Influence of Aquatic pH on chemical speciation, phytochelation and vacuolar compartmentalization of arsenic in Vallisneria denseserrulata (Makino).

Arsenic (As) pollution of fresh water has become a major concern worldwide. The present study reports the As accumulation potential and detoxification mechanism in a native plant, Vallisneria denseserrulata (Makino), under different aquatic acidity conditions (pH). V. denseserrulata showed maximum growth at pH ∼7.0 and accumulated ∼1700 mg/kg of As. The increase in pH from 3.5 to 7 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased As accumulation, thiol and total protein contents while malondialdehyde (MDA) content, soluble sugar content and percentage electrolytic leakage (%EL) of V. denseserrulata were decreased. The reduction of arsenate [As(V)] to arsenite As(III) was observed as a key step (81% reduction) of the As detoxification in V. denseserrulata. Majority of accumulated As was found in vacuoles (56-72%), while >80% of As in vacuoles was in the form of As(III). FT-IR spectra indicated the complexsation of As with carboxyl, amide, thiol, and hydroxyl groups. Our findings showed the presence of As detoxification mechanism in V. denseserrulata. Vacuolar As compartmentalization and formation of As-Phytochelatins/thiol complexes can be a part of As detoxification mechanisms in V. denseserrulata.

Hollow Microtube Resonators via Silicon Self-Assembly toward Subattogram Mass Sensing Applications.

Fluidic resonators with integrated microchannels (hollow resonators) are attractive for mass, density, and volume measurements of single micro/nanoparticles and cells, yet their widespread use is limited by the complexity of their fabrication. Here we report a simple and cost-effective approach for fabricating hollow microtube resonators. A prestructured silicon wafer is annealed at high temperature under a controlled atmosphere to form self-assembled buried cavities. The interiors of these cavities are oxidized to produce thin oxide tubes, following which the surrounding silicon material is selectively etched away to suspend the oxide tubes. This simple three-step process easily produces hollow microtube resonators. We report another innovation in the capping glass wafer where we integrate fluidic access channels and getter materials along with residual gas suction channels. Combined together, only five photolithographic steps and one bonding step are required to fabricate vacuum-packaged hollow microtube resonators that exhibit quality factors as high as ∼ 13,000. We take one step further to explore additionally attractive features including the ability to tune the device responsivity, changing the resonator material, and scaling down the resonator size. The resonator wall thickness of ∼ 120 nm and the channel hydraulic diameter of ∼ 60 nm are demonstrated solely by conventional microfabrication approaches. The unique characteristics of this new fabrication process facilitate the widespread use of hollow microtube resonators, their translation between diverse research fields, and the production of commercially viable devices.

Standoff Mechanical Resonance Spectroscopy Based on Infrared-Sensitive Hydrogel Microcantilevers.

This paper reports a highly sensitive and selective remote chemical sensing platform for surface-adsorbed trace chemicals by using infrared (IR)-sensitive hydrogel microcantilevers. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogel microcantilevers are fabricated by ultraviolet (UV) curing of PEG-DA prepolymer introduced into a poly(dimethylsiloxane) mold. The resonance frequency of a PEG-DA microcantilever exhibits high thermal sensitivity due to IR irradiation/absorption. When a tunable IR laser beam is reflected off a surface coated with target chemical onto a PEG-DA microcantilever, the resonance frequency of the cantilever shifts in proportion to the chemical nature of the target molecules. Dynamic responses of the PEG-DA microcantilever can be obtained in a range of IR wavelengths using a tunable quantum cascade laser that can form the basis for the standoff mechanical resonance spectroscopy (SMRS). Using this SMRS technique, we have selectively detected three compounds, dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP), cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), located 4 m away from the PEG-DA microcantilever detector. The experimentally measured limit of detection for PETN trace using the PEG-DA microcantilever was 40 ng/cm2. Overall, the PEG-DA microcantilever is a promising candidate for further exploration and optimization of standoff detection methods.