Circulating exosomal MicroRNAs: New non-invasive biomarkers of non-communicable disease.

Exosomes are vesicles, ranging of 30-150 nm in diameter, which are released by different cell types into the extracellular space. Exosomes are capable of transporting several biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, DNA, mRNA, and non-coding RNA, including microRNAs (miRs). miRs signatures have been linked to the development of non-communicable diseases and their classification into various subtypes and/or stages. Interestingly, the miRs contained in exosomes (exomiRs) are suitable candidates as non-invasive biomarkers due to their stability in body fluids and harsh conditions, as well as they are considered critical players involved in intercellular communication; so that they can be a promising diagnostic tool for several diseases. Besides, exomiRs allow discrimination between different stages of the disease and could be a valuable strategy for the early detection of several pathologies in a non-invasive approach. This review aims to describe exomiRs present in biologic fluids that can be used as a tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of non-communicable diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular, kidney, and neurodegenerative disease.

Systematic Reviews and Synthesis without Meta-Analysis on Hydrotherapy for Pain Control in Labor.

BACKGROUND: Although there is scientific evidence regarding the use of water immersion during labor, this evidence is primarily focused on the first stage of labor. There is limited scientific evidence on water immersion during the second stage of labor. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and synthesis of contemporary evidence related to water birth, with a specific focus on the second stage of labor. METHODS: A systematic review of the scientific literature published between January 2018 and October 2023 was carried out. A synthesis of the results was conducted following the Synthesis without Meta-Analysis (SWiM) guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were utilized as information sources. The search strategy was designed using the keywords "immersion" and "parturition", along with their relevant synonyms. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies employing randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, and quantitative and qualitative approaches focusing on pregnant women undergoing water immersion at any stage of the labor process. RESULTS: Eleven articles were selected: two systematic reviews (one quantitative and one qualitative), five cohort studies, one case-control study, one cross-sectional observational study, and two qualitative studies. A thorough assessment of the methodology was performed using several specific tools: the Cochrane RoB 2 (Risk of Bias 2) tool for systematic reviews, JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research for qualitative studies, STROBE for observational descriptive studies, and CASPe for qualitative studies. The results provided fundamental insights that will contribute to conceptual standardization regarding the effects of water birth on maternal and fetal health. Additionally, a synthesis of the results was performed concerning types of delivery, analgesia use, pain perception, and maternal satisfaction with the water birth experience. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we conclude that the results regarding delivery types, labor durations, and analgesia use found in the literature, along with statistically significant maternal/fetal effects, are crucial for making recommendations regarding the use of water during labor in any of its stages if the woman desires it safely.

Effects of Hydrotherapy on the Management of Childbirth and Its Outcomes-A Retrospective Cohort Study.

The use of hydrotherapy during childbirth has gained relevance due to the demand for natural childbirth and greater respect for the woman's choice. Studies have shown benefits such as less use of epidural analgesia, increased ability to cope with pain, shorter labor, and a better overall birth experience. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to generate further evidence on maternal and birth outcomes associated with the use of hydrotherapy during labor, specifically aiming to describe the effects of water immersion during all stages of labor (first, second, and third) on women. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective cohort study was carried out on a random sample of women who gave birth at the Costa del Sol Hospital between January 2010 and December 2020. The calculated sample size was 377 women and the data were extracted from their partograms. After data extraction, two groups were formed: one group used hydrotherapy during childbirth (n = 124), while the other group included women who did not use hydrotherapy during the childbirth process (n = 253). RESULTS: The results highlight significant differences in pain perception, analgesia use, types of labor, and delivery times between the two groups. Women who did not use hydrotherapy reported higher pain perception, with a median (IQR) of 8 (7-9) on a numerical scale, compared to a median (IQR) of 6 (5-7) for the hydrotherapy group. Furthermore, the group without hydrotherapy required epidural analgesia in 40% of cases, while in the hydrotherapy group, it was only necessary in 20%. In terms of the type of delivery, the hydrotherapy group had more spontaneous vaginal deliveries compared to the non-hydrotherapy group, which had more operative vaginal deliveries. The overall duration of labor was longer in the hydrotherapy group, especially in women who arrived at the hospital late in labor. CONCLUSIONS: Hydrotherapy is associated with a longer time to delivery. Women with a higher pain tolerance tend to opt for hydrotherapy instead of epidural analgesia.

Comparative Analysis of Therapeutic Showers and Bathtubs for Pain Management and Labor Outcomes-A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Hydrotherapy, including the use of therapeutic showers and bathtubs, has been studied for its potential benefits in labor pain management. Previous research has indicated that hydrotherapy can alleviate pain, but comparative studies between therapeutic showers and bathtubs are scarce. Objective: This study aims to compare the effects of therapeutic showers and bathtubs on pain perception, labor duration, use of epidural analgesia, and maternal and neonatal outcomes during labor. Methods: A total of 124 pregnant women were included in this study. Participants were divided into two groups: those who used a therapeutic shower and those who used a bathtub during labor. Pain levels were measured using a visual analog scale (VAS). Labor duration, use of epidural analgesia, types of delivery, maternal outcomes (postpartum hemorrhage, perineal status, maternal hypotension, fever, and breastfeeding), and neonatal outcomes (APGAR scores, fetal heart rate, complications, and neonatal unit admissions) were recorded and analyzed. Results: Both the therapeutic shower and the bathtub effectively reduced pain perception, with the bathtub showing a greater reduction in VAS scores. The therapeutic shower group experienced a significantly shorter labor duration compared to the bathtub group. The majority of participants in both groups did not require epidural analgesia, with no significant differences between the groups. There were no significant differences in the types of delivery. Maternal outcomes indicated a lower incidence of perineal tears and episiotomies in the therapeutic shower group. Neonatal outcomes, including APGAR scores and fetal heart rate, were similar between the groups, with no significant differences in complications or neonatal unit admissions. Conclusions: Both therapeutic showers and bathtubs are effective for pain relief during labor, with the bathtub showing a higher reduction in pain intensity. The therapeutic shower is associated with a shorter labor duration and a lower incidence of perineal tears and episiotomies. Both methods are safe for neonatal well-being, making hydrotherapy a viable non-pharmacological option for pain management in labor. However, the therapeutic shower may offer additional benefits in terms of labor duration and maternal outcomes.

Atherogenic Index as a Cardiovascular Biomarker in Mexican Workers from Marginalized Urban Areas Occupationally Exposed to Metals.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide. The etiology of CVD is often associated with multiple risk factors, with environmental factors receiving considerable attention. Individuals with precarious jobs are among the groups most affected by chronic exposure to environmental pollutants. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate occupational exposure to heavy metals among individuals in precarious job settings and investigate atherogenic indices as biomarkers of cardiovascular risk. METHODS: A total of 137 workers participated in this cross-sectional study conducted in three work environments in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Urine and blood samples were collected to assess metal exposure and biochemical profiles, including atherogenic indices. RESULTS: The results showed that workers in the brick sector exhibited the highest levels of metal exposure, particularly arsenic (44.06 µg/L), followed by stonecutters and garbage collectors (24.7 and 16.9 µg/L, respectively). Similarly, Castelli risk index (CRI) and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were higher in brickmakers (3.883 and 0.499) compared to stonecutters (3.285 and 0.386) and garbage collectors (3.329 and 0.367). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of exposure to heavy metals was observed in the three populations, in addition to the fact that individuals with greater exposure to arsenic also exhibited higher CRI and AIP.

Microplastics: challenges of assessment in biological samples and their implication for in vitro and in vivo effects.

Microplastics (MPs) have attracted global interest because they have been recognized as emerging pollutants that require urgent attention. MPs are plastic particles with a size between 1 micron and 5 mm (1 µm-5mm); those measuring less than 1 µm are known as nanoplastics (NPs). MP is distributed in the environment in various physical forms that depend on the degradation process, the erosion factors to which it was subjected, or the original form in which it was intentionally manufactured. Humans may be exposed to these pollutants mainly by ingestion or inhalation, which could adversely affect human health with effects that are still unknown due to limitations that are often dependent on their analytical determination and lack of studies over time, as it is a relatively new topic. Therefore, this review focuses on the challenges currently faced by laboratories for determining MPs in different matrices. We highlight the application of methods and techniques to assess the precise levels of exposure to MPs in biological samples. In addition, exposure pathways, sources, and evidence of adverse effects reported in vitro and in vivo studies are described to generate knowledge about their potential threat to human health.

Integral definition and conceptual model of mental health: Proposal from a systematic review of different paradigms.

Global society presents a mental health scenario characterized by the prevalence of mental disorders and the limited existence of formal care services. Faced with such a context, it is necessary to review what is understood and done in favor of mental health. This implies, in the first instance, analyzing the concept of mental health from a comprehensive approach that takes into account different perspectives from the social and natural sciences, related factors, and care options. Therefore, the present work aimed to propose an integral definition and a conceptual model of mental health based on the Systematic Literature Review, with the PRISMA approach, of the theoretical frameworks of 52 articles related to mental health published up to February 2022. A qualitative approach was used, with a Grounded Theory design, which allowed comparing different paradigms and identifying gaps in conceptual notions to build an explanatory model of mental health. The results showed three dominant paradigms that circumscribe the concept of mental health. Mental health is understood as the absence of illness, positive mental health, and a state of equilibrium. In addition, the need to propose a definition that integrates these dominant paradigms was mainly identified, and that would allow a broader understanding of the state of equilibrium as the basic process through which the individual must pass in the search for personal recovery. From the comparative analysis of the categories designated according to the Grounded Theory approach, an explanatory model was proposed to define mental health as the internal process of self-care, centered on the self-awareness and self-regulation of the human being, in which the person seeks to balance their feelings, thoughts, and behaviors, intrapersonal and interpersonal ones, to approach an optimal state of wellbeing and absence of mental disorders according to universal values and symptoms, and biological, social, psychological, and environmental factors.

The interplay between exposure to PAHs and MTHFR C677T polymorphism on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in Mexican women.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Environmental and genetic factors are recognized as risk determinants in the onset and development of CVDs. However, the interaction between both factors on CVDs risk is not still completely clarified. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the interaction between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure (gene-environment interaction) on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in Mexican women. A cross-sectional study was completed with the participation of 390 healthy women. For all enrolled women, anthropometric measurements, serum biochemical analyses, atherogenic indexes, and serum concentrations of biomolecules used as CVD risk biomarkers were obtained. 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was measured in urine, as an exposure biomarker of PAHs. The mean urinary level of 1-OHP in the assessed population was 1.23 ± 1.40 µmol/mol creatinine. The allelic frequency (MTHFR C677T polymorphism) identified in the registered individuals was 68.0% for the mutant allele (T-allele). Significant positive associations were detected between urinary 1-OHP levels and serum asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) concentrations (p < 0.05) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) values (p < 0.05). Also, women with the TT genotype of the MTHFR C677T enzyme have the highest serum ADMA levels (p < 0.05) and AIP values (p < 0.05) compared to women grouped as CC genotype and CT genotype. Besides, the findings in this study suggest an interaction between environmental (PAHs exposure) and genetic (MTHFR C677T polymorphism) factors on cardiovascular risk markers (ADMA and AIP). According to the usefulness of AIP and ADMA, an increased cardiovascular risk is notable in highly exposed individuals to PAHs with the polymorphic genotype (TT) of the MTHFR enzyme. Therefore, intervention programs in the target communities are required to diminish the cardiovascular risk of the assessed individuals.

Competences of specialist nurses and advanced practice nurses. / Competencias en enfermeras Especialistas y en Enfermeras de Práctica Avanzada.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the distribution of advanced competences in specialist nurses and advanced practice nurses and to evaluate their association with some characteristics of their professional profile. METHOD: Multicentre analytical cross-sectional study. Nurses who worked as advanced practice nurses and specialist nurses were included. Their level of perceived advanced competences was measured, as well as sociodemographic and professional characterization variables. RESULTS: A total of 277 nurses participated (149 practised as advanced practice nurses and 128 as specialists), with an average of 13.88 (11.05) years as a specialist and 10.48 (5.32) years as an advanced practice nurse. In the sample, 28.8% had a master's or doctorate level qualification, 50.2% worked in Primary Care, 24.9% in hospitals and 22.7% in Mental Health. The self-perceived global level was high in the different competences, the lowest dimensions being research, evidence-based practice, quality and safety management and leadership and consulting. The advanced practice nurses obtained a higher level of competence globally and in the dimensions of leadership and consulting, interprofessional relations, care management, and health promotion. There were no differences based on experience or possession of a master's degree or doctorate. In the advanced practice nurses, the practice context did not influence competence levels, although in the specialist nurses it did, in favour of those practicing in Mental Health. CONCLUSIONS: Specialist and advanced practice nurses have different competences that should be adequately managed for the development of advanced and specialist nursing services.

Atención médica en el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19. Hospital Pediátrico Universitario de Cienfuegos, 2021-2022

Fundamento: la pandemia de COVID-19 tensó enormemente los servicios de salud en el mundo entero y Cuba no fue una excepción. Aunque la proporción de casos confirmados en niños fue menor, es necesaria la descripción de la atención médica a este sector de la población. Objetivo: describir la organización de los servicios médicos y morbilidad hospitalaria durante la COVID-19, de enero 2021 a febrero 2022, en el pediátrico de Cienfuegos. Métodos: estudio descriptivo realizado en el Hospital Pediátrico de Cienfuegos sobre la atención médica a niños, durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Se analizaron las variables número de casos, edad, sintomatología, casos ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos, egreso. Resultados: fueron ingresados 2758 pacientes confirmados de COVID-19; los meses de junio a septiembre aportaron el mayor número de casos, con agosto como más representativo con 46,4 %. Cienfuegos y Cumanayagua fueron los municipios con más casos; predominaron los menores de cinco años (88,3 %) fundamentalmente los menores de un año (49,2 %). La presentación clínica asintomática fue preponderante y sintomatología leve. Requirieron cuidados intensivos el 1,1 % del total y la letalidad fue de 0,04 %. El enfrentamiento a la enfermedad tuvo un carácter intersectorial; el cumplimiento de los protocolos y guías se dieron en un contexto donde primó la reorganización de los servicios y la gestión del conocimiento. Conclusiones: la atención médica oportuna y encaminada a alcanzar el mayor detalle científico asistencial, acompañado de una continua gestión del conocimiento para su adherencia permitió que la mayoría de los niños con COVID-19 egresaran de manera satisfactoria.

Foundation: the COVID-19 pandemic greatly strained health services throughout the world and Cuba was no exception. Although the proportion of confirmed cases in children was lower, it is necessary to describe the medical care provided to this sector of the population. Objective: to describe the medical services organization and hospital morbidity during COVID-19, from January 2021 to February 2022, at the Cienfuegos pediatric hospital. Methods: descriptive study carried out at the Cienfuegos Pediatric Hospital on medical care for children, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The variables number of cases, age, symptomatology, cases admitted to intensive care units, and discharge were analyzed. Results: 2758 confirmed COVID-19 patients were admitted; from June to September contributed to the greatest number of cases, with August as the most representative with 46.4%. Cienfuegos and Cumanayagua were the municipalities with the most cases; there was a predominance of children under five years of age (88.3%), mainly those under one year of age (49.2%). The asymptomatic clinical presentation was preponderant and mild symptoms. 1.1% of the total required intensive care and the lethality was 0.04%. The confrontation with the disease had an intersectoral character; compliance with the protocols and guidelines occurred in a context where the reorganization of services and knowledge management prevailed. Conclusions: timely medical care aimed at achieving the greatest scientific care detail, accompanied by continuous knowledge management, allowed most children with COVID-19 to be discharged satisfactorily.

Atención al niño con bronquiolitis: consideraciones clínico-terapéuticas generales

RESUMEN La bronquiolitis aguda supone una importante demanda asistencial, no sólo en el ámbito de la atención primaria, sino también a nivel hospitalario, con grandes requerimientos de asistencia en el área de urgencias e importante número de ingresos en época epidémica, lo que ocasiona grandes costos económicos. Se presentan consideraciones generales, elaboradas por consenso, que resaltan los aspectos clínico-terapéuticos de la enfermedad y facilitarán el manejo de esta afección a nivel primario y hospitalario.

ABSTRACT Acute bronchiolitis represents a significant demand for care, not only in primary care, but also at the hospital level, with high assistance requirements in the emergency area and a significant number of admissions in epidemic times, which causes great economic costs . General considerations, drawn up by consensus, are presented that highlight the clinical-therapeutic aspects of the disease and will facilitate the management of this condition at the primary and hospital level.

Factores asociados a las infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos

Introducción: Las infecciones asociadas con la asistencia sanitaria representan un grave problema de salud e impacto económico, elementos que conducen a un aumento en el número de días estancia, agrava el pronóstico del paciente grave y condiciona costo familiar y social. Objetivo: Determinar los principales factores de riesgo asociados a las infecciones relacionadas con la atención médica en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico, tipo casos y controles en la sala de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario "Paquito González Cueto" en pacientes con infecciones relacionadas con los servicios sanitarios, desde enero 2018 a diciembre 2020. Resultados: Predominaron los menores de 4 años fundamentalmente el grupo de 1-4 años con riesgo 2,1 veces mayor para las infecciones con ligero predominio del sexo masculino, prevalecieron los normopesos 31,6 % que presentaron algún déficit nutricional por defecto, con un riesgo de infección de 7,2 veces para desnutridos; 48,3 % de los pacientes tenían un factor intrínseco asociado. Las enfermedades neurológicas crónicas, oncoproliferativas e inmunodeficiencias fueron las más representativas; el uso previo de antibióticos, cateterismo y estadía hospitalaria prolongada fueron los factores extrínsecos que predominaron, con riesgo significativo en casi la totalidad de los pacientes. Conclusiones: Existe asociación con riesgo elevado de infección en niños menores de 4 años, con déficit nutricional por defecto; factores intrínsecos como las enfermedades crónicas con predominio de las neurológicas y factores de riesgo extrínsecos significativos en su mayoría. Esto permite dirigir las estrategias de mejora para disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad.

Introduction: Infections associated with healthcare represent a serious health problem and an economic impact, elements that lead to an increase in the number of days/stay, worsen the prognosis of the seriously ill patient and conditions family and social cost. Objective: To determine the main risk factors associated with healthcare-related infections in the intensive care unit. Methods: Observational, analytical, case-control type study in the intensive care unit of "Paquito González Cueto" University Pediatric Hospital in patients with infections related to health services, from January 2018 to December 2020. Results: Children under 4 years of age predominated, mainly the group of 1-4 years with a 2.1 times higher risk for infections, with a slight predominance of the male sex, the normal weight prevailed (31.6%) who presented some nutritional deficit by default, with a risk of infection of 7.2 times for malnourished; 48.3% of the patients had an associated intrinsic factor. Chronic neurological, onco-proliferative and immunodeficiencies diseases were the most representative; the previous use of antibiotics, catheterization and prolonged hospital stay were the extrinsic factors that predominated, with significant risk in almost all patients. Conclusions: There is an association with an elevated risk of infection in children under 4 years of age, with nutritional deficit by default; intrinsic factors such as chronic diseases with a predominance of neurological diseases and significant extrinsic risk factors. This makes it possible to direct improvement strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Infectious Agents in Childhood Leukemia.

Acute leukemia is the most common pediatric cancer, representing one-third of all cancers that occurs in under 15 year olds, with a varied incidence worldwide. Although a number of advances have increased the knowledge of leukemia pathophysiology, its etiology remains less well understood. The role of infectious agents, such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites, in the pathogenesis of leukemia has been discussed. To date, several cellular mechanisms involving infectious agents have been proposed to cause leukemia following infections. However, although leukemia can be triggered by contact with such agents, they can also be beneficial in developing immune stimulation and protection despite the risk of leukemic clones. In this review, we analyze the proposed hypotheses concerning how infectious agents may play a role in the origin and development of leukemia, as well as in a possible mechanism of protection following infections. We review reported clinical observations associated with vaccination or breastfeeding, that support hypotheses such as early life exposure and the resulting early immune stimulation that lead to protection.

Adolescentes con diabetes mellitus tipo I y sus conocimientos sobre la enfermedad / Adolescents with Type I Diabetes Mellitus and their Knowledge about the Disease

RESUMEN Fundamento: la diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad endocrino-metabólica que se caracteriza por elevados niveles de glucosa en sangre que se produce como consecuencia de una deficiente secreción o acción de la insulina. Constituye un problema creciente de salud. Objetivo: identificar qué conocimientos tienen los adolescentes que padecen de diabetes mellitus tipo I en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Paquito González Cueto de Cienfuegos. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con una muestra de 42 adolescentes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo I que tienen seguimiento en consulta de endocrinología del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario de Cienfuegos. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, nivel de escolaridad, tiempo de diagnóstico de la enfermedad y conocimientos relacionados con la diabetes mellitus. Para la obtención de la información fue diseñado un cuestionario el cual fue previamente validado. Resultados: el 71,4 % de los pacientes respondieron correctamente el concepto de la enfermedad. El grupo de 14 a 16 años de edad fue el más representado con 20 pacientes. En cuanto a los síntomas fueron señalados correctos más del 60 %. El nivel de escolaridad predominante fue secundaria básica y el 83,3 % fueron evaluados de bien. Los adolescentes de 1 a 2 años de diagnóstico obtuvieron una evaluación satisfactoria 7 (58,3 %). Conclusiones: el mayor número de pacientes estuvo entre los 14 y los 16 años. Existieron dificultades en la identificación de los síntomas de descompensación, así como en el tratamiento dietético. El mayor número de pacientes estudiados obtuvo una evaluación satisfactoria.

ABSTRACT Background: diabetes mellitus is an endocrine-metabolic disease characterized by high levels of glucose in blood that occurs due to a deficient secretion or action of insulin. It is a growing health problem. Objective: to identify what knowledge adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus have at the Paquito González Cueto Cienfuegos University Pediatric Hospital. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with 42 adolescents diagnosed with type I diabetes mellitus who are followed up in the endocrinology clinic of the Cienfuegos University Pediatric Hospital. The variables analyzed were: age, level of education, time of diagnosis of the disease and knowledge related to diabetes mellitus. A previously validated questionnaire was designed to obtain information. Results: the 30 (71.4 %) patient they answered the concept of the disease correctly. The group of 14 was 16 elderly years the most represented of 20 patients. They were marked as to the symptoms correct over the 60 %. The level of prevailing scholarship was secondary basic and they were the 83.3 % evaluated of good. The teens with 1 to 2 years of diagnosis obtained a satisfactory evaluation 7 (58.3 %). Conclusions: the largest number of patients was between 14 and 16 years old. There were difficulties in identifying decompensating symptoms, as well as in dietary treatment. The largest number of patients studied obtained a satisfactory evaluation.

Caracterización clínico epidemiológica de pacientes en edad pediátrica ingresados en centros de aislamiento de Cienfuegos / Clinical-epidemiological characterization of pediatric patients admitted to isolation centers of Cienfuegos province

Introducción: La población pediátrica no ha sido las más vulnerable a laCOVID-19. La vigilancia epidemiológica estricta y las estrategias tomadas, permiten identificar y realizar análisis clínico epidemiológico en esta población. Objetivo: Caracterizar desde la óptica clínica y epidemiológica a pacientes pediátricos ingresados en centros de aislamiento. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal en 316 infantes sospechosos de contactos de personas con COVID-19, edades entre 1 y 18 años e ingresados en los centros de aislamiento de Cienfuegos, desde el 11 de marzo al 30 de junio de 2020.Las variables: edad, sexo, casos sospechosos o contactos, mes de ingreso, sintomatología clínica y casos confirmados. Los datos se expresaron en valores absolutos y relativos. Resultados: Fueron sospechosos 36,7 por ciento niños, 63,3 por ciento contactos; 96,9 por ciento fueron remitidos desde sus áreas de salud. Solo 5 (1,6 por ciento) niños fueron confirmados con la enfermedad y todos tuvieron evolución favorable. Predominaron las edades de 5 a 9 años y de 15 a 18 años con 24,4 y 24,7 por ciento, respectivamente, sin diferencia de género;64,9 por ciento fueron asintomáticos. Los síntomas clínicos más frecuentes fueron: tos (56,8 por ciento) y fiebre (55,9 por ciento). Solo 9 (8,1 por ciento)con dificultad respiratoria. Conclusiones: La enfermedad en la población pediátrica de la provincia Cienfuegos no constituye un problema de salud por el bajo porcentaje de niños confirmados con la enfermedad en los centros de aislamiento. Se reafirma que una de las formas de transmisión es de hombre a hombre y es el aislamiento fundamental para el control y diagnóstico(AU)

Introduction: The pediatric population has not been the most vulnerable to COVID-19. Strict epidemiological surveillance and the strategies taken, allow to identify and perform a clinical-epidemiological analysis in this population. Objective: Characterize from the clinical and epidemiological points of view pediatric patients admitted to isolation centers. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study of 316 infants who were suspected cases or contacts of people with COVID-19, in ages from 1 to 18 years and who were admitted to the isolation centers of Cienfuegos province, from March 11 to June 30, 2020. The variables used were: age, sex, suspected cases or contacts, month of admission, clinical symptomatology, and confirmed cases. The data were expressed in absolute and relative values. Results: 36.7 percent children, and 63.3 percent contacts were suspected; 96.9 percent were referred from their health areas. Only 5 (1.6 percent) children were confirmed with the disease and all had favorable evolution. The ages from 5 to 9 and from 15 to 18 years predominated with 24.4 percent and 24.7 percent, respectively, without gender difference; 64.9 percent were asymptomatic. The most common clinical symptoms were: cough (56.8 percent) and fever (55.9 percent). Only 9 patients (8.1 percent) had respiratory distress. Conclusions: This disease in the pediatric population of Cienfuegos province is not a health problem because of the low percentage of children confirmed with the COVID-19 in isolation centers. It is confirmed that one of the forms of transmission is person-to-person and isolation is vital for control and diagnosis(AU)

La prevención del daño renal crónico: una prioridad desde la niñez / Prevention of the Renal Chronic Damage: a Priority from Childhood

RESUMEN Fundamento: la enfermedad renal crónica en los niños se ha convertido en un serio problema de salud pública, implica un elevado riesgo de mortalidad que aumenta con los años, su reconocimiento precoz permite actuar sobre los factores de riesgo y prevenir su progresión a estadios terminales. Objetivo: describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas de la enfermedad renal crónica en los niños atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Paquito González Cueto de Cienfuegos en el periodo 2018-2020. Métodos se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, de serie de casos en los pacientes diagnosticados de enfermedad renal crónica en los últimos 3 años, con un universo de 260 pacientes. Se analizaron variables clínicas y epidemiológicas. Para el análisis de los resultados se utilizó el programa SPSS 15,0 el cual permitió el procesamiento, el análisis estadístico y la confección de las tablas de salida. Resultados: fueron atendidos 260 pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica. El sexo masculino fue el más afectado (59,2 %); el grupo etáreo que predominó fue el de 5 a 14 años (43,9 %); el 92,3 % de los pacientes se encontró en el estadio I de la enfermedad; el factor de riesgo mayormente asociado y las causas más frecuentes fueron las malformaciones congénitas (75 %), siendo el reflujo vesico-ureteral el que afectó un mayor número de pacientes (53,3 %); el 61,8 % de los pacientes con glomerulopatías presentaron una enfermedad por daño mínimo. El 42,6 % fueron asintomáticos. Conclusiones la enfermedad renal crónica es una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad que ha ido en aumento en los últimos años en la edad pediátrica siendo las malformaciones congénitas del aparato genitourinario su principal causa, la detección precoz del riesgo evita su progresión.

ABSTRACT Background: chronic kidney disease in children has become a serious public health problem, it implies a high risk of mortality that increases over the years, its early recognition allows to act on risk factors and prevent their progression to terminal stages. Objective: to describe the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of chronic kidney disease in children treated at the Paquito González Cueto Cienfuegos Pediatric University Hospital in the period 2018-2020. Methods: a retrospective descriptive study was carried out, a series of cases in patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease in the last 3 years, with a universe of 260 patients. Clinical and epidemiological variables were analyzed. For the analysis of the results, the SPSS 15.0 program was used, which allowed the processing, statistical analysis and preparation of the output tables. Results: 260 patients with chronic kidney disease were treated. The male sex was the most affected (59.2 %); the age group that predominated was that of 5 to 14 years (43.9 %); 92.3 % of the patients were found in stage I of the disease; the most associated risk factor and the most frequent causes were congenital malformations (75 %), being vesico-ureteral reflux the one that affected a greater number of patients (53.3 %); 61.8 % of the patients with glomerulopathies had minimal damage disease 42,6 % were asymptomatic. Conclusions: chronic kidney disease is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality that has been increasing in recent years in pediatric age, with congenital malformations of the genitourinary system being its main cause; early detection of risk prevents its progression.

Liquen escleroso atrófico con vitiligo en pediatría / Lichen Sclerosus Atrophicus with Vitiligo in Pediatrics

RESUMEN Fundamento: el liquen escleroso es una dermatosis inflamatoria crónica de la piel y semimucosas. Afecta principalmente la vulva y la región perianal, la localización extragenital vista entre un 15 y un 20 % de los casos es rara en la infancia. Objetivo: describir una serie de 8 pacientes en edad pediátrica con padecimiento de liquen escleroso en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Paquito González Cueto de Cienfuegos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de serie de casos de 8 pacientes seguidos en consulta externa de dermatología del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Paquito González Cueto de Cienfuegos. La información se extrajo de las historias clínicas de los pacientes. Se tuvo en cuenta la edad expresada en años, sexo, raza, afectación genital, tiempo de evolución en años, síntomas asociados, otras enfermedades asociadas: vitiligo, dermatomiositis, esclerodermia, lupus eritematoso, tipo de lesiones, morfea, fenómeno de koebner y el tratamiento. Resultados: se describieron 8 casos todos en pacientes pediátricos con edad media de 8 años y de evolución de 3,1 años, predominó el sexo femenino, el 37,5 % de la serie presentaron lesiones extragenitales y vitiligo en el 62,5 %, hubo retraso diagnóstico en un paciente. Conclusiones: el liquen escleroso es una patología que afecta la calidad de vida de los pacientes, su posible repercusión sexual, urinaria y su potencial riesgo de carcinoma epinocelular, por lo que se hace necesario realizar un diagnóstico oportuno de este padecimiento.

ABSTRACT Background: lichen sclerosus is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis of the skin and semi-mucous membranes. It mainly affects the vulva and the perianal region, the extragenital location seen between 15 and 20 % of cases, is rare in childhood. Objective: to describe 8 pediatric patients with lichen sclerosus at the Paquito González Cueto Cienfuegos University Pediatric Hospital. Methods: a descriptive, retrospective study of 8 patients followed in the dermatology outpatient clinic of the Paquito González Cueto University Pediatric Hospital in Cienfuegos was carried out. The information was extracted from the medical records of the patients. Age expressed in years, sex, race, genital involvement, evolution time in years, associated symptoms, other associated diseases were taken into account: vitiligo, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, lupus erythematosus, type of lesions, morphea, koebner and treatment. Results: 8 cases were described, all in pediatric patients with a mean age of 8 years and an evolution of 3.1 years, predominantly female, 37.5 % of the series had extragenital lesions and vitiligo 62.5 %, there were diagnostic delay in a patient. Conclusions: lichen sclerosus is a pathology that affects the quality of life of patients, its possible sexual and urinary repercussions and its potential risk of epinocellular carcinoma, for which it is necessary to make a timely diagnosis.

Características clínicas, epidemiológicas y terapéuticas de los pacientes que ingresan por crisis de asma bronquial / Clinical, Epidemiological and Therapeutic Characteristics of Patients Admitted for a Bronchial Asthma Attack

RESUMEN Fundamento: el asma bronquial es una de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles más prevalentes en la infancia, en su evolución presenta crisis desencadenadas por múltiples factores, relacionados al huésped y a factores ambientales. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y terapéuticas de las crisis de asma bronquial en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Paquito González Cueto de Cienfuegos, durante los años 2015 y 2016. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y correlacional sobre una serie de casos en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Paquito González Cueto de Cienfuegos en el periodo comprendido desde el 1ero de enero 2015 hasta el 31 diciembre del 2016 en el que fueron incluidos los pacientes que egresaron con el diagnóstico de crisis de asma bronquial. Los datos fueron obtenidos de la historia clínica de los pacientes. Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, color de la piel, clasificación de la enfermedad asmática, severidad de la crisis en el ingreso y forma de distribución del medicamento. Se aplicaron los procedimientos de la estadística descriptiva como son la determinación de la frecuencia de ocurrencia y los porcientos. Resultados: el grupo etáreo más afectado fue el menor de 3 años (35,8 %), con ligero predominio del sexo masculino (55 %) y el color de piel blanca (57 %), el mayor número de ingreso correspondió a los meses de alza epidémica, predominó la forma leve persistente (53,6 %) y las crisis moderadas (94,6 %), 64,4 % no tenía tratamiento de control. Conclusiones: la mayor parte de los pacientes recibieron un tratamiento inadecuado para la crisis en cuerpo de guardia y la sala, además el tratamiento de control fue inadecuado en casi la mitad de los pacientes o inexistente.

ABSTRACT Background: bronchial asthma is the prevalent chronic non-communicable disease in childhood, in its evolution it presents crises triggered by multiple factors, related to the host and the environment. Objective: to describe the clinical, epidemiological and therapeutic characteristics of bronchial asthma crises at the Paquito González Cueto University Pediatric Hospital in Cienfuegos, during 2015 and 2016. Method: a descriptive, and correlational study was carried out on a series of cases at the Paquito González Cueto University Pediatric Hospital in Cienfuegos in the period from January 1st, 2015 to December 31st 2016, in which were included the patients who leave with the diagnosis of a bronchial asthma crisis. The data were obtained from the clinical history of the patients. The variables were analyzed: age, sex, skin color, classification of the asthmatic disease, severity of the crisis on admission, and form of drug distribution. Descriptive statistics procedures were applied, such as the determination of the frequency of occurrence and the percentages. Results: the most affected age group was under 3 years old (35.8 %), with a slight predominance of males (55 %) and white skin color (57 %), the highest number of admission corresponded to the months of epidemic rise, the minor persistent form (53.6 %) and the moderate seizures (94.6 %) predominated, the 64.4 % had no control treatment. Conclusions: most of the patients received inadequate treatment for the crisis in the emergency room and the ward; in addition, the control treatment was inadequate or non-existent in almost half of the patients.

Mastocitosis solitaria en pediatría. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Solitary Mastocytoma in Pediatrics. Case Report and Literature Review

RESUMEN El mastocitoma es una genodermatosis de etiología desconocida, por lo que se incluye en el grupo de enfermedades raras o pocos frecuentes; aparece generalmente en la infancia o al momento de nacer. Se caracteriza por acumulación local o sistémica de células cebadas, lo que origina la aparición de lesiones cutáneas persistentes, pigmentadas y muy pruriginosas con compromiso exclusivo de la piel, se presenta generalmente como una lesión única en el cuello, el tronco, los brazos y las piernas. Las características típicas son las de un nódulo color marrón rojizo o amarillento, de consistencia gomosa, la superficie con aspecto de piel de naranja y signo de Darier. Se presenta el caso de un lactante de 4 meses de edad con un diagnóstico de mastocitoma solitario con signo de Darier. Se realiza este reporte por la baja frecuencia de esta patología en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Paquito González Cueto de Cienfuegos. Actualmente el paciente se mantiene con seguimiento por consulta de dermatología, con tratamiento antihistamínico y estabilizador de mastocitos.

ABSTRACT The mastocytoma is a genodermatosis of unknown etiology, so it is included in the group of rare or uncommon diseases; it usually appears in childhood or at birth. It is characterized by local or systemic accumulation of primed cells, which causes the appearance of persistent, pigmented and very itchy skin lesions with exclusive skin involvement, usually presents as a single lesion in the neck, trunk, arms and legs. Typical features are that of a reddish-brown or yellowish brown nodule, of gummy consistency, the surface looks like orange peel, and Darier's sign. The case of a 4-month-old infant with a diagnosis of solitary mastocytoma with Darier's sign is presented. This report is made due to the low frequency of this disease at the Paquito González Cueto de Cienfuegos University Pediatric Hospital. Currently the patient is monitored by dermatology specialists, with antihistamine treatment and mast cell stabilizer.

Caracterización de pacientes con fibrosis quística en consulta multidisciplinaria / Characterization of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis in Multidisciplinary Consultation

RESUMEN Fundamento: la fibrosis quística es un trastorno hereditario multisistémico en niños y adultos, caracterizado por obstrucción e infección en las vías respiratorias y por síntomas y signos del aparato digestivo con sus consecuencias. Objetivo: caracterizar a los pacientes con fibrosis quística de la provincia Cienfuegos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo transversal en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Paquito González Cueto de Cienfuegos en la consulta de fibrosis quística, desde el 1 de enero hasta el 31 de diciembre del 2018. Se agrupó a los pacientes atendiendo a las siguientes variables: edad, sexo y municipio de procedencia, las manifestaciones clínicas que sugirieron el diagnóstico, edad de presentación y la edad al diagnóstico, presencia de manifestaciones digestivas, gérmenes aislados en los estudios microbiológicos, mutaciones encontradas en los pacientes con fibrosis quística. Para el procesamiento de los datos numéricos se utilizaron técnicas de estadística descriptiva. El sistema estadístico utilizado fue SPSS 11.5 sobre Windows. Resultados: se observa mayor número de enfermos con más de 18 años (33 %). El sexo femenino predominó con 8 pacientes (66,6 %), y de pacientes mestizos con un 66,6 %. El mayor número de pacientes 4, eran del municipio Cienfuegos (33,3 %). Se observó que en 8 de los pacientes los primeros síntomas se presentaron en el primer año de vida. De las manifestaciones clínicas la insuficiencia pancreática estuvo en la totalidad de los pacientes. Se aisló Psedomonaaeruginosa. Entre los antibióticos más usados están la cirofloxacina, azitromicina, tobramicina inhalada. Conclusiones: la fibrosis quística en Cienfuegos se comporta como enfermedad con iguales características clínico-epidemiológicas al resto del mundo con relación al el inicio de la patología, el sexo predominante, el comienzo de la enfermedad, las principales manifestaciones clínicas y los gérmenes más frecuentes en los aislamientos.

ABSTRACT Foundation: cystic fibrosis is a multisystemic inherited disorder in children and adults, characterized by obstruction and infection in the respiratory tract and by symptoms and signs of the digestive system with its consequences. Objective: to characterize patients with cystic fibrosis in the province of Cienfuegos. Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out at the Paquito González Cueto de Cienfuegos University Pediatric Hospital in the cystic fibrosis consultation, from January 1 to December 31, 2018. Patients were group according to the following variables: age, sex and municipality of origin, the clinical manifestations that suggested the diagnosis, age of presentation and the age at diagnosis, presence of digestive manifestations, germs isolated in microbiological studies, mutations found in patients with cystic fibrosis. For the processing of numerical data descriptive statistics techniques were used. Results: a greater number of patients with more than 18 years (33 %) was observed, 8 patients (66.6 %) and the mestizos predominated with 66.6 %. The largest number of patients was from Cienfuegos 4 municipality (33.3 %). It was observed that in 8 of the patients the first symptoms appeared in the first year of life. Regarding clinical manifestations, pancreatic insufficiency was present in all the patients. Psedomonaaeruginosa was isolated. Conclusions: cystic fibrosis in Cienfuegos behaves as a disease similarly to the rest of the world with clinical-epidemiological characteristics such as: onset of pathology, predominant sex, onset of the disease, main clinical manifestations and the most frequent isolated germs.