New prenylflavonol glycosides with xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus.

Eight new prenylflavonol glycosides (1-8), along with five known analogues (9-13) were isolated from the n-butanol extract of the dried leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (family Juglandaceae) for the first time. The structures of these compounds were characterized by comprehensive analysis of 1D, 2D NMR, HRESIMS, UV data and acid hydrolysis. In bioassay, all these thirteen prenylflavonol glycosides exhibited inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity. Especially compounds 2 and 7, showed outstanding IC50 values of 31.81 ± 2.20 and 29.71 ± 3.69 µM, respectively.

Cyclocarioside O-Q, three novel seco-dammarane triterpenoid glycosides from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus.

Three previously undescribed seco-dammarane triterpenoid glycosides O-Q (1-3) along with two known compounds (4 and 5) were isolated and characterized from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus. Their structures were determined by comprehensive analysis of 1 D, 2 D NMR and HRESIMS data. Compounds 1-5 were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against human pancreatic tumor (ASPC-1), human gastric carcinoma (SNU5), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPG-2) and human colon tumor (HCT116) cell lines. Among them cyclocarioside P (2) showed somewhat inhibitory activity towards those tumor cells.

Cytotoxic triterpenoid glycosides from leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus.

Three previously undescribed dammarane triterpenoid glycosides (1-3) along with five known analogues (4-8) were isolated from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus. Their structures and configurations were determined on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, chemical hydrolysis and DFT GIAO 13C NMR calculation. All the isolates were evaluated cytotoxic activities against seven human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, PC-3, Du145, NCI-H1975, PC-9, SKVO3 and HepG2). Moreover, compound 4 showed a wide spectrum of cytotoxicity against human cancer cells with IC50 values ranging from 11.31 to 29.51 µM.

Vitamin D3 repressed astrocyte activation following lipopolysaccharide stimulation in vitro and in neonatal rats.

Vitamin D3 has been reported to be an immunity modulator and high levels of vitamin D3 are correlated with a decreased risk for developing diseases in the central nervous system. Astrocytes are important immune cells and contribute toward inflammation during neurological diseases. The vitamin D receptor has been reported to be expressed in astrocytes; however, the effect of vitamin D3 on astrocyte activation has not been studied. Here, we found that lipopolysaccharide stimulation in astrocytes could enhance the expression of vitamin D receptor and Cyp27B1, which encodes the enzyme for converting vitamin D3 into its active form. Vitamin D3 suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß, vascular endothelial growth factor, and also TLR4 in activated astrocytes. Astrocyte activation was further found to be suppressed after the administration of vitamin D3 in neonatal rats injected with lipopolysaccharide in vivo. We demonstrated the antiactivation effect of vitamin D3 in astrocytes after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Considering the function of reactive astrocytes in augmenting inflammatory response in neurodegeneration and brain injury, the finding that vitamin D3 administration may inhibit astrocyte activation may be potentially useful for the treatment of central nervous system disorders.