphological parameters was studied in rats after short-term treatment with the industrial mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) sovol at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg, 5 times a week for a fortnight. Dietary supplementation of 5% lignin as the drug polyphenane did not protect the induction of the rat hepatic P-450 cytochrome monooxygenase system, which is typical of the action of PCB, but slightly modified the inducing effect of sovol. In the polyphepane-fed animals, there was a decrease in impairments of the liver structure and its more rapid normalization than in control rats. The lower hepatotoxic effect of the PCB mixture when lignin was added to the ration was likely to be associated with the action of lignin as a nonspecific polyvalent enterosorbent. It is concluded that polyphepane is a promising protective agent on exposure to PCB.
Asunto(s)
Lignanos/uso terapéutico , Bifenilos Policlorados/envenenamiento , Animales , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Lignanos/farmacología , Masculino , Microsomas Hepáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Microsomas Hepáticos/enzimología , Intoxicación/prevención & control , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Male Wistar rats kept on the iron-deficient diet for 7-71/2 weeks showed an increase in the content of cytochromes P450 and b5 in liver microsomes that was accompanied by the elevated rate of N-demethylation of amidopyrin and dimethylalanine (type I substrates), and by that of p-hydroxylation of aniline (type II substrate). The changes described wee observed in the presence of a 20-25% reduction in the hemoglobin content in the blood of experimental animals. Administration to rats of phenobarbital (100 mg per kg mass daily for 3 days) caused an induction of the monooxygenase system of the liver endoplasmic reticulum. However under the conditions of iron deficiency in the diet the degree of cytochrome P450 induction and that of the reaction rate of N-demethylation in microsomes were slightly less than under the full-value diet.
Asunto(s)
Deficiencias de Hierro , Microsomas Hepáticos/enzimología , Oxigenasas/metabolismo , Fenobarbital/farmacología , Aminopirina/metabolismo , Compuestos de Anilina/metabolismo , Animales , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450 , Citocromos/metabolismo , Citocromos b5 , Inducción Enzimática , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas EndogámicasRESUMEN
In is shown that administration of sovol, a mixture of polychlorinated diphenyls, in a dose of 500 mg/kg (about 1:10 LD50) induces pronounced changes in the rat liver structure, in particular, fat accumulation and diminution of RNA lump number in hepatocyte cytoplasma, alteration of nuclei, decrease in the number of hepatocytes and binuclear cells in the visual field. Structural disorders in the liver are observed during a long period (up to 5 months) and, to a certain extent, depend on the composition of the lipid component of the ration. Certain differences are recorded in the character of the morphological changes in the liver after single and repeated injections of the agent. No distinct relationship is recorded between the manifestation of hepatocyte fat infiltration and other morphological changes in the liver, and the index of microsomal cytochrome P-450 induction during sovol action.
Asunto(s)
Mantequilla , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/biosíntesis , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Hígado Graso/inducido químicamente , Hígado/patología , Aceites de Plantas/administración & dosificación , Bifenilos Policlorados/toxicidad , Animales , Inducción Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado Graso/patología , Helianthus , Hígado/enzimología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas EndogámicasRESUMEN
A single oral administration of a mixture of polychlorinated diphenyls (50 and mg/kg) leads to a dose-dependent increase in the cytochrome P-450 content in rat liver. The synthetic antioxidant ionol administered singly and repeatedly (30 mg/kg) does not exert any substantial influence on the hemoprotein content in the liver. Preliminary administration of ionol potentiates the action of the mixture of polychlorinated diphenyls on cytochrome P-450 induction in the liver of experimental animals.
Asunto(s)
Hidroxitolueno Butilado/farmacología , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/biosíntesis , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Bifenilos Policlorados/farmacología , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Inducción Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/enzimología , Masculino , Monoaminooxidasa/biosíntesis , Ratas , Ratas EndogámicasRESUMEN
The authors have studied the character of changes in the content of cytochrome P450 and b5, in the oxidation rate of amidopyrine, dimethyl-aniline and aniline, in the NADPH- and ascorbate-dependent lipid peroxidation systems, as well as in glucose-6-phosphatase and acetylesterase activities in the liver microsomes of the rats on semisynthetic diets, including 50% (according to calorific value) of butter or sunflower oil, or receiving fat-free diet (0.5% of sunflower oil) in different terms (4 and 70 days) after a single intragastric administration of a mixture of polychlorinated diphenyls, chlorinated biphenyl (500 mg/kg). It is shown that the degree and character of the microsomal enzymes studied, as well as the changes in the liver structure under the action of chlorinated biphenyl depend, to a certain extent, on the quality and quantity of fat in the diet.
Asunto(s)
Grasas de la Dieta/farmacología , Retículo Endoplásmico/efectos de los fármacos , Microsomas Hepáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Bifenilos Policlorados/toxicidad , Animales , Retículo Endoplásmico/enzimología , Enzimas/metabolismo , Contaminación de Alimentos , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Microsomas Hepáticos/enzimología , Ratas , Ratas EndogámicasRESUMEN
A single administration of increasing doses of dichlorodiphenyl (60-2400 mg/kg) leads to an increase in the content of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver. Initially, the increase rate is high whereupon, within the dose ranges of 800-1600 mg/kg, it does not virtually change, constituting 270-290%. A higher dose, 2400 mg/kg, produces an increase in the hemoprotein level only in individual animals. When given in cytochrome P-450-induction doses, dichlorodiphenyl has a stimulant action on the non-enzymatic system of lipid peroxidation in rat liver.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Peróxidos Lipídicos/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Bifenilos Policlorados/farmacología , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Oxidación-Reducción/efectos de los fármacos , Bifenilos Policlorados/administración & dosificación , Ratas , Ratas EndogámicasRESUMEN
Effect of trans-anetol (t-An) as nutritive addition to cytochrome P-450 containing system (MOS) of liver of rats was studied. It was shown, that t-An rendered inducing action to MOS, which depended on degree of action. It was established that simultaneous effect of t-An and mixture of polychlorinated diphenyles (sovol) modified inducing action of sovol to cytochrome P-450 system, Simultaneous effect of t-An and mixture of polychlorinated diphenyles increased hepatotoxic action of these xenobiotics.