FAM72A antagonizes UNG2 to promote mutagenic repair during antibody maturation.

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) catalyses the deamination of deoxycytidines to deoxyuracils within immunoglobulin genes to induce somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination1,2. AID-generated deoxyuracils are recognized and processed by subverted base-excision and mismatch repair pathways that ensure a mutagenic outcome in B cells3-6. However, why these DNA repair pathways do not accurately repair AID-induced lesions remains unknown. Here, using a genome-wide CRISPR screen, we show that FAM72A is a major determinant for the error-prone processing of deoxyuracils. Fam72a-deficient CH12F3-2 B cells and primary B cells from Fam72a-/- mice exhibit reduced class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation frequencies at immunoglobulin and Bcl6 genes, and reduced genome-wide deoxyuracils. The somatic hypermutation spectrum in B cells from Fam72a-/- mice is opposite to that observed in mice deficient in uracil DNA glycosylase 2 (UNG2)7, which suggests that UNG2 is hyperactive in FAM72A-deficient cells. Indeed, FAM72A binds to UNG2, resulting in reduced levels of UNG2 protein in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, coinciding with peak AID activity. FAM72A therefore causes U·G mispairs to persist into S phase, leading to error-prone processing by mismatch repair. By disabling the DNA repair pathways that normally efficiently remove deoxyuracils from DNA, FAM72A enables AID to exert its full effects on antibody maturation. This work has implications in cancer, as the overexpression of FAM72A that is observed in many cancers8 could promote mutagenesis.

Usability of Patient Education-Oriented Cataract Surgery Websites.

PURPOSE: To assess the web accessibility and readability of patient-oriented educational websites for cataract surgery. DESIGN: Cross-sectional electronic survey. PARTICIPANTS: Websites with information dedicated to educating patients about cataract surgery. METHODS: An incognito search for "cataract surgery" was performed using a popular search engine. The top 100 patient-oriented cataract surgery websites that came up were included and categorized as institutional, private practice, or medical organization according to authorship. Each site was assessed for readability using 4 standardized reading grade-level formulas. Accessibility was assessed through multilingual availability, accessibility menu availability, complementary educational video availability, and conformance and adherence to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0. A standard t test and chi-square analysis were performed to assess the significance of differences with regard to readability and accessibility among the 3 authorship categories. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures were the website's average reading grade level, number of accessibility violations, multilingual availability, accessibility menu availability, complementary educational video availability, accessibility conformance level, and violation of the perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust (POUR) principles according to the WCAG 2.0. RESULTS: A total of 32, 55, and 13 sites were affiliated with institutions, private practice, and other medical organizations, respectively. The overall mean reading grade was 11.8 ± 1.6, with higher reading levels observed in private practice websites compared with institutions and medical organizations combined (12.1 vs. 11.4; P = 0.03). Fewer private practice websites had multiple language options compared with institutional and medical organization websites combined (5.5% vs. 20.0%; P = 0.03). More private practice websites had accessibility menus than institutions and medical organizations combined (27.3% vs. 8.9%; P = 0.038). The overall mean number of WCAG 2.0 POUR principle violations was 17.1 ± 23.1 with no significant difference among groups. Eighty-five percent of websites violated the perceivable principle. CONCLUSIONS: Available patient-oriented online information for cataract surgery may not be comprehensible to the general public. Readability and accessibility aspects should be considered when designing these resources. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Dexamethasone Intracanalicular Insert for Clinically Significant Aqueous-Deficient Dry Eye: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a commercially available dexamethasone intracanalicular insert to treat dry eye. DESIGN: Single-center, double-masked randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with clinically significant aqueous-deficient dry eye (combined ocular surface staining score, ≥ 3 [0-12]; corneal fluorescein staining score, ≥ 2 [0-6]; and Schirmer's wetting, < 10 mm at 5 minutes in both eyes) with symptoms (dryness, eye discomfort, or visual fatigue, ≥ 30 [0-100]) despite treatment with at least 1 prescription drop and deemed candidates for topical steroid therapy. METHODS: Seventy-five adult patients were enrolled. A 1:1 randomization sequence was used to determine which eye of each patient would receive the treatment (dexamethasone 0.4-mg intracanalicular insert with 30-day elution time) or sham (collagen plug). The fellow eye received the opposite treatment. Patients were masked to treatment assignment. Follow-up visits (at weeks 2, 4, and 6) were performed by a masked investigator. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dry eye parameters and patient symptoms were used for efficacy, and intraocular pressure (IOP) was used for safety assessment. RESULTS: The severity of dry eye was comparable between the treatment arms (fellow eyes) at baseline. Eyes that received the dexamethasone insert showed significantly less corneal staining at week 4 (mean difference [MD], -0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.91 to -0.19) and conjunctival staining at week 4 (MD, -0.68; 95% CI, -1.05 to -0.30) and week 6 (MD, -0.34; 95% CI, -0.65 to -0.02). Schirmer's wetting was comparable between the two treatment arms. Although the patients reported less dryness in eyes that received the insert at week 4 (MD, -5.5; 95% CI, -11.4 to 0.4), no statistically significant differences were found in any patient-reported symptoms. At week 4, dexamethasone-treated eyes were more likely to show an IOP increase (by 5-10 mmHg; 9 eyes vs. 1 eye; relative risk, 9.00; 95% CI, 1.14-71.0). All cases of increased IOP were managed with short-term topical ß-blockers and subsided. CONCLUSIONS: The dexamethasone intracanalicular insert may be considered a dropless dual treatment for clinically significant aqueous-deficient dry eye when topical steroid treatment is deemed appropriate. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Robust prediction of nonhome discharge following elective anterior cervical discectomy and fusion using explainable machine learning.

PURPOSE: Predict nonhome discharge (NHD) following elective anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) using an explainable machine learning model. METHODS: 2227 patients undergoing elective ACDF from 2008 to 2019 were identified from a single institutional database. A machine learning model was trained on preoperative variables, including demographics, comorbidity indices, and levels fused. The validation technique was repeated stratified K-Fold cross validation with the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) statistic as the performance metric. Shapley Additive Explanation (SHAP) values were calculated to provide further explainability regarding the model's decision making. RESULTS: The preoperative model performed with an AUROC of 0.83 ± 0.05. SHAP scores revealed the most pertinent risk factors to be age, medicare insurance, and American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score. Interaction analysis demonstrated that female patients over 65 with greater fusion levels were more likely to undergo NHD. Likewise, ASA demonstrated positive interaction effects with female sex, levels fused and BMI. CONCLUSION: We validated an explainable machine learning model for the prediction of NHD using common preoperative variables. Adding transparency is a key step towards clinical application because it demonstrates that our model's "thinking" aligns with clinical reasoning. Interactive analysis demonstrated that those of age over 65, female sex, higher ASA score, and greater fusion levels were more predisposed to NHD. Age and ASA score were similar in their predictive ability. Machine learning may be used to predict NHD, and can assist surgeons with patient counseling or early discharge planning.

Perioperative chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A population-based outcomes study.

BACKGROUND: Practice guidelines recommend neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) for bladder cancer. However, the evidence in support of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) is less robust. Here we describe whether the evidence of efficacy for NACT/ACT was sufficient to change clinical practice and whether the efficacy demonstrated in clinical trials was translated into effectiveness in the general population. METHODS: Electronic records of treatment were linked to the population-based Ontario Cancer Registry to identify all patients with bladder cancer treated with cystectomy in Ontario 1994-2008. Utilization of NACT/ACT was compared across 1994-1998, 1999-2003, and 2004-2008. Logistic regression was used to analyze factors associated with NACT/ACT. Cox model and propensity score analyses were used to explore the association between ACT and survival. RESULTS: Two thousand forty-four patients underwent cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Use of NACT remained stable (mean, 4%), whereas utilization of ACT increased over time (16%, 18%, 22%; P = .001). Advanced stage (T3/T4; OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.38-2.46) and node-positive disease (OR, 8.10; 95% CI, 6.20-10.7) were associated with greater utilization of ACT. Five-year overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) for all patients was 29% (95% CI, 28%-31%) and 33% (95% CI, 31%-35%), respectively. Utilization of ACT was associated with improved OS (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.62-0.81) and CSS (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.64-0.84). Results were consistent in propensity score analyses. CONCLUSIONS: NACT remains substantially underutilized in routine clinical practice. Our results suggest that perioperative chemotherapy is associated with a substantial survival benefit in the general population. Patients who are planning to undergo cystectomy for bladder cancer should be reviewed by a multidisciplinary team.

Demographic and Systemic Risk Factors for Persistent Corneal Edema Following Cataract Surgery in Patients With and Without Diabetes.

PURPOSE: To identify risk factors associated with the development of corneal edema (CE) and the need for corneal transplantation following cataract surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS SETTING: Nation-wide sample of Medicare beneficiaries from 2011-2015. STUDY POPULATION: Medicare beneficiaries aged over 65 years who received cataract surgery between 2011-2014 with at least 1 year of continuous follow-up. Data was retrieved from the Denominator and Physician Supplier Part B file from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. MAIN OUTCOME(S) AND MEASURE(S): The main outcome was the association between demographic characteristics (e.g., age, sex, race/ethnicity) and systemic factors including diabetes status, hypertension, and tobacco use on the incidence of CE and the subsequent need for corneal transplantation following cataract surgery. RESULTS: Among 187,746 beneficiaries, 67,734 had diabetes and 120,012 did not. Beneficiaries with diabetes were more likely to develop CE compared to those without (Odds ratio [OR] 1.19, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] [1.02-1.40]). Compared to those aged 65-74, beneficiaries aged 75-84 and over 85 were more likely to develop CE (OR 1.29 [1.09-1.52]) and OR 1.96 [1.55-2.46], respectively). Asian (OR 2.42 [1.66-3.40]), Hispanic (OR 2.60 [1.73-3.74]), and North American Native (OR 3.59 [1.78-6.39]) race was associated with increased likelihood of developing CE. North American Native beneficiaries had higher risk of requiring corneal transplantation compared to White beneficiaries (OR 9.30 [2.26-25.31]). Female sex decreased likelihood of requiring corneal transplantation post-operatively (OR 0.56 [0.36-0.87]). Amongst those with diabetes, the presence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy increased the likelihood of developing CE (OR 1.94 [1.05-3.39]). CONCLUSION: Older age, diabetes, and non-White race elevate the risk of CE following cataract surgery, with race incurring the highest risk. Further research is needed to understand the factors underlying the significantly increased risk of CE in racial and ethnic minorities within the United States.

Demographic and Psychiatric Associations With Dry Eye in a Medicare Population.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of demographic characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity on the prevalence of dry eye disease in the American geriatric population. METHODS: Data were collected from a 2011 nationwide sample of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older (N = 1,321,000). Age, sex, race/ethnicity, residential area, climate region, and income, along with psychiatric comorbidities including depression and anxiety, were collected. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between demographic and psychiatric factors and the prevalence of dry eye disease. RESULTS: Among 21,059 patients with clinically significant dry eye, women had higher odds of having dry eye compared with men [odds ratio (OR) 2.03, 95% confidence interval (1.97-2.10)]. Asian and Native American patients had increased odds of having dry eye compared with White patients [OR 1.85 (1.69-2.02) and OR 1.51 (1.19-1.93)], while Black patients were less likely to have dry eye [OR 0.83 (0.79-0.87)]. Patients aged 75 to 84 years and 85+ were more likely to have dry eye compared with those aged 65 to 74 years [OR 1.49 (0.45-1.53) and OR 1.54 (1.48-1.60)]. Having both depression and anxiety were associated with higher odds of having dry eye [OR 2.38 (2.22-2.55)] compared with having depression alone [OR 1.95 (1.86-2.04)] or anxiety alone [OR 2.22 (2.10-2.35)]. CONCLUSIONS: Significant racial and regional disparities in dry eye prevalence were found. Psychiatric association with dry eye varied with age, sex, race, and residence region. Further research is needed to comprehend the underlying mechanisms, implications, and to address disparities in the diagnosis and management of dry eye.

United States Regulatory Approval of Topical Treatments for Dry Eye.

PURPOSE: To report the heterogeneity in methodology of clinical trials submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval of topical dry eye treatments. DESIGN: Comparative analysis of clinical trials' methods. METHODS: We reviewed the online, publicly available FDA database, application review files, ClinicalTrials.gov registry records, and journal articles for each FDA-approved topical dry eye treatment. For each trial, we extracted information about the study, patient demographics, treatment names and doses, sample size in each arm, and the measurement instrument in a systematic fashion. RESULTS: Fourteen trials were included that assessed 5 topical treatments for dry eye (cyclosporine 0.05%, cyclosporine 0.09%, lifitegrast 5%, and loteprednol 0.25% eye drops and varenicline 0.03-mg nasal spray). Median treatment duration was 12 weeks (range, 2-24 weeks). In all trials, treatments, including varying concentrations of the same treatment, were compared with vehicle. Twelve trials (85.7%) evaluated a primary clinician-measured clinical sign, and 10 trials (71.4%) evaluated a primary patient-reported symptom. Corneal staining was the most frequently evaluated clinical sign primary outcome, reported in half (6 of 12) of the trials, and was graded using 4 different scoring systems. Conjunctival staining, conjunctival hyperemia, and tear production were each measured using 2 different scoring systems. Ocular discomfort, the only patient-reported symptom primary outcome, was measured using 5 different instruments. CONCLUSION: A variety of outcome measures were used in these clinical trials. Clinically meaningful dry eye outcome measures and standardized measurements can optimize the assessment of and comparison of therapeutic benefits.

First in-human clinical performance of a new non-cavitating handheld lensectomy system in 665 consecutive cataract surgeries.

PURPOSE: To investigate the intraoperative performance and lens fragmentation efficacy of a non-cavitating handheld lensectomy system in mild, moderate, and severe cataract. SETTING: Ambulatory surgical centers. DESIGN: Retrospective consecutive case series. METHODS: 665 consecutive eyes underwent cataract surgery by 12 surgeons using a new handheld non-cavitating lensectomy system for nuclear fragmentations and extraction. Intraoperative measurements included surgical time, miLOOP pretreatment, and irrigation fluid use. RESULTS: Of the 665 eyes, 38 (6%), 468 (70%), 126 (19%), and 33 (5%) were of grade 1, 2, 3, and 4 nuclear densities, respectively, as graded by the surgeon intraoperatively. Successful nuclear fragmentation, lens extraction, and cortical removal were achieved in all eyes. Total nucleus fragmentation and extraction times were 70.1 seconds, 100.3 seconds, 132.6 seconds, and 287.9 seconds for grades 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively ( P < .001). In addition, irrigation and aspiration cortical removal times were 64.1 seconds, 51.1 seconds, 48.5 seconds, and 59.0 seconds, respectively ( P = .14). There was a low rate of capsular tear (3 cases in 665 surgeries, 0.45%) and no other emergent adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The miCOR handheld non-cavitating lensectomy system demonstrated nuclear fragmentation and extraction in the absence of intraocular cavitation across all grades of nuclear densities.

Enhancing online cataract surgery patient education materials through artificial intelligence.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of using artificial intelligence (AI) to improve readability of online cataract surgery patient education materials (PEMs) in English and Spanish. PARTICIPANTS: Websites with information dedicated to educating patients about cataract surgery. DESIGN: Comparative cross-sectional study. METHODS: The first 50 patient-oriented websites containing PEMs related to cataract surgery were identified through online search. Website authorship was categorized as an institution, private practice, or medical organization. Websites were assessed qualitatively for information accuracy, the presence of narrative video content, and multilingual availability. Readability of PEMs was assessed using five validated reading formulas. A natural language processing platform was used to simplify PEMs in English and Spanish. Converted PEMs were reassessed for readability and accuracy. RESULTS: A total of 32 institution, 7 private practice, and 11 medical organization sites were included. The overall average original reading grade level was 11.68 ± 1.59. After conversion, overall reading grade level improved to 7.94 ± 0.82 (p < 0.01). The first 10 results had better readability (10.40 ± 1.59) and reading ease (57.51 ± 9.24) compared to the subsequent 40 results (11.99 ± 1.43; p = 0.01; 47.64 ± 8.59; p < 0.01). Converted simplified Spanish text had an average reading ease score of 61.17 ± 5.39 (8-9th grade level). Native Spanish text reading ease improved from 57.41 ± 5.24 to 71.78 ± 5.24 (p < 0.01) following conversion (7th-grade level). CONCLUSION: AI conversion can enhance the readability of online PEMs on cataract surgery, while maintaining accuracy and content integrity, thereby improving accessibility and comprehensibility for a wider audience.

Design and Biocompatibility of a Novel, Flexible Artificial Cornea.

Purpose: We sought to introduce the materials, design, and biocompatibility of a flexible and suturable artificial corneal device. Methods: Single-piece, fully synthetic, optic-skirt design devices were made from compact perfluoroalkoxy alkane. The skirt and the optic wall surfaces were lined with a porous tissue ingrowth material using expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. Full-thickness macroapertures around the skirt perimeter were placed to facilitate nutrition of the recipient cornea. Material properties including the skirt's modulus of elasticity and bending stiffness, optic light transmission, wetting behavior, topical drug penetrance, and degradation profile were evaluated. Results: The final prototype suitable for human use has a transparent optic with a diameter of 4.60 mm anteriorly, 4.28 mm posteriorly, and a skirt outer diameter of 6.8 mm. The biomechanical and optical properties of the device closely align with the native human cornea with an average normalized device skirt-bending stiffness of 4.7 kPa·mm4 and light transmission in the visible spectrum ranging between 92% and 96%. No optical damage was seen in the 36 devices tested in fouling experiments. No significant difference was observed in topical drug penetrance into the anterior chamber of the device implanted eye compared with the naïve rabbit eye. Conclusions: The flexibility and biocompatibility of our artificial cornea device may offer enhanced tissue integration and decreased inflammation, leading to improved retention compared with rigid keratoprosthesis designs. Translational Relevance: We have developed a fully synthetic, flexible, suturable, optic-skirt design prototype artificial cornea that is ready to be tested in early human feasibility studies.

Time to adjuvant chemotherapy and survival in non-small cell lung cancer: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The time interval between surgery and initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) may impact survival in colorectal and breast cancers. This is the first report describing the association between time to adjuvant chemotherapy (TTAC) and survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: All cases of NSCLC diagnosed in Ontario, Canada, from 2004 to 2006 who underwent surgical resection (n = 3354) were identified using the Ontario Cancer Registry. TTAC was defined as the interval between dates of surgery and initiation of ACT. Factors associated with TTAC greater than 10 weeks were evaluated by logistic regression. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to describe the effect of delayed TTAC (analyzed as a continuous variable) on overall survival. RESULTS: Among the 1032 cases treated with ACT, the median TTAC was 8 weeks (range, 1-16 weeks); 35% of cases initiated ACT more than 10 weeks after surgery. Rates of TTAC greater than 10 weeks varied widely across regions (11%-50%, P = .001). There was no significant association between increased comorbidity and delayed TTAC; there was a trend toward greater delay in TTAC with longer postoperative hospital stay (P = .054) and postoperative readmission to hospital (P = .056). Male sex, higher stage of disease, greater comorbidity, and more extensive surgery were independently associated with inferior survival. TTAC was not associated with overall survival (odds ratio = 1.00, 95% confidence interval = 0.99-1.00). CONCLUSIONS: One-third of NSCLC patients treated with ACT in the general population start ACT beyond 10 weeks after surgery. Delayed TTAC does not appear to be associated with inferior survival in NSCLC.

Sutured Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty in Patients With Complex Anatomy or Difficulty Positioning.

PURPOSE: In Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK), some patients cannot adhere to postoperative positioning requirements or lack anatomic support for a gas bubble in the anterior chamber. We describe a suturing technique that stabilizes the graft postoperatively without tearing or tenting it. METHODS: One to two 10-0 nylon sutures with a spatulated needle are used to secure DMEK grafts. Tied with minimal tension, the sutures traverse the corneal stroma at a steep, almost perpendicular angle and approach the graft from the limbus at an angle tangential to the circular graft to prevent vaulting the tissue off the central cornea. We report preoperative and postoperative best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, corneal pachymetry, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography confirming graft attachment in 3 patients. RESULTS: In case 1 (aphakia, postvitrectomy, and positioning difficulty), pachymetry decreased from 637 µm preoperatively to 495 µm and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity improved from 20/70 to 20/50 at postoperative week 1. In case 2 (aphakia, limited follow-up, and medication adherence), pachymetry decreased from 1106 µm preoperatively to 783 µm at postoperative month 1. In case 3 (tube shunt and loss of gas bubble at 2 hours), slit-lamp examination at postoperative day 1 showed corneal clearing and graft attachment. Pachymetry decreased from over 795 µm preoperatively to 582 µm at postoperative month 1. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography confirmed graft attachment in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Single or opposing tangentially oriented sutures can be safely applied to secure DMEK grafts postoperatively in challenging cases.

Twelve-Month Clinical and Histopathological Performance of a Novel Synthetic Cornea Device in Rabbit Model.

Purpose: To report the biological stability and postoperative outcomes of a second-generation, single-piece, flexible synthetic cornea in a rabbit model. Methods: Device materials and design were amended to enhance biointegration. Optic skirt design devices were made from compact perfluoroalkoxy alkane with porous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene ingrowth surface overlying the skirt and optic wall. Sixteen devices were implanted into intrastromal pocket in rabbit eyes. Rabbits were randomly assigned to 6- and 12-month follow-up cohorts (n = 8 in each) postoperatively. Monthly examinations and optical coherence tomography assessed cornea-device integration, iridocorneal angle, optic nerve, and retina. Results: There were no intraoperative complications. All devices were in situ at exit, with clear optics. No retroprosthetic membrane, glaucoma, cataract formation, or retinal detachment was observed. Two rabbits in the 6-month group had mild, focal anterior lamella thinning without retraction adjacent to the optic near tight sutures. Three postoperative complications occurred in the 12-month group. One rabbit diagnosed with endophthalmitis was euthanized on day 228. Mild sterile focal retraction of anterior lamella occurred in two rabbits, which were terminated on days 225 and 315. Light microscopic examination of enucleated globes demonstrated fibroplasia with new collagen deposition into the porous scaffold without significant inflammation, encapsulation, or granuloma formation. Conclusions: Clinical evaluations, imaging, and histopathological findings indicate favorable outcomes of this synthetic corneal device in a rabbit model. Early feasibility studies in humans are being planned. Translational Relevance: Favorable 12-month results of the device in rabbits demonstrate vision-restoring potential in corneally blind individuals at high risk of failure with donor keratoplasty.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Dry Eye Diagnosis and Care.

PURPOSE: To investigate health disparities in racial and ethnic minorities with dry eye. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed for demographics, socioeconomic factors, treatments, and objective dry eye parameters. Race/ethnicity was self-reported as delineated by the U.S. Census. The reference group comprised of randomly selected White patients, with number equal to the largest minority group. RESULTS: The study included 465 patients (157 Black, 157 White, 85 Asian, and 66 Hispanic). Compared to White (3.2%) patients, larger proportion of minorities used Medicaid or lacked health insurance (Black 8.3%, P = .054; Asian 10.6%, P = .019; Hispanic 18.2%, P < .001). Black and Hispanic patients had lower estimated median household income than Whites (White $98,472, Black $75,554, P < .001; Asian $105,503, P = .088; Hispanic $86,839, P = .030). Prior to presentation, fewer minority patients received prescription treatments or procedures (White 61.8%; Black 30.6%, P < .001; Asian 43.5%, P = .006; Hispanic 43.9%, P = .014). Although at baseline visit minorities had worse mean conjunctival (White, 1.7; Black 2.2, P = .136, Asian 2.4, P = .022; Hispanic 2.6, P = .005) and corneal staining scores (White, 1.6; Black 2.5, P < .001; Asian 2.3, P = .003; Hispanic 2.4, P = .001), no differences were noted at final visit. CONCLUSION: Minorities presented with worse objective dry eye parameters, and less prior dry eye care. Income and health care access may not fully explain the observed undertreatment at presentation. Differential management by eye care providers and patient attitudes warrant further investigation.

Acanthamoeba epitheliopathy: Importance of early diagnosis.

Purpose: To describe two cases of Acanthamoeba keratitis diagnosed and treated at the epithelial stage of disease and to underscore the importance of early diagnosis on prognosis. Observations: Case 1 is a 28-year-old male who developed Acanthamoeba keratitis after prolonged contact lens wear. Case 2 is a 43-year-old male with poor contact lens hygiene who was initially misdiagnosed and treated for herpetic keratitis. Both cases presented with epitheliopathy and were successfully treated with corneal epithelial debridement and topical anti-amoebic therapy, with complete avoidance of deeper extension of infection and associated complications. Conclusion and importance: Epithelial stage Acanthamoeba keratitis represents a critical window of opportunity to achieve rapid cure. Acanthamoeba epitheliopathy may be mistaken for other conditions such as herpetic keratitis, contact lens overwear, or dry eye. Given worsening prognosis following delayed diagnosis, it is important for clinicians to be suspicious of Acanthamoeba keratitis in all contact lens wearers who develop elevated epitheliopathy.

Glaucoma and Ocular Surface Disease: More than Meets the Eye.

Understanding the association between ocular surface disease and glaucoma is important for improving adherence to treatment and introducing practical solutions. While topical antihypertensive medications for glaucoma are well tolerated according to short-term studies, there is little evidence on their long-term effects. Since they are often required for many years, the effects of these drops on the ocular surface become important in regard to quality of life and adherence. In this nonsystematic review performed in April 2022, we summarize what is known about the relationship between glaucoma and ocular surface disease. Specifically, we examine how each class of topical glaucoma drops affects the ocular surface. We then review the treatment of ocular surface disease for patients on topical glaucoma therapy. Finally, we discuss treatments that may reduce or eliminate the burden of topical medications.

Reliability of Several Glaucoma Tests in Patients With Boston Type 1 Keratoprosthesis.

PURPOSE: Managing glaucoma after Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis (KPro) surgery remains challenging. We herein assessed the fitness of commonly used clinical tests to evaluate glaucoma in KPro eyes versus eyes with penetrating keratoplasty (PK) as controls. METHODS: Sixteen patients with KPro and 14 patients with PK tested in an identical manner. After the 10-2 visual field with size V stimulus, intraocular pressure (IOP) was estimated with palpation by the first observer. Then, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness analysis was performed twice using optical coherence tomography by an ophthalmic photographer, before and after a short break. After the second observer estimated the IOP, the visual field was repeated. Finally, color photographs of the optic disk were captured by an ophthalmic photographer. The cup-to-disk ratio was assessed by 2 masked observers, at 2 different time points, in a random manner. Agreements between and within observers and reliability of repeated measurements were evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: Inter-rater agreement of palpation IOP estimate was moderate for eyes with KPro (ICC = 0.47) and fair for eyes with PK (ICC = 0.27). Visual field and RNFL thickness showed high test-retest reliability in both KPro and PK eyes (ICC > 0.80 for both). Inter-rater agreement of cup-to-disk ratio assessments was substantial in eyes with both KPro (ICC = 0.62) and PK (ICC = 0.70). CONCLUSIONS: The 10-2 visual field and RNFL thickness seem sufficiently repeatable and might allow the detection of glaucoma progression in KPro eyes. Such testing is important, given limited inter-rater agreement regarding the palpation IOP estimate.

Crosslinking vs. Observation in Fellow Eyes of Keratoconus Patients.

Purpose: To evaluate whether unilateral crosslinking (CXL) and conservative follow-up of the fellow eye is an acceptable management strategy in patients with keratoconus (KC). Methods: Seventy-nine fellow eyes of KC subjects that initially underwent unilateral CXL were included. Thirty fellow eyes ultimately received CXL (group 1) whereas 49 fellow eyes were followed (group 2). Best spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) and corneal tomographic parameters were collected in all eyes preoperatively and at the last follow-up. Results: Subjects who received CXL in the fellow eye (group 1) were younger than subjects who did not (group 2, p=0.026). Group 1 eyes had higher baseline K1 (p=0.026), K2 (p=0.006), Km (p=0.01), and Kmax (p=0.002) compared to group 2 eyes. Amongst the 49 naïve fellow eyes (group 2), 19 eyes showed evidence of progression. Progressing naïve eyes had higher baseline K1, K2, Km, and Kmax (p < 0.01); progressors also had thinner pachymetry at the pupil, apex, and thinnest point (p < 0.01). Baseline values of K1 ≥ 43.5 Diopter (D), K2 > 45.1D, Km > 44.3D, Kmax > 47.9D, astigmatism > 1.4D, pachymetry at the pupil <475 µm, and thinnest pachymetry <478 µm were tentative predictors of progression in the naïve fellow eye. Conclusions: Unilateral CXL with vigilant follow up of the fellow eye may be an acceptable management strategy in a subset of KC eyes.

Autologous serum eye drops for ocular surface disorders.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Ocular surface disease is a prevalent, diverse group of conditions that cause patient discomfort and decreased visual acuity and present considerable expense to both patients and healthcare systems. Autologous serum eye drops are a topical treatment modality derived from the patient's own blood. Use of serum eye drops for ocular surface disease has been promising due to biochemical similarities to endogenous tears. RECENT FINDINGS: Use of serum eye drops for moderate to severe ocular surface diseases such as dry eye, corneal epithelial defects, and inflammatory conditions has become more prevalent. Recent studies have demonstrated that the use of serum eye drops is well-tolerated by patients and associated with improvement in patient-reported outcomes and objective dry eye parameters. Production of serum eye drops may vary, treatment costs can be significant, and the quality of evidence for serum eye drop use published from randomized controlled trials is modest, particularly for long-term treatment. Accessibility remains an area for improvement and may be complemented by allogeneic serum eye drops. SUMMARY: Serum eye drops are frequently used as a safe, well-tolerated, and effective treatment for ocular surface disease. Further research is needed to assess long-term outcomes and improve accessibility.