Ultralow-Dose Dynamic Expiratory CT and Repeated Imaging Enhance Evaluation for Tracheomalacia.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine if a novel imaging protocol (ultralow-dose dynamic expiratory computed tomography [CT] with repeated imaging) identifies tracheomalacia (TM) more reliably than traditional dynamic tracheal CT. METHODS: We performed a retrospective evaluation of 184 consecutive ultralow-dose dynamic CTs for TM during 2017. The protocol obtains images during 1 inspiration and 2 forced expirations. Tracheal narrowing during both expirations (airway narrowing [percentage] during first dynamic expiration CT [DE1], airway narrowing [percentage] during second dynamic expiration CT [DE2]) was reported as a percentage of inspiratory area. We identified maximum narrowing of each patient's sequence (maximum narrowing [percentage] on either dynamic expiration CT [DEmax] = greatest narrowing of DE1 or DE2) and compared DE1, DE2, and DEmax in individual studies and between patients. Outcomes included frequency of TM, tracheal narrowing, and severity. Reliability was assessed by comparing tracheal area narrowing and TM grade. RESULTS: There was significantly more airway narrowing using 2 expiratory image acquisitions. Average DEmax tracheal area was 12% narrower than DE1 alone and 21% worse than DE2 alone (both P < 0.001). Using DEmax, TM was diagnosed 35% more often than DE1 alone and 31% more often than DE2 alone ( P < 0.001). DEmax identified more severe distribution of TM compared with DE1 or DE2 alone ( P < 0.001). Reliability between DE1 and DE2 was good for tracheal narrowing and moderate for TM grade. The mean effective radiation dose was 2.41 millisievert (mSv) for routine inspiration CT and 0.07 mSv for each dynamic expiration CT (total effective radiation, 2.55 mSv). CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic expiration CT with 2 expiratory image acquisitions enhanced evaluation of TM, minimally increased radiation dose, and should be considered as a noninvasive screening option.

The role of patient and family advisory boards in promoting greater attention to patient social needs by U.S. acute care hospitals.

BACKGROUND: There is growing attention to individual-level patient social needs such as unstable housing and food insecurity. Such considerations, however, have historically been the purview of public health and have not been a priority of more traditional health care delivery organizations, such as acute care hospitals. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine whether the presence of patient and family advisory boards (PFABs) among acute care community hospitals was associated with screening for and programs to address patient social needs. METHODS: We used a secondary data set derived from the American Hospital Association's 2020 and 2021 annual surveys, along with multinomial and negative binomial regression models to assess the relationship between the presence/absence of a PFAB and the likelihood of offering and the number of areas addressed by social needs screening programs. RESULTS: More than half (55.9%) of all responding hospitals reported having a PFAB in 2020 (55.9%) and 2021 (52.7%). The presence of a PFAB among hospitals was significantly associated with patient social needs screening, more areas addressed by programs, and more types of partners to address these needs. CONCLUSIONS: Community hospitals with a PFAB have more robust programs and partnerships to address patient social needs. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Hospital leaders should consider going beyond simply establishing programs to address social needs but also consider comprehensiveness of these programs to recognize the intersectionality of social needs. One way to do this is to formally establish a PFAB to help hospitals better identify and prioritize the needs in local communities and design social needs programs/solutions that are patient- and family-centric.

Effectiveness of Psychotherapy on Prevention of Suicidal Re-Attempts in Psychiatric Emergencies: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

INTRODUCTION: Many psychological interventions aim to prevent suicide, but there is limited information regarding their comparative effectiveness. OBJECTIVES: We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis to evaluate the relative effects of psychological interventions for preventing suicide re-attempts in psychiatric emergencies. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and PsycINFO from inception to December 1, 2022. Selection and data extraction were conducted independently by two reviewers based on prespecified criteria. We evaluated the efficacy of interventions, potential effect moderators, and study quality both within individual studies and across studies. Global and local inconsistencies and publication bias were explored. The primary outcome was suicide re-attempt rate. The network meta-analysis was conducted using the "netmeta" package in R. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021291407). RESULTS: There were 3,155 participants from 26 randomized controlled trials included in the network meta-analysis. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was the only intervention that was more effective than a common comparator for reducing suicide re-attempts among psychological interventions in both direct and indirect comparisons (odds ratio: [95% confidence interval], 0.46 [0.25-0.85] vs. 0.47 [0.27-0.83]). CBT had the highest score (p score = 0.8727) across the various psychological interventions. Neither global nor local inconsistencies were significant. There was no clear evidence of violations of the transitivity assumption when comparing characteristics of studies across interventions. Publication bias was not suspected for the primary outcome. CONCLUSIONS: CBT may be regarded as a reasonable first-line psychological intervention to prevent re-attempts among people with previous suicide attempts. We observed a moderate quality of evidence supporting an 87% probability of CBT being the best treatment available for preventing suicide re-attempts.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gender Differences in Depression Based on National Representative Data.

BACKGROUND: Restrictions on daily life and changes in economic structure due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) likely would have affected men and women differently. However, there is still a lack of research on the difference between men and women in the amount of change in depression during COVID-19 compared to before COVID-19. Therefore, the researchers investigated gender differences in the magnitude of increase in the prevalence of depression with its severity and individual symptoms during COVID-19 compared with pre-pandemic levels. METHODS: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016 and 2018 were used to assess depression levels pre-pandemic and the KNHANES 2020 for pandemic depression levels. Depression was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). To analyze the differences between men and women in the magnitude of the mental health impact of COVID-19, the researchers analyzed the weighted differences in depression prevalence, severity, and individual symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before COVID-19 stratified by gender. RESULTS: In men, there were significant increases in weighted prevalence for depression (1.2% percentage point; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0-2.3) and severe symptoms of depression (2.6-fold; 95% CI, 1.2-5.7). Among the individual symptoms of depression, significant increases during the pandemic compared to before were: little interest or pleasure in doing things, 1.26-fold; feeling tired or having little energy, 2.2-fold; and suicidal thoughts, 1.7-fold. However, there was no significant difference in prevalence, symptoms severity, and any symptom before and during COVID-19 in women. CONCLUSIONS: Because the pandemic is likely to increase mental problems of the affected over time due to such problems as financial stress and joblessness or post-infection health issues, the researchers anticipate an increase in the prevalence of some mental illnesses. In particular, since the suicide rate of men is higher than that of women, from a public health perspective, active interventions are needed to prevent an increase in the suicide rate due to COVID-19. It is also necessary to establish national policies to overcome the psychological, social, and economic losses resulting from COVID-19.

A pilot feasibility study to assess vascularity and perfusion of parathyroid glands using a portable hand-held imager.

OBJECTIVES: Intraoperative localization and preservation of parathyroid glands (PGs) are challenging during thyroid surgery. A new noninvasive technique of combined near-infrared PG autofluorescence detection and dye-free imaging angiography that allows intraoperative feedback has recently been introduced. The objective of this study was to evaluate this technique in real-time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A pilot feasibility study of a portable imaging device in four patients who underwent either thyroid lobectomy or total thyroidectomy is presented. PG autofluorescence and vascularity/tissue perfusion were monitored using a real-time screen display during the surgical procedure. RESULTS: Three lobectomies and one total thyroidectomy were performed. Among the nine PGs identified by the operating surgeon, eight PGs were confirmed using the autofluorescence device. Each PG was successfully determined to be either well-perfused or devascularized, and devascularized PGs were autotransplanted. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary results suggest that the combination of PG autofluorescence detection and dye-free angiography can potentially be used to assess PG function. With further validation studies, the effectiveness of this technique in clinical practice can be further delineated.

How Is the Suicide Ideation in the Korean Armed Forces Affected by Mental Illness, Traumatic Events, and Social Support?

BACKGROUND: Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the military as in the general population. To mitigate such a serious public health problem, identifying the risk or protective factors of suicide behaviors is crucial. METHODS: We analyzed the representative data of the 2014 Korean Armed Forces to explore the relationship between past year adverse events (PAE), accumulated lifetime trauma (ALT), mental illness vulnerability, perceived social support, and suicidal ideation in the previous year. RESULTS: Among the 6,377 subjects, 3.7% of males and 6.2% of females reported suicidal ideation in the previous year. Multivariate analytic models identified significant associations of PAE and ALT with suicidal ideation with a dose-response pattern. The mental illness vulnerability showed the most significant association with suicidal ideation even after controlling PAE or ALT. We found that perceived social support may be potentially linked with a reduced risk of suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION: This Korean military representative data demonstrates mental illness vulnerability; PAE; and lifetime trauma as significant risk factors of suicidal ideation, while perceived social support was found as a potential protective factor. Given the importance of the prevention of suicide in the military, those risk and protective factors may be used to screen soldiers at risk of suicide and provide further support on mental health services as needed.

Gaming patterns and related symptoms in adolescents using cluster analysis: Baseline results from the Internet User Cohort for Unbiased Recognition of Gaming Disorder in Early Adolescence (iCURE) study.

PURPOSE: The risk and protective factors of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) could vary by individual. The identification of more homogeneous subgroups may lead to better understanding of gaming behaviors and their consequences in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of IGD among the subgroups defined by cluster analysis in adolescents. METHODS: A total of 2319 adolescents were enrolled in the Internet User Cohort for Unbiased Recognition of Gaming Disorder in Early Adolescence (iCURE) study at baseline. Self-reported IGD was assessed with a DMS-5 adapted measurement. Smartphone addiction, musculoskeletal discomfort, and dry eye symptoms were evaluated by self-administered questionnaires. Cluster analysis was performed using risk and protective factors of IGD after considering multicollinearity. RESULTS: Three different clusters were identified. Cluster 1 (19.2%) was users with combined potential psychological and social issues. Cluster 2 (32.3%) was users with potential social but no psychological issues. Cluster 3 (45.6%) was users with no potential issues of either a social or psychological nature. Adolescents from both clusters 1 and 2 showed higher degrees of IGD, smartphone addiction, musculoskeletal discomfort, and dry eye symptoms than did those from cluster 3. Also compared with adolescents in cluster 3, those in cluster 1 showed statistically higher risks of IGD (aOR:11.9, 95%CI:7.5-19.9), smartphone addiction (aOR:5.4, 95%CI:4.0-7.2), musculoskeletal discomfort (aOR:2.6, 95%CI:2.1-7.4), and dry eye symptoms (aOR:3.8, 95%CI:3.0-4.9). Those in cluster 2 also showed statistically higher risk of IGD, smartphone addiction, musculoskeletal discomfort, and dry eye symptoms compared with cluster 3 (aOR:4.5, 95%CI:2.8-7.6; aOR:2.8, 95%CI:2.1-3.7; aOR:1.6, 95%CI:1.3-1.9; and aOR:1.9, 95%CI:1.6-2.4, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Clustering based on the risk and preventive factors of IGD may be suitable for determination of high risk of IGD in adolescents. However, we need to confirm the usefulness and clinical application of the classifications by observing their longitudinal changes.

Prediction of emergency department patient disposition decision for proactive resource allocation for admission.

We investigate the capability of information from electronic health records of an emergency department (ED) to predict patient disposition decisions for reducing "boarding" delays through the proactive initiation of admission processes (e.g., inpatient bed requests, transport, etc.). We model the process of ED disposition decision prediction as a hierarchical multiclass classification while dealing with the progressive accrual of clinical information throughout the ED caregiving process. Multinomial logistic regression as well as machine learning models are built for carrying out the predictions. Utilizing results from just the first set of ED laboratory tests along with other prior information gathered for each patient (2.5 h ahead of the actual disposition decision on average), our model predicts disposition decisions with positive predictive values of 55.4%, 45.1%, 56.9%, and 47.5%, while controlling false positive rates (1.4%, 1.0%, 4.3%, and 1.4%), with AUC values of 0.97, 0.95, 0.89, and 0.84 for the four admission (minor) classes, i.e., intensive care unit (3.6% of the testing samples), telemetry unit (2.2%), general practice unit (11.9%), and observation unit (6.6%) classes, respectively. Moreover, patients destined to intensive care unit present a more drastic increment in prediction quality at triage than others. Disposition decision classification models can provide more actionable information than a binary admission vs. discharge prediction model for the proactive initiation of admission processes for ED patients. Observing the distinct trajectories of information accrual and prediction quality evolvement for ED patients destined to different types of units, proactive coordination strategies should be tailored accordingly for each destination unit.

A partial mediation effect of father-child attachment and self-esteem between parental marital conflict and subsequent features of internet gaming disorder in children: a 12-month follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated whether parent-child attachment and self-esteem may mediate the relationship between parental marital conflict and increases in features of internet gaming disorder (IGD) in children at 1 year. METHODS: The baseline and one-year follow-up data for 268 pre-teens aged between 9 and 10 from the Internet User Cohort for Unbiased Recognition of Gaming Disorder in Early Adolescence (iCURE) study were collected. The students were children at low risk for IGD in the initial self-reported assessment, anyone living with both parents, current game user at baseline, and those who completed a 12-month follow-up assessment. The Internet Game Use-Elicited Symptom Screen (IGUESS) was used to identify increases in IGD features at 12 months. To examine a potential mediation effect, structural equation modeling was performed. RESULTS: The direct effect was statistically significant, and parental marital conflict at baseline significantly predicted the increases in IGD features in children at the 12-month follow-up after adjusting for gender, sex, socioeconomic status, and baseline IGUESS score (ß = 0.206, P = 0.003). The indirect effect showed that attachment to fathers through self-esteem was a significant mediating effect (ß = 0.078, P = 0.045). Parental marital conflicts were associated with increases in IGD features in children through poor father-child attachment, and in turn, the lower levels of self-esteem in the children. CONCLUSIONS: Parents, especially fathers, should make an effort to bond with their children to reduce the risk of their children's developing the IGD features.

Epidemiology of Bearing Dislocations After Mobile-Bearing Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: Multicenter Analysis of 67 Bearing Dislocations.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the epidemiology and causes of bearing dislocations following mobile-bearing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (MUKA) and determined whether the incidence of primary bearing dislocations decreases as surgeon experience increases. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the bearing dislocations following MUKAs performed by 14 surgeons with variable experience levels. Causes of bearing dislocations were determined based on the surgical records, radiographs, and operator's suggestion. Using a chi-squared test, the incidence of bearing dislocation was compared between the first 50, the second 50, and the next 100 unicompartmental knee arthroplasties (UKAs) of each surgeon's cohort. RESULTS: There were 67 (3.6%) bearing dislocations from 1853 MUKAs. The mean time to bearing dislocations after index MUKAs was 33 months (range, 1-144 months); 55% of the bearing dislocations occurred within 2 years after the index MUKAs. Primary bearing dislocations (n = 58) were the most common, followed by secondary (n = 6) and traumatic dislocations (n = 3). There was no significant difference in the incidence of bearing dislocation between the first 50 and second 50 UKAs for each surgeon. Two surgeons showed a significant decrease in bearing dislocations in their second 100 UKAs, while the other surgeons did not show a difference between their first 100 and second 100 UKAs. CONCLUSION: Most bearing dislocations after MUKAs were related to technical errors such as component malposition or gap imbalance. This study did not confirm that the incidence of bearing dislocations decreases as the number of cases increases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, Case series.

Detection of neural light-scattering activity in vivo: optical transmittance studies in the rat brain.

Optical studies of ex vivo brain slices where blood is absent show that neural activity is accompanied by significant intrinsic optical signals (IOS) related to activity-dependent scattering changes in neural tissue. However, the neural scattering signals have been largely ignored in vivo in widely-used IOS methods where absorption contrast from hemoglobin was employed. Changes in scattering were observed on a time scale of seconds in previous brain slice IOS studies, similar to the time scale for the hemodynamic response. Therefore, potential crosstalk between the scattering and absorption changes may not be ignored if they have comparable contributions to IOS. In vivo, the IOS changes linked to neural scattering have been elusive. To isolate neural scattering signals in vivo, we employed 2 implantable optodes for small-separation (2 mm) transmission measurements of local brain tissue in anesthetized rats. This unique geometry enables us to separate neuronal activity-related changes in neural tissue scattering from changes in blood absorption based upon the direction of the signal change. The changes in IOS scattering and absorption in response to up-states of spontaneous neuronal activity in cortical or subcortical structures have strong correlation to local field potentials, but significantly different response latencies. We conclude that activity-dependent neural tissue scattering in vivo may be an additional source of contrast for functional brain studies that provides complementary information to other optical or MR-based systems that are sensitive to hemodynamic contrast.

Hybrid Monte Carlo simulation with ray tracing for fluorescence measurements in turbid media.

We present a hybrid Monte Carlo simulation method with geometrical ray tracing (hMC-GRT) to model fluorescence excitation and detection in turbid media by optical imaging or spectroscopy systems employing a variety of optical components. hMC-GRT computational verification was achieved via reflectance and fluorescence simulations on epithelial tissue models in comparison with a standard Monte Carlo code. The mean difference between the two simulations was less than 5%. hMC-GRT experimental verification employed depth-sensitive steady-state fluorescence measurements using an aspherical lens on two-layered tissue phantoms. hMC-GRT predictions agreed well with experimental results, achieving less than 3.5% error for measurements at the phantom surface. Verification results demonstrate that the hMC-GRT simulation has the potential to become a useful computational toolbox for designing tissue fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy systems. In addition, the hMC-GRT approach enables a wide variety of applications for computational modeling of fluorescence in turbid media. The source codes are available at https://github.com/ubioptronics/hMC-GRT.

Patient-reported outcomes correlate with functional scores after opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy: a clinical study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess post-operative patient subjective satisfaction and to analyze associated peri-operative factors following biplanar medial open wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO). METHODS: The study cohort consisted of 88 patients with a minimum of two years of follow-up. Patient satisfaction was evaluated with a questionnaire that assessed (1) overall satisfaction, (2) pain relief, (3) daily living functions, and (4) cosmesis. Patients were categorized into two groups (satisfied or unsatisfied) based on overall satisfaction questionnaire. Pre- and post-operative objective clinical statuses were assessed with a knee scoring system based on the American Knee Society (AKS), the Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and range of motion. RESULTS: Of the 88 patients, 85.2% were graded as satisfied according to the overall satisfaction estimation. The percentage of patients satisfied with pain relief, daily living functions, and cosmesis were 85.2%, 86.4%, and 86.4%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that pre-operative Hip-Knee-Ankle angle (HKAA) (odds ratio (OR) = 1.812), post-operative AKS knee score (OR = 1.156), and post-operative HKAA (OR = 0.717) were significantly associated with overall satisfaction. Pre-operative HKAA (OR = 1.436), post-operative WOMAC activity score (OR = 0.865), and post-operative HKAA (OR = 0.505) were significant predictors for satisfaction with pain reduction, daily living functions, and cosmesis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Biplanar medial OWHTO is an effective treatment for osteoarthritis with varus deformity in terms of subjective satisfactory outcome. Several factors, including pre- and post-operative HKAA, post-operative AKS and WOMAC score, were significant predictors for subjective satisfaction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

What Factors Are Associated With Femoral Component Internal Rotation in TKA Using the Gap Balancing Technique?

BACKGROUND: When using the gap-balancing technique for TKA, excessive medial release and varus proximal tibial resection can be associated with internal rotation of the femoral component. Previous studies have evaluated the causes of femoral component rotational alignment with a separate factor analysis using unadjusted statistical methods, which might result in treatment effects being attributed to confounding variables. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) What pre- and intraoperative factors are associated with internal rotation of the femoral component in TKA using the gap balancing technique? (2) To what degree does femoral component rotation as defined by the navigation system differ from rotation as measured by postoperative CT? METHODS: Three hundred seventy-seven knees that underwent computer-assisted primary TKA attributable to degenerative osteoarthritis with varus or mild valgus alignment in which medial soft tissue release was performed, and those with preoperative radiographs including preoperative CT between October 2007 and June 2014 were included in the study. To achieve a balanced mediolateral gap, the structures released during each medial release step were as follows: Step 1, deep medial collateral ligament (MCL); Step 2, superficial MCL (proximal, above the pes anserine tendon) and semimembranosus tendon; and Step 3, the superficial MCL (distal, below the pes anserine tendon). Knees with internal rotation of the femoral component, which was directed by navigation, to achieve a rectangular mediolateral flexion gap were considered cases, and knees without internally rotated femoral components were considered controls. Univariable analysis of the variables (age, sex, BMI, operated side, preoperative hip-knee-ankle angle, preoperative medial proximal tibial angle, preoperative rotation degree of the clinical transepicondylar axis [TEA] relative to the posterior condylar axis [PCA], coronal angle of resected tibia, resection of the posterior cruciate ligament, type of prosthesis, and extent of medial release) of cases and controls was performed, followed by a multivariable logistic regression analysis on those factors where p equals 0.15 or less. For an evaluation of navigation error, 88 knees that underwent postoperative CT were analyzed. Postoperative CT scans were obtained for patients with unexplained pain or stiffness after the operations. Using the paired t-test and Pearson's correlation analysis, the postoperative TEA-PCA measured with postoperative CT was compared with theoretical TEA-PCA, which was calculated with preoperative TEA-PCA and actual femoral component rotation checked by the navigation system. RESULTS: After controlling for a relevant confounding variable such as postoperative hip-knee-ankle angle, we found that the extent of medial release (Step 1 as reference; Step 2: odds ratio [OR], 5.7, [95% CI, 2.2-15]; Step 3: OR, 22, [95% CI, 7.8-62], p < 0.001) was the only factor we identified that was associated with internal rotation of the femoral component. With the numbers available, we found no difference between the mean theoretical postoperative TEA-PCA and the postoperative TEA-PCA measured using postoperative CT (4.8° ± 2.7º versus 5.0° ± 2.3º; mean difference, 0.2° ± 1.5º; p = 0.160). CONCLUSIONS: Extent of medial release was the only factor we identified that was associated with internal rotation of the femoral component in gap-balancing TKA. To avoid internal rotation of the femoral component, we recommend a carefully subdivided medial-releasing technique, especially for the superficial MCL because once the superficial MCL has been completely released it cannot easily be restored. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.

Typology of Internet gaming disorder and its clinical implications.

Various perspectives exist regarding Internet gaming disorder. While the concept of behavioral addiction is gaining recognition, some view the phenomenon as merely excessive indulgence in online pastimes. Still, in recent years, complaints from patients or their family members about problems related to Internet use, particularly Internet gaming, have become more common. However, the clinical picture of Internet gaming disorder could be obscured by its heterogeneous manifestations with other intertwined factors, such as psychiatric comorbidities, neurodevelopmental factors, sociocultural factors, and game-related factors, which may influence the pathogenesis as well as the clinical course. To mitigate such problems, clinicians should be able to consider diverse aspects related to Internet gaming disorder. Classifying such a heterogeneous problem into subtypes that share a similar etiology or phenomenology may provide additional clues in the diagnostic process and allow us to designate available clinical resources for particularly vulnerable factors. In this review paper, we suggest a typology of 'impulsive/aggressive,' 'emotionally vulnerable,' 'socially conditioned,' and 'not otherwise specified' as subtypes of the heterogeneous phenomena of pathological Internet gaming. The implications of these subtypes for assessment and treatment planning will also be highlighted.

Prescription Trends of Psychotropics in Children and Adolescents with Autism Based on Nationwide Health Insurance Data.

Children with autism are often medicated to manage emotional and behavioral symptoms; yet, data on such pharmacotherapy is insufficient. In this study, we investigated the Korean National Health Insurance Claims Database (NHICD) information related to autism incidence and psychotropic medication use. From the 2010-2012 NHICD, we selected a total of 31,919,732 subjects under 19 years old. To examine the diagnostic incidence, we selected patients who had at least one medical claim containing an 10th revision of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) code for pervasive developmental disorder, F84, not diagnosed in the previous 360 days. Psychotropics were categorized into seven classes. Then, we analyzed the data to determine the mean annual diagnostic incidence and psychotropic prescription trends. Diagnostic incidence was 17,606 for the 3 years, with a mean annual incidence per 10,000 population of 5.52. Among them, 5,348 patients were prescribed psychotropics. Atypical antipsychotics were the most commonly used, followed by antidepressants. An older age, male sex, and the availability of medical aid were associated with a higher rate of prescription than observed for a younger age, female sex, and the availability of health insurance. Psychotropic drugs were used for less than one-third of patients newly diagnosed with autism, and prescription differed by sex and age. Increased diagnostic incidence is associated with an increased prescription of psychotropic drugs. Therefore, medication-related safety data and policies for psychotropic drugs in autism should be prepared.

Tibial component rotation during the unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: is the anterior superior iliac spine an appropriate landmark?

PURPOSE: No "ideal" landmark for tibial component rotation in medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) has been suggested by a biomechanical and clinical study. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) could provide a consistent rotational landmark of the tibial component during mobile-bearing medial UKA using computed tomography (CT). METHODS: During sagittal tibial resection, we utilized the ASIS as a rotational landmark. In 47 knees that underwent postoperative CT scans after medial UKA, the tibial component position was assessed by drawing a line tangential to the lateral wall of the tibial component. Rotation of the tibial component was measured using two reference lines: a line perpendicular to the posterior cortical rim of the tibia (angle α) and Akagi's line (angle ß). Instant bearing position and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) fossa involvement were also evaluated. External rotation of the tibial component relative to each reference line was considered positive values. RESULTS: The mean α and ß angles were 8.0° ± 6.1° (range -4.0 to 24.3) and 8.7° ± 4.8° (range 1.9-25.2), respectively. Fourteen knees (29.8 %) showed PCL fossa involvement of the tibial resection margin. One bearing showed complete 180° rotation at 2 weeks postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Due to the wide variation and inherent difficulty of identifying the ASIS during the operation, it is not recommended for guidance of sagittal tibial resection during medial UKA. In cases of inappropriate tibia component rotation, risk of PE bearing spinning and iatrogenic PCL injury should be reminded after medial UKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Sagittal osteotomy inclination in medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy.

PURPOSE: Unlike postoperative changes in posterior tibial slope after medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy, sagittal osteotomy inclination has not been examined. It has been recommended that the osteotomy line in the sagittal plane be parallel to the medial posterior tibial slope. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of parallel osteotomy in medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy. METHODS: To determine the sagittal osteotomy inclination, the angle between the medial joint line and the osteotomy line was measured in the lateral radiograph. A positive angle value indicates that the osteotomy is anteriorly inclined relative to the medial posterior tibial slope. Correlation between the sagittal osteotomy inclination and posterior tibial slope was also evaluated. RESULTS: The mean sagittal osteotomy inclination was 15.1 ± 7.5°. The majority 87.1 % of knees showed an anterior-inclined osteotomy. There was a significantly positive correlation between the postoperative posterior tibial slope and the sagittal osteotomy inclination (r, 0.33; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.19-0.46; P < 0.001). The postoperative change in posterior tibial slope also showed a significantly positive correlation with the sagittal osteotomy inclination (r, 0.35; 95 % CI 0.21-0.47; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Although parallel osteotomy in the sagittal plane relative to the medial joint line was planned, only 12.9 % of cases achieved osteotomy parallel to the medial posterior tibial slope in the sagittal plane. Because of high rate of the anterior-inclined osteotomy and their correlations with posterior tibial slope, surgeons should make all efforts to perform parallel osteotomy relative to medial posterior tibial slope. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

An in Vivo 3D Computed Tomographic Analysis of Femoral Tunnel Geometry and Aperture Morphology Between Rigid and Flexible Systems in Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using the Transportal Technique.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare femoral tunnel length, femoral graft-bending angle, posterior wall breakage, and femoral aperture morphologic characteristics between rigid and flexible systems after double-bundle (DB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using the transportal (TP) technique. METHODS: We evaluated 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) results for 54 patients who underwent DB ACL reconstruction using the TP technique with either a flexible system (n = 27) or a rigid system (n = 27). The femoral tunnel length, femoral graft-bending angle, posterior wall breakage, femoral tunnel aperture height to width (H:W) ratio, aperture axis angle, and femoral tunnel position were assessed using OsiriX Imaging Software and Geomagic Qualify 2012 (Geomagic, Cary, NC). RESULTS: The mean anteromedial (AM) femoral tunnel length of the flexible group was significantly longer than that of the rigid group (P = .009). The mean femoral graft-bending angles in the flexible group were significantly less acute than those in the rigid group (AM, P < .001; posterolateral [PL], P = .003]. Posterior wall breakage was observed in both groups (P = 1.00). The mean H:W ratios in the rigid group were significantly larger (more elliptical) than those of the flexible group (AM, P < .001; PL, P = .006). The mean aperture axis angle of the PL femoral tunnel in the rigid group was more parallel to the femoral shaft axis than that in the flexible group (P < .001). There were no significant differences in femoral tunnel position between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: The AM femoral tunnel length and the AM/PL femoral graft-bending angle of the flexible system were significantly longer and less acute than those of the rigid system. However, the aperture morphologic characteristics of the AM/PL femoral tunnel and the aperture axis angle of the PL femoral tunnel in the rigid system were significantly more elliptical and closer to parallel to the femoral shaft axis than those of the flexible system. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective comparative study.

Rab3a promotes brain tumor initiation and progression.

The Rab protein family is composed of small GTP-binding proteins involved in intracellular vesicle trafficking. In particular, Rab3a which is one of four Rab3 proteins (a, b, c, and d isoforms) is associated with synaptic vesicle trafficking in normal brain. However, despite the elevated level of Rab3a in tumors, its role remains unclear. Here we report a tumorigenic role of Rab3a in brain tumors. Elevated level of Rab3a expression in human was confirmed in both glioma cell lines and glioblastoma multiforme patient specimens. Ectopic Rab3a expression in glioma cell lines and primary astrocytes promoted cell proliferation by increasing cyclin D1 expression, induced resistance to anti-cancer drug and irradiation, and accelerated foci formation in soft agar and tumor formation in nude mice. The overexpression of Rab3a augmented the tumorsphere-forming ability of glioma cells and p53(-/-) astrocytes and increased expression levels of various stem cell markers. Taken together, our results indicate that Rab3a is a novel oncogene involved in glioma initiation and progression.