Inclined but less skilled? Disentangling extraversion, communication skill, and leadership emergence.

Individual extraversion is considered to be one of the most consistent predictors of leadership emergence according to meta-analytic support, but inconsistent empirical results indicate that their relationship may be more nuanced than scholars have concluded. We propose two key reasons for why the extraversion-emergence relationship has yielded inconsistent results. First, we challenge one of the fundamental theoretical assumptions regarding why extraverts emerge as leaders, namely, that extraverts have high levels of communication skill. Drawing on the personality literature, we argue that rather than being inextricably linked to extraversion, communication skill not only plays a separate role but also may determine when extraversion relates to emergence. Second, we test a multilevel model accounting for the team context by proposing in alignment with the social identity model of leadership that a team's overall level of extraversion impacts the team's leadership prototypes and thus the importance of extraversion and communication skill for leadership emergence. We test our hypotheses across two studies in assessment center contexts. We find broad support for our multilevel model and show that extraversion's effects may be much more conditional than previously assumed, whereas communication skill may be a more promising explanatory factor. Thus, we provide a more complete understanding of why and when interpersonal characteristics relate to leadership emergence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

A meta-analytic examination of the gender difference in creative performance.

Studies examining gender and creative performance ratings have offered mixed results. The current meta-analysis integrates insights from gender role theories (Eagly, 1987; Eagly & Karau, 2002) with Woodman et al. (1993) interactionist perspective of creativity to identify factors that explain these observed inconsistencies across studies. Cumulating decades of research from 259 independent studies (N = 79,915), we find a male advantage in creative performance (δ = .13). An examination of contextual moderators reveals that this gender gap is contingent on several social and cultural factors. We observe a decline in the creativity gender gap when the country-level cultural context of the sample is communal and an increase when it is agentic. Results also show that the gender disparity declined over time, but industry gender composition did not influence the gender gap. Interestingly, we find that the gender gap is larger when creative performance is self- versus other-reported. Finally, methodological contingency factors such as publication status, study setting, creativity type, and occupational creativity requirements were also assessed. Overall, our findings clarify gender's relationship with creative performance and underscore the importance of undertaking contingency-based approaches in future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Multiple team membership and empowerment spillover effects: Can empowerment processes cross team boundaries?

In today's organizations, employees are often assigned as members of multiple teams simultaneously (i.e., multiple team membership), and yet we know little about important leadership and employee phenomena in such settings. Using a scenario-based experiment and 2 field studies of leaders and their employees in the People's Republic of China and the United States, we examined how empowering leadership exhibited by 2 different team leaders toward a single employee working on 2 different teams can spillover to affect that employee's psychological empowerment and subsequent proactivity across teams. Consistent across all 3 studies, we found that each of the team leaders' empowering leadership uniquely and positively influenced an employee's psychological empowerment and subsequent proactive behaviors. In the field studies, we further found that empowering leadership exhibited by one team leader influenced the psychological empowerment and proactive behaviors of their team member not only in that leader's team but also in the other team outside of that leader's stewardship. Finally, across studies, we found that empowering leadership exhibited on one team can substitute for lower levels of empowering leadership experienced in a different team led by a distinct leader. We discuss our contributions to the motivation, teams, and leadership literatures and provide practical guidance for leaders charged with managing employees that have multiple team memberships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Detrimental Effects of "Stretch" Goals in Specialty Substance Use Disorder Treatment Organizations.

BACKGROUND: "Stretch" goals, a rarely examined concept that represents seemingly impossible, highly ambitious organizational goals ostensibly established to fill performance gaps and motivate employees, are examined within a sample of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment centers in the United States in terms of their prevalence and effects on organizational behavior. Stretch goals are defined as "seemingly impossible" goals intended to motivate employees to achieve high performance. In light of the high level of environmental change and unpredictability faced by SUD treatment centers in recent decades, we theorize that stretch goals would be both common and often detrimental (in terms of capacity utilization rate and efficiency) in these settings. METHODS: In a temporally lagged analysis of data from leaders of a representative U. S. national sample of 219 SUD treatment centers characterized by entrepreneurial management structures, we examined the prevalence of stretch goals and their impact on key outcome variables of capacity utilization rate and efficiency. RESULTS: Widespread adoption of stretch goals was found, with 43% of our sample falling within the stretch category. Stretch goals had a negative main effect on capacity utilization rate as compared to less ambitious challenging goals. Stretch and prior performance interacted to further predict capacity utilization rate, whereas stretch and slack resource availability interacted to predict center efficiency. DISCUSSION: Although stretch goals are frequently used in the SUD treatment industry, we find them mostly detrimental to performance. Stretch goals may enhance the efficiency of treatment centers with prior limited resource availability, but they are negatively associated with capacity utilization, especially in centers with a record of already strong performance. Despite the high prevalence of such goals and positive values centered on aspirational behavior, these results strongly suggest caution in such goal setting in SUD treatment centers.

Above and beyond, again and again: self-regulation in the aftermath of organizational citizenship behaviors.

In this temporally lagged study of employees in a service organization, we examined the ways in which feedback regarding organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) may affect employees' motives to continue performing OCBs over time. Building on the self-regulation approach to citizenship (Bolino, Harvey, & Bachrach, 2012), we propose and test an overall model of OCB motive, others' attribution and feedback, and motive fulfillment to determine their impact on continuing OCB. Using a total sample of 213 employees and structural equation modeling, we found support for most of our model, indicating that instances of OCB initiate a chain of events that can ultimately lead individuals to alter their OCB patterns, based on their own motives, others' motive attributions, and feedback. We also find that feedback regarding OCB can influence motive fulfillment and the motivations to engage in future OCB, although this feedback is most powerful when it comes from peers, as opposed to managers.

Left main-stem bronchial stenosis complicating bronchial artery embolization.

A 36-year-old patient was found to have severe left main-stem bronchial stenosis two years after bronchial artery embolization (BAE) for hemoptysis. Embolization-induced bronchial ischemia appeared to be the only potential cause for the observed lesions, and, to our knowledge, this constitutes the first report of late bronchial sequelae following BAE. Despite balloon-catheter dilatation of the stenosis, the severity of poststenotic lesions led to left pneumonectomy. The anatomic data further supported the hypothesis of a complication of BAE. Clinicians and radiologists should be aware of this potential complication of a widely used therapeutic procedure.

Mediastinal infection after cardiac operation. A simple closed technique.

From March 1984 to March 1987, a simple closed method, previously described for the treatment of osteomyelitis after orthopedic operations, was used to treat deep sternal infection in 11 patients. The basis of this technique is, after meticulous débridement of the wound, to drain all the infected areas with small catheters connected to a bottle inside of which a strong (700 mm Hg) negative pressure is created (Redon drainage device). The method does not require irrigation. The maximum duration of the drainage was 24 days and complete recovery was obtained in all patients without further surgical treatments. The comfort of the patients was optimal.

Anatomic repair of anomalies of ventriculoarterial connection associated with ventricular septal defect. II. Clinical results in 50 patients with pulmonary outflow tract obstruction.

From November 1980 to November 1985, 50 patients underwent anatomic repair of anomalies of ventriculoarterial connection associated with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary outflow tract obstruction. The technique used was one that we have previously described, which we call REV. The principles of this technique are resection of the infundibular septum, construction of a tunnel connecting the left ventricle to the aorta, and direct anastomosis, without a prosthetic conduit, of the pulmonary arterial trunk with the right ventricle. The tunnel is situated beneath the aortic valve and occupies very little space in the right ventricular cavity. Age at operation ranged from 4 months to 13 years (mean 3.5 years). Twenty-six patients had a classic type of transposition of the great arteries; all other patients had various types of anomalies of ventriculoarterial connection in which it was impossible, after the intraventricular connection of the left ventricle to the aorta, to use the natural pulmonary orifice for the pulmonary outflow tract reconstruction. There were nine hospital deaths (18%) and one late death. Twenty-six of 29 patients whose follow-up time exceeded 1 year had an excellent clinical result. No stenosis of the aortic outflow tract was found. Four patients had significant pressure gradients on the pulmonary outflow tract. Our present experience with REV suggests that this technique allows anatomic repair in a wide variety of anomalies of ventriculoarterial connection associated with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary outflow tract obstruction, even in infants, with an acceptable rate of mortality and morbidity.

Anatomic repair of anomalies of ventriculo-arterial connection (REV). Results of a new technique in cases associated with pulmonary outflow tract obstruction.

From November 1980 to November 1986, 63 patients aged 4 months to 13 years (mean 3.4 years) underwent repair of anomalies of ventriculo-arterial connection with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary outflow tract obstruction, using a technique (REV) first described by us in 1982. The selection of patients was based on preoperative criteria, namely the measurement of the distance between the tricuspid and the semilunar valves. These measurements enabled us to select from patients with an abnormal ventriculo-arterial connection, those in whom the anomaly could be repaired by intra-ventricular partition alone. In the remaining cases, REV was indicated in the presence of pulmonary stenosis. The principles of the technique are: (1) resection of the infundibular septum creating a large, direct and subarterial communication between the left ventricle and the aorta; (2) construction of a straight left ventricle to aorta tunnel by intraventricular partition; (3) direct anastomosis of the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle. There were 12 hospital deaths (19%). The mean follow-up was 32 months. One patient died suddenly 1 year after repair. Six patients required reoperation. All survivors are in NYHA class I, except for 3 patients who are in class II. No stenosis of the left ventricular outflow tract was found but 5 patients had a significant pressure gradient at the pulmonary outflow tract level. Our present experience suggests that in properly selected patients, REV allows anatomic repair in a wide variety of anomalies of the ventriculo-arterial connection associated with VSD and pulmonary outflow tract obstruction with an acceptable rate of mortality and morbidity.

Pulmonary metastases in children: the place of surgery. A study of 134 patients.

A series of 134 children, less than 15 years of age at the time of diagnosis of tumor, treated by one oncology group and one surgeon, have been submitted to thoracotomy for pulmonary metastatic disease between 1961 and 1976. Fifteen had a thoracic exploration only because of the extent of disease and died. Three had a nodule excised which proved to be nonmetastatic at histology and are alive. One hundred and sixteen underwent 152 excisional procedures with 2 operative deaths, 1 postpneumonectomy empyema, 2 transient postoperative complications, and 4 local relapses. Fifty-one are alive 4 to 15 years after the last surgical procedure. The results are best when a single (or a few) metastasis is removed as a primary treatment followed by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy when indicated. Results are better in Wilms' tumors than in other tumors. Radiotherapy which can lead to long term pulmonary sequelae can be avoided in half of the patients (26/51). Thoracotomy is a safe and simple procedure in children, giving rewarding results when the indications of excision, among the different means of treatment, are carefully chosen.

[Long term results (5 years) of the first 50 consecutive operations following Mustard's technique for simple transposition of the great vessels]. / Résultats à long terme (5 ans) des 50 premières interventions consécutives selon la technique de Mustard pour transposition simple des gros vaisseaux

The long-term results of Mustard's operation for simple transposition of the great vessels have been studied in a homogenous series of the first 50 consecutive cases operated on by G. Lemoine. The overall mortality was 20% over the 5 year follow-up period. Serious arrhythmias or conduction defects can usually be picked up immediately postoperatively; on the other hand, stenosis of the venae cavae or of the pulmonary venous channels may come on very late and unexpectedly as growth takes place. Reoperation must be carried out to remove these stenoses when they are troublesome.

[Right pulmonary artery-left atrial fistula. Review of the literature apropos of a case]. / Communication entre artère pulmonaire droite et oreillette gauche revue de la littérature à propos d'une observation.

This is a rare congenital abnormality with only 17 other reported cases in the world literature. The most frequent sign is cyanosis with peripheral arterial desaturation. Angiography with selective injection in the main pulmonary shows early opacification of the left atrium, so confirming the diagnosis. Occasionally, a catheter can be passed through the fistula. Without surgical treatment there is a danger of systemic arterial embolism and two fatal cases were found in our review of the literature. The fistulous connection is often aneurysmal. It arises either from the right main pulmonary artery or from its branch to the inferior lobe. Associated vascular and pulmonary malformations are not rate. Surgical closure of the fistual is curative with immediate regression of the cyanosis and suppression of possible embolic complications.

[Surgery in complex forms of transposition of the great vessels: long-term results in a series of 100 cases]. / La chirurgie des formes complexes de la transposition des gros vaisseaux: résultats à distance d'une série de 100 cas.

A series of 100 patients with complex forms of transposition of the great arteries (TGA) were operated upon over a 10 year period. Group 1 consisted of 13 TGA with pulmonary stenosis (PS), usually treated by an atrial baffle and direct repair of the stenosis. There was no operative or late mortality in this group and the long-term results were generally good (10/13). Group II comprised 29 TGA with ventricular septal defect (VSD) and PS. Seven Rastelli procedures gave 4 good results. Twenty two operations, associating atrial baffle, repair of VSD and PS (17 direct procedures, 5 left ventricle-pulmonary artery tube) were associated with a high mortality (5 operative and 4 late deaths) and 10 good long-term results. Group III comprised 58 TGA with VSD. Up to 1977 (n = 33) treatment consisted of atrial baffle + repair of VSD +/- removal of previous banding. Mortality was high (11 operative and 8 late deaths) with only 8 good long-term results. Since 1977, these patients have been treated by complete anatomical repair, the operative mortality of which is higher in the period under study (9/23) but the long-term results are much better. The surgical indications in our Department are based on the analysis of these results. In Group I only very significant PS is treated, either by left ventricle-pulmonary artery tube or direct repair depending on the form of the stenosis. In Group II, where the results based on atrial baffle are poor, a Rastelli procedure is preferred and especially its variants which avoid the use of prosthetic materials on the pulmonary trunk. In Group III, anatomical correction at the level of the great arteries is the routine procedure, the only point of discussion being the possibility of prior banding.

[Palliative surgery of transposition of great vessels associated with pulmonary stenosis]. / La chirurgie palliative de la transposition des gros vaisseaux associée à sténose pulmonaire

Palliative treatment for transposition of the great vessels with pulmonary stenosis (combined or not with ventricular septal defect) was studied in relation with 24 patients operated upon at Laennec's Hospital in Professor Mathey's section between January 70 and January 74. Three therapeutic attitudes are possible according to whether or not an atrial septal defect is created (Blalock-Hanlon's operation) in combination with the systemic-pulmonary artery anastomosis, and according to whether the operations are performed in one or many steps. It seems that for the badly-tolerated forms of the new-born, combination of both operations seems to be the best attitude, the curative treatment being impossible at this age.

[Valve-fitted prosthetic tubes in the pulmonary outflow tract. Results of a series of 45 operations]. / Les tubes valvulés sur la voie pulmonaire. Résultats d'une série de 45 interventions.

The malformations requiring valve fitted prosthetic tubes in the pulmonary outflow tract were mainly persistent truncus arteriosus and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect in this series. The surgical mortality before 18 months was 75% and 19% after this age. The long-term clinical result (average follow up period: 2,5 years) was good or acceptable in 20 of the 32 survivors. There were 5 late deaths and 6 reoperations. The main causes of long-term failures were progressive pulmonary hypertension without shunt, acquired stenoses on the prosthesis and late infection. It is important to assess poor results by catheterisation as reoperation is frequently possible with a relatively low mortality rate (1/6) and encouraging results.

[Pacemakers in children]. / Les pacemakers chez l'enfant.

This is a study of pacemakers in 32 children with permanent pacemakers, 7 of them for congenital block, and 25 for post-operative block, representing a total of 69 pacemaker implantations. After a brief survey of the results, there is a discussion of the problems of the indications, relative for the congenital blocks, and absolute for the surgical blocks after a short period of observation. The choice of type of pacemaker rests upon three essential features: minimum inconvenience, a good length of active life, and the facility of an increased rate. Recent technical progress has allowed these features to be combined. The pacemakers currently available are shown on a table. The results are to a large extent determined by extreme care being taken over the implantation; meticulous asepsis, a low threshold on the electrode test, a pacemaker which is "comfortable" in its site, all these are essential if the serious complications are to be avoided, namely infection and pacemaker failure. The best route for the child, as for the adult, is by way of an epigastric approach with an abdominal pocket. In the very small infant, it seems better to implant by left thoracotomy, and to site the pacemaker intrapleurally.

[Correction of cardiac malformations after corrected transposition of the great vessels. A series of 18 cases operated on by an open heart technique]. / Correction des malformations cardiaques sur transposition corrigée des gros vaisseaux. Une série de 18 cas opérés à coeur ouvert.

Recent progress in the surgical treatment of malformations after transposition has been dealt with has been made in three directions: 1. By knowledge of the position of the conducting pathways in relation to ventricular septal defects, so that total atrioventricular block, the first complication of this type of surgery, may be avoided; 2. By appreciation of the proximity of the conductive pathways to the elements contributing to pulmonary stenosis, which may contra-indicate direct removal of such stenosis. In such a case, a valved tube must be placed between the sub-pulmonary ventricle and the pulmonary artery; 3. By appreciating the frequency, the difficulty in diagnosis and the grave consequences of failing to recognise lesions of the atrioventricular valves, with the result that their systematic investigation should form part of the operative technique.

[Comparative lipophilia of trandolapril and other converting enzyme inhibitors]. / Lipophilie comparée du trandolapril et des autres inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion.

The lipophilicity of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) available in France has been compared using two complementary methods. Studies have been performed both on active ACE-I and prodrugs. The first study used reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in order to measure the n-octanol water partition coefficients. They were measured at 3 pH values (2.5, 4.7 and 7.4). The second study was performed on the basis of computer drawn chemical formula. The lipophilic area to hydrophilic area ratio was calculated from the three dimensional structure of each ACE-I. A calculated n-octanol water partition coefficient was then determined. Whatever the method, a broad range of values was seen. The HPLC n-octanol water partition coefficient ranged from -1.86 (captopril) to 1.02 (trandolaprilate). The lipophilic to hydrophilic ratio ranged from 1.33 (captopril) to 2.74 (trandolaprilate) and the computer determined n-octanol water partition coefficient ranged from -0.36 (perindoprilate) to 0.69 (quinaprilate). A strong correlation (r = 0.97 p = 0.0001) was found between the lipophilic/hydrophilic area ratio and the HPLC partition coefficient. The classification of the ACE-I was very close whatever the mode of determination. The less lipophilic ACE-I are lisinopril and captopril and the most lipophilic are quinalapril and trandolapril. Clinical consequences of such differences remain unknown.