Thermochromic Energy Efficient Windows: Fundamentals, Recent Advances, and Perspectives.

Thermochromic energy efficient windows represent an important protocol technology for advanced architectural windows with energy-saving capabilities through the intelligent regulation of indoor solar irradiation and the modulation of window optical properties in response to real-time temperature stimuli. In this review, recent progress in some promising thermochromic systems is summarized from the aspects of structures, the micro-/mesoscale regulation of thermochromic properties, and integration with other emerging energy techniques. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities in thermochromic energy-efficient windows are outlined to promote future scientific investigations and practical applications in building energy conservation.

Prevalence, contemporary trends and associated factors of potentially inappropriate prescription of edoxaban in real-world clinical practice: A subanalysis of the SUNSHINE registry.

AIM: As the direct oral anticoagulant most recently approved in China, data pertaining to clinical edoxaban use are still scarce. This study investigated the prevalence of and contemporary trends in edoxaban prescription among Chinese patients as well as factors associated with its inappropriate use in a multicentre registry of patients treated in real-world clinical practice. METHODS: This real-world, prospective, multicentre and non-interventional study included 1005 inpatients treated with edoxaban. According to National Medical Products Administration and European Heart Rhythm Association guidelines, edoxaban therapy was determined to be appropriate or inappropriate in each case. RESULTS: The median patient age was 70.0 years (interquartile range 61.0-78.0 years) and 46.3% were women. Overall, 456 (45.4%) patients received inappropriate edoxaban therapy, and common issues included an inappropriately low dosage (183, 18.2%) or wrong drug selection (109, 10.8%), high dosage (73, 7.3%), unreasonable off-label use (49, 4.9%), contraindicated medication combinations (27, 2.7%) and incorrect administration timing (16, 1.6%). Several factors, such as age ≥75 years (odds ratio [OR] = 1.921, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.355-2.723, P < 0.001), weight >60 kg (OR = 2.657, 95%CI 1.970-3.583, P < 0.001), severe renal insufficiency (OR = 1.988, 95% CI 1.043-3.790, P = 0.037), current anaemia (OR = 1.556, 95% CI 1.151-2.102, P = 0.004) and history of bleeding (OR = 2.931, 95% CI 1.605-5.351, P < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of inappropriate edoxaban therapy, whereas factors associated with cardiovascular specialties, such as admission to a cardiovascular department (OR = 0.637, 95% CI 0.464-0.873, P = 0.005), dronedarone use (OR = 0.065, 95% CI 0.026-0.165, P < 0.001) and amiodarone use (OR = 0.365, 95% CI 0.209-0.637, P < 0.001) decreased this risk. CONCLUSION: In this real-world study, 45.4% of patients received an inappropriate treatment with edoxaban. Multiple clinical characteristics can help identify patients who should receive edoxaban. Further development and implantation of educational activities and management strategies are needed to ensure the correct use of edoxaban.

Pd(II)/N,N'-Disulfonyl Bisimidazoline-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclic Quaternary Centers and Mechanistic Investigations.

A Pd(II)/N,N'-disulfonyl bisimidazoline-catalyzed asymmetric 1,4-conjugate addition reaction of low-cost arylboronic acids with readily available ß-substituted cyclic enones is described, providing a straightforward way of constructing cyclic all-carbon quaternary stereocenters with high enantioselectivity, in which ≥96% ee was obtained in most cases. The reaction proceeded without the protection of inert gas, making the operation process simple. Theoretical calculations have been applied to understand the origins of enantioselectivity.

Three-dimensional measurement method based on reusing equally spaced binary stripes.

To eliminate the effect of nonlinear errors on measurement results, this paper presents a new method, to our knowledge, to overcome the nonlinear response of commercial projectors and cameras by using binary stripes for coding. The method shifts the generated equally spaced binary stripes by a fixed number of pixel points to obtain different stripe maps, followed by sequential projection of these binary stripes with a digital projector. The acquired binary stripes are reused in the 3D reconstruction combined with the phase-shift method and can be reduced to sinusoidal stripes with different phase shifts by a specific superposition method. In this paper, this method is combined with the traditional four-step phase-shift method for experiments. The results show that the accuracy of the wrapped phase obtained by the method proposed in this paper is 13.88% higher than that obtained by the traditional 16-step phase-shift method. Similarly, the accuracy of the standard ball measurement is increased by 21.05%. Additionally, the point cloud on the surface of the complex object obtained by the proposed method is smoother and more delicate than that obtained by the traditional 16-step phase-shift method.

Investigation of CD4 and CD8 T cell-mediated protection against influenza A virus in a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The protective effect of T cell-mediated immunity against influenza virus infections in natural settings remains unclear, especially in seasonal epidemics. METHODS: To explore the potential of such protection, we analyzed the blood samples collected longitudinally in a community-based study and covered the first wave of pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1), two subsequent pH1N1 epidemics, and three seasonal H3N2 influenza A epidemics (H3N2) for which we measured pre-existing influenza virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses by intracellular IFN-γ staining assay for 965 whole blood samples. RESULTS: Based on logistic regression, we found that higher pre-existing influenza virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were associated with lower infection odds for corresponding subtypes. Every fold increase in H3N2-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells was associated with 28% (95% CI 8%, 44%) and 26% (95% CI 8%, 41%) lower H3N2 infection odds, respectively. Every fold increase in pre-existing seasonal H1N1 influenza A virus (sH1N1)-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells was associated with 28% (95% CI 11%, 41%) and 22% (95% CI 8%, 33%) lower pH1N1 infection odds, respectively. We observed the same associations for individuals with pre-epidemic hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers < 40. There was no correlation between pre-existing influenza virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell response and HAI titer. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated homosubtypic and cross-strain protection against influenza infections was associated with T cell response, especially CD4 T cell response. These protections were independent of the protection associated with HAI titer. Therefore, T cell response could be an assessment of individual and population immunity for future epidemics and pandemics, in addition to using HAI titer.

Phenotypic and Functional Characteristics of a Novel Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin-Specific Memory NK Cell.

Immune memory represents the most efficient defense against invasion and transmission of infectious pathogens. In contrast to memory T and B cells, the roles of innate immunity in recall responses remain inconclusive. In this study, we identified a novel mouse spleen NK cell subset expressing NKp46 and NKG2A induced by intranasal influenza virus infection. These memory NK cells specifically recognize N-linked glycosylation sites on influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Different from memory-like NK cells reported previously, these NKp46+ NKG2A+ memory NK cells exhibited HA-specific silence of cytotoxicity but increase of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) response against influenza virus-infected cells, which could be reversed by pifithrin-µ, a p53-heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) signaling inhibitor. During recall responses, splenic NKp46+ NKG2A+ NK cells were recruited to infected lung and modulated viral clearance of virus and CD8+ T cell distribution, resulting in improved clinical outcomes. This long-lived NK memory bridges innate and adaptive immune memory response and promotes the homeostasis of local environment during recall response.IMPORTANCE In this study, we demonstrate a novel hemagglutinin (HA)-specific NKp46+ NKG2A+ NK cell subset induced by influenza A virus infection. These memory NK cells show virus-specific decreased cytotoxicity and increased gamma interferon (IFN-γ) on reencountering the same influenza virus antigen. In addition, they modulate host recall responses and CD8 T cell distribution, thus bridging the innate immune and adaptive immune responses during influenza virus infection.

Cytokine Profiles and the Effect of Intravitreal Aflibercept Treatment on Experimental Choroidal Neovascularization.

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study was to investigate the profiles of inflammatory cytokines and the macrophage polarization gene in a choroidal neovascularization (CNV) mouse model before and after intravitreal aflibercept treatment. METHODS: The CNV mouse model was conducted by laser photocoagulation. A total of 58 cytokines were measured by the multiplex mouse cytokine antibody array. The macrophage polarization genes were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The relationship between the cytokines and the CNV lesion area was analyzed by correlation. RESULTS: MIP-1a on day 3 after laser photocoagulation, MCP-5 and Fas-L on day 7, and IL-15 and IL-7 on day 14 were significantly upregulated (p < 0.001, fold change >10.0). After the intravitreal aflibercept treatment, GM-CSF and MCP-1 on day 3 and TIMP-1 on days 7 and 14 were the most significantly upregulated cytokines (p < 0.001, fold change >10.0). MIP-1 on day 3, IL-13 and Fas-L on day 7, and Fas-L on day 14 were the most significantly downregulated cytokines after intravitreal aflibercept treatment (p < 0.001, fold change >5.0). M2 polarization and VEGFA genes were significantly increased in the CNV formation, whereas aflibercept suppressed M2 polarization and VEGFA genes. IL-7 was negatively related to the CNV lesion area on day 14 after intravitreal aflibercept treatment (r = -0.938, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: The inflammatory cytokines and the M1/M2 macrophage genes significantly changed in the CNV mouse model. This result suggests that inflammatory cytokines and macrophages play a critical role in the physiopathology of CNV.

Design of Convolutional Neural Network Processor Based on FPGA Resource Multiplexing Architecture.

As CNNs are widely used in fields such as image classification and target detection, the total number of parameters and computation of the models is gradually increasing. In addition, the requirements on hardware resources and power consumption for deploying CNNs are becoming higher and higher, leading to CNN models being restricted to certain specific platforms for miniaturization and practicality. Therefore, this paper proposes a convolutional-neural-network-processor design with an FPGA-based resource-multiplexing architecture, aiming to reduce the consumption of hardware resources and power consumption of CNNs. First, this paper takes a handwritten-digit-recognition CNN as an example of a CNN design based on a resource-multiplexing architecture, and the prediction accuracy of the CNN can reach 97.3 percent by training and testing with Mnist dataset. Then, the CNN is deployed on FPGA using the hardware description language Verilog, and the design is optimized by resource multiplexing and parallel processing. Finally, the total power consumption of the system is 1.03 W and the power consumption of the CNN module is 0.03 W under the premise of guaranteeing the prediction accuracy, and the prediction of a picture is about 68,139 clock cycles, which is 340.7 us under a 200 MHz clock. The experimental results have obvious advantages in terms of resources and power consumption compared with those reported in related articles in recent years, and the design proposed in this paper.

Metabolomic mechanisms of short chain chlorinated paraffins toxicity in rats.

Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have received increased interest worldwide since they were added to the list of controlled POPs in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention in 2017. Although many toxicological studies have already shown that SCCPs are hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and thyrotoxic to rodents, there have been few studies to date that have characterized changes in the metabolic pathways targeted by SCCPs. In this study, a UPLC-Q-TOF-MS based plasma metabolomics approach was used to investigate the toxicity of SCCPs in rats. Liver and kidney injury occurred rapidly after high-dose SCCP exposure, and the most relevant pathways affected were energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and vitamin B metabolism. Exposure to SCCPs inhibited the tricarboxylic acid cycle and accelerated degradation. Fluctuating levels of phospholipids and nucleotides may have contributed to the neurotoxicity of SCCPs. In addition, the down regulation of folic acid induced by SCCPs may have led to malformations during the early development of laboratory animals. These results suggested that high exposure levels of SCCPs may have serious health risks and more research is needed to assess the health status of relevant occupational groups.

Anti-angiogenic therapy in ovarian cancer: current situation & prospects.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of five leading causes of cancer related death among women worldwide. Although treatment has been improving, the survival rate has barely improved over the past 30 years. The fatality rate is due to asymptomatic early signs and the lack of long-term effective treatment strategies for advanced disease. Angiogenesis is an important process in tumour growth and metastasis and is the creation of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels. It is a dynamic and complex process involving various molecular regulatory pathways and multiple mechanisms. The inhibition of angiogenesis has become a recognized therapeutic strategy for many solid tumours. While benefits in progression-free survival have been observed, the OS is far from satisfactory for OC patients who receive antiangiogenic therapy. In this article, the present research status of angiogenesis in OC was reviewed and the reasons for poor antiangiogenic therapeutic effects was explored with the aim to identify potential therapeutic targets that may improve the effect of antiangiogenic therapies.

Predictors of visual recovery in patients with macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion after treatment with Conbercept.

BACKGROUND: The use of Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to evaluate the predictors of visual acuity-recovery in patients treated with conbercept for macular edema (ME) secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) has rarely been seen. We collected 26 CRVO-ME patients with different OCT measures at 6 months follow-up to identify the factors that are most strongly correlated with the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) post-treatment in CRVO-ME patients treated with conbercept. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of intravitreal conbercept injections for the treatment of CRVO-ME and to determine the major predictors of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) post-treatment. METHODS: A retrospective study methodology was used. Twenty-six eyes from 26 patients with CRVO-ME were enrolled in the study. After an initial intravitreal injection of conbercept (0.5 mg/0.05 ml), monthly injections for up to 6 months were given following a 1 + PRN (pro re nata) regimen. Data collected at monthly intervals included measurements of the logMAR BCVA, central subfield thickness (CST), macular volume (MV), photoreceptor layer thickness (PLT), outer nuclear layer thickness (ONLT), and the disrupted ellipsoid zone (DEZ). The correlation between BCVA, before and after injections, and each of CST, MV, PLT, ONLT, DEZ was analyzed. RESULTS: The logMAR BCVA in months 3 and 6 post-injection was significantly improved relative to the baseline. In this same period the CST, MV, PLT, ONLT and DEZ were also significantly improved relative to the baseline. There was a negative correlation between PLT and logMAR BCVA at months 3 and 6 after treatment (r = - 0.549, P < 0.001; r = - 0.087, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of conbercept is an effective treatment for CRVO-ME. With 6 months of follow-up, logMAR BCVA and CST, MV, PLT, ONLT, DEZ improved. PLT was negatively correlated with the visual function in CRVO-ME patients after conbercept treatment, which may be a predictor of vision recovery in patients with CRVO-ME.

Observation on temperature and strain dependency of Brillouin dynamic grating in a few-mode fiber with a ring-cavity configuration.

We experimentally conduct Brillouin dynamic grating (BDG) operation using a 1-km-long four-mode fiber. By employing a simplified ring-cavity configuration with single-end pumping, the BDG is effectively generated in $ {{\rm LP}_{01}} $LP01 mode within a range of 250 m, and three higher-order modes, namely, $ {{\rm LP}_{11b}} $LP11b, $ {{\rm LP}_{21a}} $LP21a, and $ {{\rm LP}_{02}} $LP02, are chosen as probes to analyze the BDG with a spatial resolution of 1 m. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to characterize the responses of BDG frequency to temperature and strain for different modes in a conventional few-mode fiber. By employing the pump-probe pair of $ {{\rm LP}_{01}}{{\rm - LP}_{02}} $LP01-LP02 mode, the highest temperature and strain sensitivities of 3.21 MHz/°C and $ - 0.0384\;{\rm MHz}/{\unicode{x00B5}}{\unicode{x03B5}} $-0.0384MHz/µÎµ have been achieved. Also, the performance of simultaneously distributed temperature and strain sensing based on BDG is evaluated.

Wideband multimode fiber with an optimized core size and fluorine-doped cladding for high-speed SWDM and CWDM transmission.

We propose a novel multimode fiber (MMF) with a 30 µm-core and fluorine-doped cladding for both high-speed short wavelength division multiplexing (SWDM) and coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) transmission. By optimizing the core size, the mode field diameter (MFD) mismatch between the proposed fiber and both the standard single-mode fiber (SMF) and MMF is minimized, which enables the quasi-single mode operation in the CWDM window and a compromised coupling loss with standard MMFs and SMFs. By adopting a fluorine-doped silica cladding, the bandwidth dependence on wavelength of the proposed fiber is minimized, which indicates that the modal bandwidth performance at the longer wavelength can be effectively improved without compromising modal bandwidth at 850 nm. The error-free 100 Gb/s (4×25.78 Gb/s) multimode transmission over 250 meter-long fiber is achieved using a commercially available VCSEL-based SWDM transceiver. The applicable distance can be extended to 300 meters when a biterror rate just below the forward error correction (FEC) threshold of 5×10 -5 is acceptable. Besides, the 100 Gb/s error-free single-mode transmission over 10 km-long fiber was also demonstrated with a commercially available directly modulatedlaser (DML)-based CWDM transceiver. The results imply that the proposed MMF may be useful for large-scale data center applications.

Porous Se@SiO2 nanospheres attenuate cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury via activation of Sirt1.

Cisplatin (CDDP) is the most commonly used chemotherapeutic drug and has an irreplaceable role in cancer treatment. However, CDDP-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) greatly limits its use. Abundant evidence has confirmed that apoptosis contributes to AKI caused by CDDP administration. The nanoparticle form of selenium, also known as Se@SiO2 nanocomposites (NPs), has been proven to be a potential agent to prevent apoptotic cell death. In this article, we established acute kidney injury models in vivo via a single injection of CDDP and used human kidney 2 (HK-2) cells for experiments in vitro. We demonstrated that NPs can improve CDDP-induced renal dysfunction. In addition, therapy with NPs attenuated apoptosis in cells and kidney tissues treated with CDDP. In terms of mechanism, we discovered that Sirt1, a deacetylase with an important role in CDDP-induced acute kidney injury, was remarkedly increased after NPs pretreatment, and the anti-apoptotic effect of the NPs was markedly abrogated after the inhibition of Sirt1. The results linked the protective effect of NPs on nephrotoxicity with Sirt1, suggesting the potential clinical importance of nanomaterials in alleviating the side effects of chemotherapy.

PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway Mediates the Alleviation of Pulmonary Fibrosis by Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Humanized Mice.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic progressive lung disease with few treatments. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to be beneficial in pulmonary fibrosis because they have immunomodulatory capacity. However, there is no reliable model to test the therapeutic effect of human MSCs in vivo. To mimic pulmonary fibrosis in humans, we established a novel bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model in humanized mice. With this model, the benefit of human MSCs in pulmonary fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. In addition, the relevant parameters in patients with pulmonary fibrosis were examined. We demonstrate that human CD8+ T cells were critical for the induction of pulmonary fibrosis in humanized mice. Human MSCs could alleviate pulmonary fibrosis and improve lung function by suppressing bleomycin-induced human T-cell infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine production in the lungs of humanized mice. Importantly, alleviation of pulmonary fibrosis by human MSCs was mediated by the PD-1/programmed death-ligand 1 pathway. Moreover, abnormal PD-1 expression was found in circulating T cells and lung tissues of patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Our study supports the potential benefit of targeting the PD-1/programmed death-ligand 1 pathway in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.

Long-range Raman distributed temperature sensor with high spatial and temperature resolution using graded-index few-mode fiber.

We designed and fabricated a graded-index few-mode fiber (GI-FMF) with large effective mode area and low intermodal dispersion for Raman distributed temperature sensor (RDTS) to simultaneously achieve high spatial and temperature resolution over long distance. In experiment, we measured the spatial and temperature resolution of the RDTS using different types of fibers under different launch conditions based on a commercially available RDTS system. By using the GI-FMF under the overfilled launch condition, we achieved a 1 °C temperature resolution with a spatial resolution of 1.13 m at the distance of 25 km. The spatial resolution using the standard MMF degraded to 2.58 m with only a 0.3 °C higher temperature resolution in comparison. As a result, the GI-FMF under the few-mode operation condition can provide a desirable temperature resolution comparable with that of the MMF with a negligible degradation on spatial resolution. Moreover, the RDTS using the GI-FMF under the quasi-single mode operation condition achieved a temperature resolution of 4.7 °C at the distance of 25 km with a 2.2 °C improvement and no degradation on spatial resolution compared with that using the standard SMF.

Multimode and single-mode fiber compatible graded-index multicore fiber for high density optical interconnect application.

We designed and fabricated a graded-index (GI) multicore fiber (MCF) compatible with both standard multimode and single-mode fiber for high density optical interconnect application in large-scale data centers. The proposed fiber supports long-distance multimode transmission at 850 nm as well as quasi-single mode transmission at 1310 nm and 1550 nm. The parameters of the GI-MCF have been optimized to obtain both a small differential mode delay at 850 nm and a small mode field diameter mismatch of less than 0.5 µm with single-mode fiber at 1310 nm and 1550 nm with a negligible inter-core crosstalk. In experiment, we successfully realized the multimode operation over 1 km-long GI-MCF at 850 nm and the quasi-single mode operation over 12.4 km-long GI-MCF at 1310 nm and 1550 nm at a data rate of 7×10-Gb/s. The multi-wavelengths multicore transmission was demonstrated for the first time. The experiment results imply that the proposed GI-MCF satisfies various requirements in such as operating wavelength, accessible distance and interconnect density of large-scale data center, and can effectively reduce the fiber numbers and system complexity.

High speed and small footprint silicon micro-ring modulator assembly for space-division-multiplexed 100-Gbps optical interconnection.

We designed and fabricated a 4-channel silicon micro-ring modulator (MRM) assembly chip with arrayed grating couplers for space-division-multiplexed optical interconnection. Only 4 channels out of 7 have been utilized with the consideration of popular multi-source-agreements (MSA) compatibility with respect to a 7-core multi-core-fiber (MCF). Experimental modulations at 10, 15, 20 and 25 Gbps have been carried out for all the four channels with clearly opened eye-diagrams which indicates a single-fiber aggregate capacity of 100 Gbps with only one laser input for SDM optical interconnection. The silicon MRM assembly demonstrated in this work is advantageous for practical applications due to its simplified modulation solution (NRZ-OOK) with high capacity (100-Gbps), small footprint (0.45 mm2) and long reach (1 km).

Few-mode multicore fiber enabled integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometers for temperature and strain discrimination.

We proposed and experimentally demonstrated paralleled Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) in few-mode multicore fiber (FM-MCF) for temperature and strain discriminative sensing. A section of FM-MCF is sandwich-spliced between two single-mode multicore fiber (SM-MCF) with a rotational offset. The arbitrarily controlled angular misalignment generates intentional intermodal interferences in outer cores of the FM-MCF thus multiple MZI structures are implemented. Experimental results show that the temperature sensitivities are 105.8 pm/°C and 223.6 pm/°C for two outer cores, strain sensitivity is 13.96 pm/µÎµ for the outer core 1 and 11.7 pm/µÎµ for the outer core 2, respectively. Due to the low condition number of the cross coefficient matrix dependent on the temperature and strain response indexes, the temperature-strain cross sensitivity can be efficiently eliminated. In addition, the structure's fabrication process is simple, cost effective, and repeatable. The sensing structure can be applied to a wide range of measurements and is expected to develop potentials by building a higher dimensional matrix with more cores.

Influenza virus infection exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease by promoting type I T cells infiltration into central nervous system.

Multiple sclerosis starts with increased migration of auto-reactive lymphocytes across the blood-brain barrier, resulting in persistent neurodegeneration. Clinical and epidemiological studies indicated upper respiratory viral infections are associated with clinical exacerbation of multiple sclerosis. However, so far there is no any direct evidence to support it. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice as the model for multiple sclerosis, we demonstrated that mice experienced with influenza virus infection were unable to recover from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with a long-term exacerbation. The exacerbated disease was due to more type I T cells, such as CD45highCD4+CD44high, CD45highCD4+CCR5+, CD45high IFNγ+CD4+, MOG35-55-specific IFNγ+CD4+ and influenza virus-specific IFNγ+CD4+ T cells, infiltrating central nervous system in mice with prior influenza virus infection. Influenza virus infection created a notable inflammatory environment in lung and mediastinal lymph node after influenza virus inoculation, suggesting the lung may constitute an inflammatory niche in which auto-aggressive T cells gain the capacity to enter CNS. Indeed, the early stage of EAE disease was accompanied by increased CCR5+CD4+, CXCR3+CD4+ T cell and MOG35-55 specific CD4+ T cells localized in the lung in influenza virus-infected mice. CCL5/CCR5 might mediate the infiltration of type I T cells into CNS during the disease development after influenza infection. Administration of CCR5 antagonist could significantly attenuate the exacerbated disease. Our study provided the evidence that the prior influenza virus infection may promote the type I T cells infiltration into the CNS, and subsequently cause a long-term exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.