The OsZIP2 transporter is involved in root-to-shoot translocation and intervascular transfer of cadmium in rice.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal that poses serious threats to human health. Rice is a major source of dietary Cd but how rice plants transport Cd to the grain is not fully understood. Here, we characterize the function of the ZIP (ZRT, IRT-like protein) family protein, OsZIP2, in the root-to-shoot translocation of Cd and intervascular transfer of Cd in nodes. OsZIP2 is localized at the plasma membrane and exhibited Cd2+ transport activity when heterologously expressed in yeast. OsZIP2 is strongly expressed in xylem parenchyma cells in roots and in enlarged vascular bundles in nodes. Knockout of OsZIP2 significantly enhanced root-to-shoot translocation of Cd and alleviated the inhibition of root elongation by excess Cd stress; whereas overexpression of OsZIP2 decreased Cd translocation to shoots and resulted in Cd sensitivity. Knockout of OsZIP2 increased Cd allocation to the flag leaf but decreased Cd allocation to the panicle and grain. We further reveal that the variation of OsZIP2 expression level contributes to grain Cd concentration among rice germplasms. Our results demonstrate that OsZIP2 functions in root-to-shoot translocation of Cd in roots and intervascular transfer of Cd in nodes, which can be used for breeding low Cd rice varieties.

Combination of Sanguisorbigenin and Conventional Antibiotic Therapy for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Inhibition of Biofilm Formation and Alteration of Cell Membrane Permeability.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is challenging to eradicate because of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. Novel antimicrobial agents and alternative therapies are urgently needed. This study aimed to evaluate the synergy of sanguisorbigenin (SGB) isolated from Sanguisorba officinalis L. with six conventional antibiotics to achieve broad-spectrum antibacterial action and prevent the development of resistance. A checkerboard dilution test and time-to-kill curve assay were used to determine the synergistic effect of SGB combined with antibiotics against MRSA. SGB showed significant synergy with antibiotics and reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics by 2-16-fold. Biofilm inhibition assay, quantitative RT-PCR, crystal violet absorption, and transmission electron microscopy were performed to evaluate the synergy mechanism. The results indicated that SGB could inhibit biofilm formation and alter cell membrane permeability in MRSA. In addition, SGB was found to exhibit quite low cytotoxicity and hemolysis. The discovery of the superiority of SGB suggests that SGB may be an antibiotic adjuvant for use in combination therapy and as a plant-derived antibacterial agent targeting biofilms.

Eleutheroside K Isolated from Acanthopanax henryi (Oliv.) Harms Inhibits the Expression of Virulence-Related Exoproteins in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (MRSA) is a representative pathogen that produces numerous virulence factors involving manifold cytotoxins and exotoxins. The present study was designed to investigate the influence of Eleutheroside K (ETSK), a single compound isolated from the leaves of Acanthopanax (A.) henryi (Oliv.) Harms, on the exotoxins secreted by MRSA. The transcription and translation of the exotoxins (α-hemolysin and staphylococcal enterotoxins) related to virulence in S. aureus were determined via quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis. The effect of ETSK on the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. As a result, ETSK at sub-MIC concentrations could reduce the protein expression of α-hemolysin and enterotoxin, and the expression of genes that regulate virulence factors was also inhibited. In addition, the TNF-inducing activity of S. aureus was attenuated by ETSK in a dose-dependent manner. These results revealed that ETSK not only reduced the protein and gene expression levels of related exotoxins but also suppressed the ability of S. aureus to induce macrophages to release cytokines. This study indicated that the inhibition of MRSA infection by ETSK may be achieved by reducing the virulence of S. aureus and highlighted the potential of ETSK as an innovative strategy for the prevention and treatment of MRSA infections.

Acanthopanax henryi: Review of Botany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology.

Acanthopanax henryi (Oliv.) Harms (Araliaceae), also known as Eleutherococcus henryi and Caoyewujia (Hengliwujia) in Chinese, is a widely used traditional Chinese herb with the effects of expelling wind and removing dampness, relaxing the muscles and stimulating the blood circulation, and regulating the flow of qi to alleviate pain in the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Acanthopanax henryi (AH, thereafter) possesses ginseng-like activities and is known as ginseng-like herb. In the past decade, a great number of phytochemical and pharmacological studies on AH have been carried out. Several kinds of chemical compositions have been reported, including terpenoids (monoterpenoids, diterpenoids, and triterpenoid saponins), phenylpropanoids, caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives, flavonoids, lignans, sterols, fatty acids, etc., among which, triterpenoid saponins were considered to be the most active components. Considerable pharmacological experiments in vitro have demonstrated that AH possessed anti-neuroinflammatory, anti-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-AChE, anti-BuChE, and antihyaluronidase activities. The present review is an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of the botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of AH.

Anti-Diabetic Effects of Acankoreagenin from the Leaves of Acanthopanax Gracilistylus Herb in RIN-m5F Cells via Suppression of NF-κB Activation.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic degenerative disease that causes long-term complications and represents a serious public health problem. In this manuscript, acankoreagenin isolated from the leaves of Acanthopanax gracilistylus (LAG) is thought to possess excellent anti-diabetic properties. In vitro, anti-diabetic activities were assessed based on the inhibitory activities with α-glucosidase (IC50 13.01 µM), α-amylase (IC50 30.81 µM), and PTP1B (IC50 16.39 µM). Acankoreagenin showed better anti-diabetic effects. Then, an investigation was performed to analyze the insulin secretion effects of the insulin-secreting cell line in RIN-m5F cells. It was found that acankoreagenin could increase the insulin release in RIN-m5F cells. It was also found that acankoreagenin reduced NO production, activity of caspase-3, and the reactive oxygen species levels in the cells injured by processing of cytokines. In western blotting, inactivation of NF-κB signaling was confirmed. Acankoreagenin (20 µM) showed a higher I-κBα expression and lower NF-κB expression than the control group and showed a better expression than the positive control L-NAME (1 mM) (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates the anti-diabetic effects of acankoreagenin in vitro and suggests acankoreagenin might offer therapeutic potential for treating diabetes mellitus.

Lupane Triterpenes from the Leaves of Acanthopanax gracilistylus.

The phytochemical study on the leaves of Acanthopanax gracilistylus (Araliaceae) resulted in the discovery of a new lupane-triterpene compound, acangraciligenin S (1), and a new lupane-triterpene glycoside, acangraciliside S (2), as well as two known ones, 3α,11α-dihydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-23,28-dioic acid (3) and acankoreoside C (4). Their chemical structures were elucidated by mass, 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The chemical structures of the new compounds 1 and 2 were determined to be 1ß,3α-dihydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-23, 28-dioic acid and 1ß,3α-dihydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-23,28-dioic acid 28-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl] ester, respectively. The anti-neuroinflammatory activity of the selective compounds, 1 and 3, were evaluated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglia. The tested compounds showed moderate inhibitory effect of nitric oxide (NO) production.

Inhibitory effects of 3α-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-23, 28-dioic acid on lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α, IL-1ß, and the high mobility group box 1 release in macrophages.

We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of 3α-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-23, 28-dioic acid (HLEDA)-a lupane-type triterpene isolated from leaves of Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W.Smith (AGS), as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Our results demonstrated that HLEDA concentration-dependently reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO), significantly suppressed LPS-induced expression of TNF-α and IL-1ß at the mRNA and protein levels in RAW264.7 cells. Further analysis revealed that HLEDA could reduce the secretion of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1). Additionally, the results showed that HLEDA efficiently decreased nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation by inhibiting the degradation and phosphorylation of IκBα. These results suggest that HLEDA exerts anti-inflammatory properties in LPS-induced macrophages, possibly through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which mediates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results warrant further studies that would concern candidate therapy for diseases, such as fulminant hepatitis and rheumatology of triterpenoids in AGS.

Quantitative determination of 15 bioactive triterpenoid saponins in different parts of Acanthopanax henryi by HPLC with charged aerosol detection and confirmation by LC-ESI-TOF-MS.

Triterpenoid saponins are difficult to analyze using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to UV/vis spectrophotometry due to their lack of chromophores. This study describes the first analytical method for the determination of 15 triterpenoid saponins from the leaves, stems, root bark, and fruits of Acanthopanax henryi, using a high-performance liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detection coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method. The separation was carried out on a Kinetex XB-C18 column with an acetonitrile/water gradient as the mobile phase, followed by charged aerosol detection. The operating conditions of charged aerosol detection were set at 24 kPa for nitrogen pressure and 100 pA for the detection range. Liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is described for the identification of compounds in plant samples. The electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method involved the use of the [M + Na](+) and [M + NH4 ](+) ions for compounds 1-15 in the positive ion mode with an extracted ion chromatogram. The developed method was fully validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision, repeatability, and recovery, then subsequently applied to evaluate the quality of A. henryi.

Anti-adipogenic effect of Glycoside St-E2 and Glycoside St-C1 isolated from the leaves of Acanthopanax henryi (Oliv.) Harms in 3T3-L1 cells.

Acanthopanax henryi (Oliv.) Harms has been used in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism, and abdominal pain. This study evaluated whether natural compounds isolated from the leaves of A. henryi (Oliv.) Harms could inhibit adipocyte differentiation by regulating transcriptional factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity was also evaluated. Among the several compounds isolated from the leaves of A. henryi (Oliv.) Harms, Glycoside St-C1 and Glycoside St-E2 significantly decreased lipid accumulation and the expressions of PPARγ and C/EBPα. Glycoside St-C1 and Glycoside St-E2 were found to activate AMPK when they regulated PPARγ and C/EBPα. Results confirmed that Glycoside St-C1 and Glycoside St-E2 isolated from the leaves of A. henryi (Oliv.) Harms can inhibit adipogenesis through the AMPK-PPARγ-C/EBPα mechanism. Thus, this study suggests that Glycoside St-C1 and Glycoside St-E2 have a therapeutic effect due to activation of the AMPKα.

Neuroprotective Effects of Phenolic Constituents from Drynariae Rhizoma.

This study aimed to provide scientific data on the anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) effects of phenolic compounds from Drynariae Rhizoma (DR) extract using a multi-component approach. Screening of DR extracts, fractions, and the ten phenolic compounds isolated from DR against the key AD-related enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), ß-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) confirmed their significant inhibitory activities. The DR extract was confirmed to have BACE1-inhibitory activity, and the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions were found to inhibit all AD-related enzymes, including BACE1, AChE, BChE, and MAO-B. Among the isolated phenolic compounds, compounds (2) caffeic acid 4-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside, (6) kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside 7-O-glucoside, (7) kaempferol 3-o-b-d-glucopyranoside-7-o-a-L-arabinofuranoside, (8) neoeriocitrin, (9) naringin, and (10) hesperidin significantly suppressed AD-related enzymes. Notably, compounds 2 and 8 reduced soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein ß (sAPPß) and ß-secretase expression by over 45% at a concentration of 1.0 µM. In the thioflavin T assay, compounds 6 and 7 decreased Aß aggregation by approximately 40% and 80%, respectively, and degraded preformed Aß aggregates. This study provides robust evidence regarding the potential of DR as a natural therapeutic agent for AD, highlighting specific compounds that may contribute to its efficacy.

Phytochemical constituents from rhizomes of Dryopteris crassirhizoma and their anti-inflammatory activity.

The phytochemical investigation on the rhizomes of Dryopteris crassirhizoma (Dryopteridaceae) resulted in the discovery of one novel compound, drycrassirhizomamide A (1), and one new natural product, drycrassirhizomamide B (2), as well as four known isolates, (S)-(-)-N-benzoylphenylalaninol (3), blumenol A (4), 8-C-glucosylnoreugenin (5), and dryopteroside (6). Their chemical structures were identified by NMR and mass spectroscopy. Compounds 1-2 were determined to be 1,19-diethyl 10-oxo-2,9,11,18-tetraazanonadecanedioate and C,C'-diethyl N,N'-1,6-hexanediylbis[carbamate]. The anti-inflammatory activities of these compounds were evaluated with LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage and BV2 microglia. The results showed that compounds 1-3 and 6 have inhibitory effects of NO production with IC50 values of 13.41, 30.36, 25.51, and 11.35 µM in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Also, compounds 1 and 4-6 have abilities to inhibit NO production with the IC50 values of 40.11, 30.94, 15.76, and 16.79 µM in BV2 cells, which demonstrated that they may possess the potential anti-inflammatory activity.

Antioxidative and Cytoprotective Effects of Ganoderma applanatum and Fomitopsis pinicola in PC12 Adrenal Phaeochromocytoma Cells.

Considering the impact of oxidative stress on the development of many diseases, together with the role of natural antioxidants in maintaining physiological balance in humans, medicinal mushrooms are potential sources of bioactive compounds against many diseases. In the present work, in vitro evaluation of the biological activities of the alcoholic extracts of two wild tree mushrooms, namely, Ganoderma applanatum and Fomitopsis pinicola, has been performed. Extraction of G. applanatum (GAE) and F. pinicola (FPE) was conducted with 60% ethanol and 100% ethanol sequentially. UPLC-MS/MS identification was conducted on the two mushrooms extracts. A total of 15 substances were identified in GAE, including 3 spiro meroterpenoids and 12 triterpenoids; a total of 14 chemical constituents were iden¬tified in FPE, including 8 triterpenoids, 4 triterpene glycosides, 1 lanosterol, and 1 lanostanoid. The resulting extracts were examined for their in vitro antioxidative and cytoprotective effects against AAPH-induced oxidative damage. Our results demonstrated that both extracts have potent antioxidative activities, when GAE was 0.2 mg/mL, the clearance rates of DPPH and ABTS have reached 93.34% and 99.93%, respectively. When FPE was 1.4 mg/mL and 0.6 mg/mL, the scavenging rates of DPPH and ABTS have reached 91.76% and 100%, respectively. Both the alcoholic extracts of G. applanatum and F. pinicola were able to protect the AAPH-induced damage and could effectively inhibit cell aging via ß-galactosidase (SA ß-gal) staining activity test and scanning electron microscopy analysis.

[Study on fat-soluble components in different parts of miao ethnomedicine Pileostegia viburnoides by the herbal blitzkrieg extractor].

OBJECTIVE: To study the fat-soluble components in different parts of Pileostegia viburnoides. METHODS: The fat-soluble components in different parts of Pileostegia viburnoides were extracted by Herbal Blitzkrieg Extractor (HBE), and its constituents were analyzed by GC-MS. RESULTS: 37 compounds from the stems, 14 compounds from the leaves were separated and identified. The ratios of identification of total compounds were 90. 63% and 81.61%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This result provides the scientific basis for ex-ploiting resources of Miao ethnomedicine Pileostegia viburnoides.

Three Novel Monoterpenoid Glycosides From Fruits Of Eleutherococcus Henryi.

The phytochemical investigation on the fruits of Eleutherococcus henryi (Araliaceae) resulted in the discovery of three novel monoterpene glycosides, eleuhenryiside A (1), eleuhenryiside B (2), and eleuhenryiside C (3), as well as a known lignan, (-)-kobusin (4). Their chemical structures were elucidated by mass, 1 D- and 2 D-NMR spectroscopy. The chemical structures of new compounds 1-3 were determined to be (2E,6R)-6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl-(6'-O-acetyl)-O-ß-glucopyranoside, (2Z,6R)-6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1-yl-(6'-O-acetyl)-O-ß-glucopyranoside, and (-)-(4 R)-4,7-dihydroxy-1-menthene 7-O-ß-glucopyranoside, respectively. The anti-neuroinflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities of these compounds were evaluated with LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia and RAW264.7 macrophage, respectively. The results showed that new compounds 1 and 3 have inhibitory effects of NO production with IC50 values of 32.50 ± 1.60 and 3.54 ± 0.20 µM in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia. Also, (-)-kobusin (4) has abilities to inhibit NO production with the IC50 values of 14.25 ± 2.69 and 36.35 ± 6.27 µM in BV2 and RAW264.7 cells, respectively, which indicated that it may possess the potential anti-neuroinflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities.

Dracocephalum moldavica attenuates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment through activation of hippocampal ERK-CREB signaling in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Dracocephalum moldavica (Moldavian balm) has been traditionally used for the treatment of intellectual disabilities, migraines and cardiovascular problems in East Asia. Recent scientific studies have demonstrated the usefulness of this plant to treat neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the ethanolic extract of D. moldavica leaves (EEDM) on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice and the underlying mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The behavioral effects of EEDM were examined using the step-through passive avoidance and Morris water maze tasks. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we tested whether EEDM affects acetylcholinesterase activity and the expression of memory-related signaling molecules including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus. RESULTS: EEDM (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated the scopolamine-induced step-through latency reduction in the passive avoidance task in mice. In the Morris water maze task, EEDM (50 mg/kg) significantly attenuated scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Furthermore, the administration of EEDM increased the phosphorylation levels of ERK and CREB in the hippocampus but did not alter acetylcholinesterase activity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that EEDM significantly attenuates scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice and may be a promising therapeutic agent for improving memory impairment.

Chemical Constituents and an Antineuroinflammatory Lignan, Savinin from the Roots of Acanthopanax henryi.

The phytochemical investigation on the roots of Acanthopanax henryi (Araliaceae) resulted in the discovery of twenty compounds whose chemical structures were elucidated by the analysis of 1D-, 2D-NMR, mass spectrometry data, other physicochemical properties, and a comparison of the spectral data with the literature. They were identified as (-)-sesamin (1), helioxanthin (2), savinin (3), taiwanin C (4), 6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin (5), behenic acid (6), 3-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (7), 5-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (8), 1,3-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (9), 1,4-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (10), 1,5-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (11), (+)-threo-(7R,8R)-guaiacylglycerol-ß-coniferyl aldehyde ether (12), (+)-erythro-(7S,8R)-guaiacylglycerol-ß-coniferyl aldehyde ether (13), ferulic acid (14), caffeic acid (15), stigmasterol (16), ß-sitosterol (17), adenosine (18), syringin (19), and trans-coniferin (20). Among these isolates, compound 3 showed inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production with IC50 values of 2.22 ± 0.11 and 2.28 ± 0.23 µM, respectively. The effects of compound 3 were associated with the suppression of LPS-induced expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein. Furthermore, compound 3 negatively regulated the production of interleukin- (IL-) 1ß and tumor-necrosis factor- (TNF-) α at the transcriptional level in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. These antineuroinflammatory effects of compound 3 were mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).

Rubrofusarin-6-ß-gentiobioside inhibits lipid accumulation and weight gain by regulating AMPK/mTOR signaling.

BACKGROUND: Although rubrofusarin-6-ß-gentiobioside (RFG), which is a component of Cassiae tora seed, could likely regulate hyperlipidemia, its anti-obesity effect and related mechanism have not been elucidated. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine whether RFG can ameliorate obesity and the mechanism of lipid accumulation regulated by RFG. STUDY DESIGN: In in vitro experiments, we confirmed the anti-adipogenic effect of RFG using 3T3-L1 cells and human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs). To confirm the anti-obesity effect, High-Fat Diet (HFD)-induced obese mice were selected as a model. METHODS: We investigated anti-adipogenic effects of RFG using MTS assay, Oil Red O Staining, real-time RT-PCR, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence staining. The anti-obesity effect of RFG was confirmed in HFD-induced mice model using hematoxylin and eosin staining and serum analysis. RESULTS: RFG inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells and hAMSCs by reducing expression of mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, and CCAAT-enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)α. RFG phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in a liver kinase B (LKB) 1-independent manner. Moreover, the anti-adipogenic effect of RFG was blocked by AMPK inhibitor. These results suggest that RFG inhibits lipid accumulation via AMPK signaling. Furthermore, RFG reduced the body weight, size of epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), and fatty liver in the mice. RFG also suppressed levels of adipogenic factors PPARγ, C/EBPα, FAS, LPL, and aP2) by activating AMPK in the eWAT and liver. CONCLUSION: RFG can ameliorate obesity, and thus, could be used as a therapeutic agent for treating obesity.

[Structrue identification of biflavones and determination of Taxol from Taxus Madia].

OBJECTIVE: To study the flavonoids from Taxus Madia and determine the content of Taxol from different parts of Taxus Madia. METHODS: Various column chromatographic techniques were applied for isolation and purification. The structrues were elucidated by physico-chemical property and spectral evidence. The analysis of Taxol was carried out on C18 (150 mm x 4.6 mm i. d. 5 microm). The mobile phase was MeOH-H2O (3:1). The flow-rate was 0.8 ml/min. The detection wave-length was 228 nm. RESULTS: Three bifiavonyl compounds were isolated and identified as Sciadopitysin (Compound I), Ginkgetin (Compound II), 7,7",4'-Tri-O-Methylamentoflavone (Compound III). The contents of Taxol from branches and leaves, main root, fibrous root was 0.0308 mg/g, 0.02191 mg/g, 0.01983 mg/g respectively. CONCLUSION: Compound I-III are obtained from Taxus Madia for the first time. The contents of Taxol is the highest in the part of branches and leaves, and then is the main root, the lowest is the fibrous root.

Effects of chronic multiple stress on learning and memory and the expression of Fyn, BDNF, TrkB in the hippocampus of rats.

BACKGROUND: The effect of chronic stress on cognitive functions has been one of the hot topics in neuroscience. But there has been much controversy over its mechanism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic multiple stress on spatial learning and memory as well as the expression of Fyn, BDNF and TrkB in the hippocampus of rats. METHODS: Adult rats were randomly divided into control and chronic multiple stressed groups. Rats in the multiple stressed group were irregularly and alternatively exposed to situations of vertical revolution, sleep expropriation and restraint lasting for 6 weeks, 6 hours per day with night illumination for 6 weeks. Before and after the period of chronic multiple stresses, the performance of spatial learning and memory of all rats was measured using the Morris Water Maze (MWM). The expression of Fyn, BDNF and TrkB proteins in the hippocampus was assayed by Western blotting and immunohistochemical methods. The levels of Fyn and TrkB mRNAs in the hippocampus of rats were detected by RT-PCR technique. RESULTS: The escape latency in the control group and the stressed group were 15.63 and 8.27 seconds respectively. The performance of spatial learning and memory of rats was increased in chronic multiple stressed group (P < 0.05). The levels of Fyn, BDNF and TrkB proteins in the stressed group were higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The results of immunoreactivity showed that Fyn was present in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and BDNF positive particles were distributed in the nuclei of CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells as well as DG granular cells. Quantitative analysis indicated that level of Fyn mRNA was also upregulated in the hippocampus of the stressed group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic multiple stress can enhance spatial learning and memory function of rats. The expression of Fyn, BDNF and TrkB proteins and the level of Fyn mRNA are increased in the stessed rat hippocampus. These suggest that Fyn and BDNF/TrkB signal transduction pathways may participate in the process of the enhanced learning and memory during chronic multiple stress.

[Effect of concentration of catalpol and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde from processing of Rehmanniae Radix].

OBJECTIVE: To study on effect of concentration of catalpol and 5-hydroxy methyl-2-furaldehyde (5-HMF) from Rehmanniae Radix at various processing. METHOD: The Rehmanniae Radix was dried and prepared from the steaming process with 10% ethanol, 50% ethanol at 90 degrees C and 100 degrees C each other. And the changes of catalpol and 5-HMF was determinated. The extraction of 5-HMF and catalpol was sonicated in 30% methanol for 2 h. The analysis of 5-HMF and catalpol was conducted by HPLC with reversed-phase C-18 column and detected under UV 284 nm, 204 nm. Elution was carried out at 1.0 mL min(-1) with 3% acetonitrile. RESULT: From this analysis, we found out that the content of catalpol was decreased with the number of processing times, and content of 5-HMF was increased with the number of processing times at various processing. The temperature and concentration of ethanol can effect on content of catalpol and 5-HMF at processing. The Cooked Rehmanniae Radix processed at 100 degrees C, 10% ethanol is best. And the content of 5-HMF processed for more than 7 times was accorded with standard of Korea phamcopoetia. CONCLUSION: Analyze the effect of concentration of catalpol and 5-HMF from Rehmanniae Radix at various processing, and provide the foundation for further study.