Vertical full-colour micro-LEDs via 2D materials-based layer transfer.

Micro-LEDs (µLEDs) have been explored for augmented and virtual reality display applications that require extremely high pixels per inch and luminance1,2. However, conventional manufacturing processes based on the lateral assembly of red, green and blue (RGB) µLEDs have limitations in enhancing pixel density3-6. Recent demonstrations of vertical µLED displays have attempted to address this issue by stacking freestanding RGB LED membranes and fabricating top-down7-14, but minimization of the lateral dimensions of stacked µLEDs has been difficult. Here we report full-colour, vertically stacked µLEDs that achieve, to our knowledge, the highest array density (5,100 pixels per inch) and the smallest size (4 µm) reported to date. This is enabled by a two-dimensional materials-based layer transfer technique15-18 that allows the growth of RGB LEDs of near-submicron thickness on two-dimensional material-coated substrates via remote or van der Waals epitaxy, mechanical release and stacking of LEDs, followed by top-down fabrication. The smallest-ever stack height of around 9 µm is the key enabler for record high µLED array density. We also demonstrate vertical integration of blue µLEDs with silicon membrane transistors for active matrix operation. These results establish routes to creating full-colour µLED displays for augmented and virtual reality, while also offering a generalizable platform for broader classes of three-dimensional integrated devices.

Biodiversity and productivity in eastern US forests.

Despite experimental and observational studies demonstrating that biodiversity enhances primary productivity, the best metric for predicting productivity at broad geographic extents-functional trait diversity, phylogenetic diversity, or species richness-remains unknown. Using >1.8 million tree measurements from across eastern US forests, we quantified relationships among functional trait diversity, phylogenetic diversity, species richness, and productivity. Surprisingly, functional trait and phylogenetic diversity explained little variation in productivity that could not be explained by tree species richness. This result was consistent across the entire eastern United States, within ecoprovinces, and within data subsets that controlled for biomass or stand age. Metrics of functional trait and phylogenetic diversity that were independent of species richness were negatively correlated with productivity. This last result suggests that processes that determine species sorting and packing are likely important for the relationships between productivity and biodiversity. This result also demonstrates the potential confusion that can arise when interdependencies among different diversity metrics are ignored. Our findings show the value of species richness as a predictive tool and highlight gaps in knowledge about linkages between functional diversity and ecosystem functioning.

Influenza D virus utilizes both 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic and 9-O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acids as functional entry receptors.

Influenza D virus (IDV) utilizes bovines as a primary reservoir with periodical spillover to other hosts. We have previously demonstrated that IDV binds both 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) and 9-O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc9Ac). Bovines produce both Neu5,9Ac2 and Neu5Gc9Ac, while humans are genetically unable to synthesize Neu5Gc9Ac. 9-O-Acetylation of sialic acids is catalyzed by CASD1 via a covalent acetyl-enzyme intermediate. To characterize the role of Neu5,9Ac2 and Neu5Gc9Ac in IDV infection and determine which form of 9-O-acetylated sialic acids drives IDV entry, we took advantage of a CASD1 knockout (KO) MDCK cell line and carried out feeding experiments using synthetic 9-O-acetyl sialic acids in combination with the single-round and multi-round IDV infection assays. The data from our studies show that (i) CASD1 KO cells are resistant to IDV infection and lack of IDV binding to the cell surface is responsible for the failure of IDV replication; (ii) feeding CASD1 KO cells with Neu5,9Ac2 or Neu5Gc9Ac resulted in a dose-dependent rescue of IDV infectivity; and (iii) diverse IDVs replicated robustly in CASD1 KO cells fed with either Neu5,9Ac2 or Neu5Gc9Ac at a level similar to that in wild-type cells with a functional CASD1. These data demonstrate that IDV can utilize Neu5,9Ac2- or non-human Neu5Gc9Ac-containing glycan receptor for infection. Our findings provide evidence that IDV has acquired the ability to infect and transmit among agricultural animals that are enriched in Neu5Gc9Ac, in addition to posing a zoonotic risk to humans expressing only Neu5,9Ac2.IMPORTANCEInfluenza D virus (IDV) has emerged as a multiple-species-infecting pathogen with bovines as a primary reservoir. Little is known about the functional receptor that drives IDV entry and promotes its cross-species spillover potential among different hosts. Here, we demonstrated that IDV binds exclusively to 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) and non-human 9-O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc9Ac) and utilizes both for entry and infection. This ability in effective engagement of both 9-O-acetylated sialic acids as functional receptors for infection provides an evolutionary advantage to IDV for expanding its host range. This finding also indicates that IDV has the potential to emerge in humans because Neu5,9Ac2 is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, including lung. Thus, results of our study highlight a need for continued surveillance of IDV in humans, as well as for further investigation of its biology and cross-species transmission mechanism.

Signal binding at both modules of its dCache domain enables the McpA chemoreceptor of Bacillus velezensis to sense different ligands.

Bacteria have evolved multiple signal transduction systems that permit an adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Chemoreceptor-based signaling cascades are very abundant in bacteria and are among the most complex signaling systems. Currently, our knowledge on the molecular features that determine signal recognition at chemoreceptors is limited. Chemoreceptor McpA of Bacillus velezensis SQR9 has been shown to mediate chemotaxis to a broad range of different ligands. Here we show that its ligand binding domain binds directly 13 chemoattractants. We provide support that organic acids and amino acids bind to the membrane-distal and membrane-proximal module of the dCache domain, respectively, whereas binding of sugars/sugar alcohols occurred at both modules. Structural biology studies combined with site-directed mutagenesis experiments have permitted to identify 10 amino acid residues that play key roles in the recognition of multiple ligands. Residues in membrane-distal and membrane-proximal regions were central for sensing organic acids and amimo acids, respectively, whereas all residues participated in sugars/sugar alcohol sensing. Most characterized chemoreceptors possess a narrow and well-defined ligand spectrum. We propose here a sensing mechanism involving both dCache modules that allows the integration of very diverse signals by a single chemoreceptor.

PHF6 regulates phenotypic plasticity through chromatin organization within lineage-specific genes.

Developmental and lineage plasticity have been observed in numerous malignancies and have been correlated with tumor progression and drug resistance. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that enable such plasticity to occur. Here, we describe the function of the plant homeodomain finger protein 6 (PHF6) in leukemia and define its role in regulating chromatin accessibility to lineage-specific transcription factors. We show that loss of Phf6 in B-cell leukemia results in systematic changes in gene expression via alteration of the chromatin landscape at the transcriptional start sites of B-cell- and T-cell-specific factors. Additionally, Phf6KO cells show significant down-regulation of genes involved in the development and function of normal B cells, show up-regulation of genes involved in T-cell signaling, and give rise to mixed-lineage lymphoma in vivo. Engagement of divergent transcriptional programs results in phenotypic plasticity that leads to altered disease presentation in vivo, tolerance of aberrant oncogenic signaling, and differential sensitivity to frontline and targeted therapies. These findings suggest that active maintenance of a precise chromatin landscape is essential for sustaining proper leukemia cell identity and that loss of a single factor (PHF6) can cause focal changes in chromatin accessibility and nucleosome positioning that render cells susceptible to lineage transition.

Prognostic heterogeneity of Ki67 in non-small cell lung cancer: A comprehensive reappraisal on immunohistochemistry and transcriptional data.

In the present study, the debatable prognostic value of Ki67 in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was attributed to the heterogeneity between lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC). Based on meta-analyses of 29 studies, a retrospective immunohistochemical cohort of 1479 patients from our center, eight transcriptional datasets and a single-cell datasets with 40 patients, we found that high Ki67 expression suggests a poor outcome in LUAD, but conversely, low Ki67 expression indicates worse prognosis in LUSC. Furthermore, low proliferation in LUSC is associated with higher metastatic capacity, which is related to the stronger epithelial-mesenchymal transition potential, immunosuppressive microenvironment and angiogenesis. Finally, nomogram model incorporating clinical risk factors and Ki67 expression outperformed the basic clinical model for the accurate prognostic prediction of LUSC. With the largest prognostic assessment of Ki67 from protein to mRNA level, our study highlights that Ki67 also has an important prognostic value in NSCLC, but separate evaluation of LUAD and LUSC is necessary to provide more valuable information for clinical decision-making in NSCLC.

Analysis of the aging-related biomarker in a nonhuman primate model using multilayer omics.

BACKGROUND: Aging is a prominent risk factor for diverse diseases; therefore, an in-depth understanding of its physiological mechanisms is required. Nonhuman primates, which share the closest genetic relationship with humans, serve as an ideal model for exploring the complex aging process. However, the potential of the nonhuman primate animal model in the screening of human aging markers is still not fully exploited. Multiomics analysis of nonhuman primate peripheral blood offers a promising approach to evaluate new therapies and biomarkers. This study explores aging-related biomarker through multilayer omics, including transcriptomics (mRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA) and proteomics (serum and serum-derived exosomes) in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). RESULTS: Our findings reveal that, unlike mRNAs and circRNAs, highly expressed lncRNAs are abundant during the key aging period and are associated with cancer pathways. Comparative analysis highlighted exosomal proteins contain more types of proteins than serum proteins, indicating that serum-derived exosomes primarily regulate aging through metabolic pathways. Finally, eight candidate aging biomarkers were identified, which may serve as blood-based indicators for detecting age-related brain changes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of nonhuman primate blood transcriptomes and proteomes, offering novel insights into the aging mechanisms for preventing or treating age-related diseases.

Effect of Facet on Local Electron Density of Oxygen Vacancy in Catalysts for Nitrogen Electro-Reduction.

Oxygen-vacancy (Ov) engineering is an effective strategy to manipulate the electronic configuration of catalysts for electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR). The influence of the stable facet on the electronic configuration of Ov is widely studied, however, the effect of the reactive facet on the local electron density of Ov is unveiled. In this work, an eNRR electrode R(111)-TiO2/HGO is provided with a high proportion exposed reactive facet (111) of rutile-TiO2 (denoted as R(111)-TiO2) nanocrystals with Ov anchored in hierarchically porous graphite oxide (HGO) nanofilms. The R(111)-TiO2/HGO exhibits excellent eNRR performance with an NH3 yield rate of 20.68 µg h-1 cm-2, which is ≈20 times the control electrode with the most stable facet (110) exposed (R(110)-TiO2/HGO). The experimental data and theoretical simulations reveal that the crystal facet (111) has a positive effect on regulating the local electron density around the oxygen vacancy and the two adjacent Ti-sites, promoting the π-back-donation, minimizing the eNRR barrier, and transforming the rate determination step to *NNH→*NNHH. This work illuminates the effect of crystal facet on the performance of eNRR, and offers a novel strategy to design efficient eNRR catalysts.

Single-cell dissection reveals the role of DNA damage response patterns in tumor microenvironment components contributing to colorectal cancer progression and immunotherapy.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading malignant cancers. DNA damage response (DDR), referring to the molecular process of DNA damage, is emerging as a promising field in targeted cancer therapy. However, the engagement of DDR in the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment is rarely studied. In this study, by sequential nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm, pseudotime analysis, cell-cell interaction analysis, and SCENIC analysis, we have shown that DDR genes demonstrate various patterns among different cell types in CRC TME (tumor microenvironment), especially in epithelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, CD8+ T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, which enhance the intensity of intercellular communication and transcription factor activation. Furthermore, based on the newly identified DDR-related TME signatures, cell subtypes including MNAT+CD8+T_cells-C5, POLR2E+Mac-C10, HMGB2+Epi-C4, HMGB1+Mac-C11, PER1+Mac-C5, PER1+CD8+T_cells-C1, POLR2A+Mac-C1, TDG+Epi-C5, TDG+CD8+T_cells-C8 are determined as critical prognostic factors for CRC patients and predictors of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy efficacy in two public CRC cohorts, TCGA-COAD and GSE39582. Our novel and systematic analysis on the level of the single-cell analysis has revealed the unique role of DDR in remodeling CRC TME for the first time, facilitating the prediction of prognosis and guidance of personalized ICB regimens in CRC.

Dissection of rhizosphere microbiome and exploiting strategies for sustainable agriculture.

The rhizosphere microbiome plays critical roles in plant growth and provides promising solutions for sustainable agriculture. While the rhizosphere microbiome frequently fluctuates with the soil environment, recent studies have demonstrated that a small proportion of the microbiome is consistently assembled in the rhizosphere of a specific plant genotype regardless of the soil condition, which is determined by host genetics. Based on these breakthroughs, which involved exploiting the plant-beneficial function of the rhizosphere microbiome, we propose to divide the rhizosphere microbiome into environment-dominated and plant genetic-dominated components based on their different assembly mechanisms. Subsequently, two strategies to explore the different rhizosphere microbiome components for agricultural production are suggested, that is, the precise management of the environment-dominated rhizosphere microbiome by agronomic practices, and the elucidation of the plant genetic basis of the plant genetic-dominated rhizosphere microbiome for breeding microbiome-assisted crop varieties. We finally present the major challenges that need to be overcome to implement strategies for modulating these two components of the rhizosphere microbiome.

Signal communication during microbial modulation of root system architecture.

Every living organism on Earth depends on its interactions with other organisms. In the rhizosphere, plants and microorganisms constantly exchange signals and influence each other's behavior. Recent studies have shown that many beneficial rhizosphere microbes can produce specific signaling molecules that affect plant root architecture and therefore could have substantial effects on above-ground growth. This review examines these chemical signals and summarizes their mechanisms of action, with the aim of enhancing our understanding of plant-microbe interactions and providing references for the comprehensive development and utilization of these active components in agricultural production. In addition, we highlight future research directions and challenges, such as searching for microbial signals to induce primary root development.

The beneficial rhizobacterium Bacillus velezensis SQR9 regulates plant nitrogen uptake via an endogenous signaling pathway.

Nitrogen fertilizer is widely used in agriculture to boost crop yields. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) can increase plant nitrogen use efficiency through nitrogen fixation and organic nitrogen mineralization. However, it is not known whether they can activate plant nitrogen uptake. In this study, we investigated the effects of volatile compounds (VCs) emitted by the PGPR strain Bacillus velezensis SQR9 on plant nitrogen uptake. Strain SQR9 VCs promoted nitrogen accumulation in both rice and Arabidopsis. In addition, isotope labeling experiments showed that strain SQR9 VCs promoted the absorption of nitrate and ammonium. Several key nitrogen-uptake genes were up-regulated by strain SQR9 VCs, such as AtNRT2.1 in Arabidopsis and OsNAR2.1, OsNRT2.3a, and OsAMT1 family members in rice, and the deletion of these genes compromised the promoting effect of strain SQR9 VCs on plant nitrogen absorption. Furthermore, calcium and the transcription factor NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 7 play an important role in nitrate uptake promoted by strain SQR9 VCs. Taken together, our results indicate that PGPRs can promote nitrogen uptake through regulating plant endogenous signaling and nitrogen transport pathways.

Drug-coated balloon angioplasty with provisional stenting versus primary stenting for the treatment of de novo coronary artery lesions: REC-CAGEFREE I trial rationale and design.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with primary stenting, which stands for stent implantation regardless of obtaining satisfactory results with balloon angioplasty, has superseded conventional plain old balloon angioplasty with provisional stenting. With drug-coated balloon (DCB), primary DCB angioplasty with provisional stenting has shown non-inferiority to primary stenting for de novo coronary small vessel disease. However, the long-term efficacy and safety of such a strategy to the primary stenting on clinical endpoints in de novo lesions without vessel diameter restrictions remain uncertain. STUDY DESIGN: The REC-CAGEFREE I is an investigator-initiated, multicenter, randomized, open-label trial aimed to enroll 2270 patients with acute or chronic coronary syndrome from 43 interventional cardiology centers in China to evaluate the non-inferiority of primary paclitaxel-coated balloons angioplasty to primary stenting for the treatment of de novo, non-complex lesions without vessel diameter restrictions. Patients who fulfill all the inclusion and exclusion criteria and have achieved a successful lesion pre-dilatation will be randomly assigned to the two arms in a 1:1 ratio. Protocol-guided DCB angioplasty and bailout stenting after unsatisfactory angioplasty are mandatory in the primary DCB angioplasty group. The second-generation sirolimus-eluting stent will be used as a bailout stent in the primary DCB angioplasty group and the treatment device in the primary stenting group. The primary endpoint is the incidence of Device-oriented Composite Endpoint (DoCE) within 24 months after randomization, including cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, and clinically and physiologically indicated target lesion revascularization. DISCUSSION: The ongoing REC-CAGEFREE I trial is the first randomized trial with a clinical endpoint to assess the efficacy and safety of primary DCB angioplasty for the treatment of de novo, non-complex lesions without vessel diameter restrictions. If non-inferiority is shown, PCI with primary DCB angioplasty could be an alternative treatment option to primary stenting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered on clinicaltrial.gov (NCT04561739).

Alcohol use disorder and time perception: The mediating role of attention and working memory.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been associated with attentional deficits and impairments of working memory. Meanwhile, attention and working memory are critical for time perception. However, it remains unclear how time perception alters in AUD patients and how attention and working memory affect their time perception. The current study aims to clarify the time perception characteristics of AUD patients and the cognitive mechanisms underlying their time perception dysfunction. Thirty-one patients (three of them were excluded) with AUD and thirty-one matched controls completed the Time Bisection Task, Attention Network Test and Digital Span Backward Test to assess their abilities in time perception, attention network and working memory, respectively. The results showed that, after controlling for anxiety, depression, and impulsivity, AUD patients had a lower proportion of 'long' responses at intervals of 600, 750, 900, 1050 and 1200 ms. Furthermore, they displayed higher subjective equivalence points and higher Weber ratios compared to controls. Moreover, AUD patients showed impaired alerting and executive control networks as well as reduced working memory resources. Only working memory resources mediated the impact of AUD on time perception. In conclusion, our findings suggested that the duration underestimation in AUD patients is predominantly caused by working memory deficits.

Hybrid transformer convolutional neural network-based radiomics models for osteoporosis screening in routine CT.

OBJECTIVE: Early diagnosis of osteoporosis is crucial to prevent osteoporotic vertebral fracture and complications of spine surgery. We aimed to conduct a hybrid transformer convolutional neural network (HTCNN)-based radiomics model for osteoporosis screening in routine CT. METHODS: To investigate the HTCNN algorithm for vertebrae and trabecular segmentation, 92 training subjects and 45 test subjects were employed. Furthermore, we included 283 vertebral bodies and randomly divided them into the training cohort (n = 204) and test cohort (n = 79) for radiomics analysis. Area receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) and decision curve analysis (DCA) were applied to compare the performance and clinical value between radiomics models and Hounsfield Unit (HU) values to detect dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) based osteoporosis. RESULTS: HTCNN algorithm revealed high precision for the segmentation of the vertebral body and trabecular compartment. In test sets, the mean dice scores reach 0.968 and 0.961. 12 features from the trabecular compartment and 15 features from the entire vertebral body were used to calculate the radiomics score (rad score). Compared with HU values and trabecular rad-score, the vertebrae rad-score suggested the best efficacy for osteoporosis and non-osteoporosis discrimination (training group: AUC = 0.95, 95%CI 0.91-0.99; test group: AUC = 0.97, 95%CI 0.93-1.00) and the differences were significant in test group according to the DeLong test (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study demonstrated the superiority of the HTCNN-based vertebrae radiomics model for osteoporosis discrimination in routine CT.

FERFusion: A Fast and Efficient Recursive Neural Network for Infrared and Visible Image Fusion.

The rapid development of deep neural networks has attracted significant attention in the infrared and visible image fusion field. However, most existing fusion models have many parameters and consume high computational and spatial resources. This paper proposes a fast and efficient recursive fusion neural network model to solve this complex problem that few people have touched. Specifically, we designed an attention module combining a traditional fusion knowledge prior with channel attention to extract modal-specific features efficiently. We used a shared attention layer to perform the early fusion of modal-shared features. Adopting parallel dilated convolution layers further reduces the network's parameter count. Our network is trained recursively, featuring minimal model parameters, and requires only a few training batches to achieve excellent fusion results. This significantly reduces the consumption of time, space, and computational resources during model training. We compared our method with nine SOTA methods on three public datasets, demonstrating our method's efficient training feature and good fusion results.

Perioperative Toripalimab Plus Chemotherapy for Patients With Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The Neotorch Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Adjuvant and neoadjuvant immunotherapy have improved clinical outcomes for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the optimal combination of checkpoint inhibition with chemotherapy remains unknown. Objective: To determine whether toripalimab in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy will improve event-free survival and major pathological response in patients with stage II or III resectable NSCLC compared with chemotherapy alone. Design, Setting, and Participants: This randomized clinical trial enrolled patients with stage II or III resectable NSCLC (without EGFR or ALK alterations for nonsquamous NSCLC) from March 12, 2020, to June 19, 2023, at 50 participating hospitals in China. The data cutoff date for this interim analysis was November 30, 2022. Interventions: Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive 240 mg of toripalimab or placebo once every 3 weeks combined with platinum-based chemotherapy for 3 cycles before surgery and 1 cycle after surgery, followed by toripalimab only (240 mg) or placebo once every 3 weeks for up to 13 cycles. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcomes were event-free survival (assessed by the investigators) and the major pathological response rate (assessed by blinded, independent pathological review). The secondary outcomes included the pathological complete response rate (assessed by blinded, independent pathological review) and adverse events. Results: Of the 501 patients randomized, 404 had stage III NSCLC (202 in the toripalimab + chemotherapy group and 202 in the placebo + chemotherapy group) and 97 had stage II NSCLC and were excluded from this interim analysis. The median age was 62 years (IQR, 56-65 years), 92% of patients were male, and the median follow-up was 18.3 months (IQR, 12.7-22.5 months). For the primary outcome of event-free survival, the median length was not estimable (95% CI, 24.4 months-not estimable) in the toripalimab group compared with 15.1 months (95% CI, 10.6-21.9 months) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.40 [95% CI, 0.28-0.57], P < .001). The major pathological response rate (another primary outcome) was 48.5% (95% CI, 41.4%-55.6%) in the toripalimab group compared with 8.4% (95% CI, 5.0%-13.1%) in the placebo group (between-group difference, 40.2% [95% CI, 32.2%-48.1%], P < .001). The pathological complete response rate (secondary outcome) was 24.8% (95% CI, 19.0%-31.3%) in the toripalimab group compared with 1.0% (95% CI, 0.1%-3.5%) in the placebo group (between-group difference, 23.7% [95% CI, 17.6%-29.8%]). The incidence of immune-related adverse events occurred more frequently in the toripalimab group. No unexpected treatment-related toxic effects were identified. The incidence of grade 3 or higher adverse events, fatal adverse events, and adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment were comparable between the groups. Conclusions and Relevance: The addition of toripalimab to perioperative chemotherapy led to a significant improvement in event-free survival for patients with resectable stage III NSCLC and this treatment strategy had a manageable safety profile. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04158440.

Saliency Detection Based on Multiple-Level Feature Learning.

Finding the most interesting areas of an image is the aim of saliency detection. Conventional methods based on low-level features rely on biological cues like texture and color. These methods, however, have trouble with processing complicated or low-contrast images. In this paper, we introduce a deep neural network-based saliency detection method. First, using semantic segmentation, we construct a pixel-level model that gives each pixel a saliency value depending on its semantic category. Next, we create a region feature model by combining both hand-crafted and deep features, which extracts and fuses the local and global information of each superpixel region. Third, we combine the results from the previous two steps, along with the over-segmented superpixel images and the original images, to construct a multi-level feature model. We feed the model into a deep convolutional network, which generates the final saliency map by learning to integrate the macro and micro information based on the pixels and superpixels. We assess our method on five benchmark datasets and contrast it against 14 state-of-the-art saliency detection algorithms. According to the experimental results, our method performs better than the other methods in terms of F-measure, precision, recall, and runtime. Additionally, we analyze the limitations of our method and propose potential future developments.

Functional Group-driven Competing Mechanism in Electrochemical Reaction and Adsorption/Desorption Processes toward High-capacity Aluminum-Porphyrin Batteries.

Nonaqueous organic aluminum batteries are considered as promising high-safety energy storage devices due to stable ionic liquid electrolytes and Al metals. However, the stability and capacity of organic positive electrodes are limited by their inherent high solubility and low active organic molecules. To address such issues, here porphyrin compounds with rigid molecular structures present stable and reversible capability in electrochemically storing AlCl2+. Comparison between the porphyrin molecules with electron-donating groups (TPP-EDG) and with electron-withdrawing groups (TPP-EWG) suggests that EDG is responsible for increasing both HOMO and LUMO energy levels, resulting in decreased redox potentials. On the other hand, EWG is associated with decreasing both HOMO and LUMO energy levels, leading to promoted redox potentials. EDG and EWG play critical roles in regulating electron density of porphyrin π bond and electrochemical energy storage kinetics behavior. The competitive mechanism between electrochemical redox reaction and de/adsorption processes suggests that TPP-OCH3 delivers the highest specific capacity ~171.8 mAh g-1, approaching a record in the organic Al batteries.

Regulatory T cells: A suppressor arm in post-stroke immune homeostasis.

The activation of the immune system and the onset of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses play crucial roles in the pathophysiological processes of ischaemic stroke (IS). CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells is the main immunosuppressive cell population that is studied in the context of peripheral tolerance, autoimmunity, and the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In recent years, more studies have focused on immune modulation after IS, and Treg cells have been demonstrated to be essential in the remission of inflammation, nerve regeneration, and behavioural recovery. However, the exact effects of Treg cells in the context of IS remain controversial, with some studies suggesting a negative correlation with stroke outcomes. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of Treg cell involvement in post-stroke homeostasis. We summarized the literature focusing on the temporal changes in Treg cell populations after IS, the mechanisms of Treg cell-mediated immunomodulation in the brain, and the potential of Treg cell-based therapies for treatment. The purposes of the current article are to address the importance of Treg cells and inspire more studies to help physicians, as well as scientists, understand the whole map of immune responses during IS.