RESUMEN
Here we determined the relative expression of HERV-K and W proviruses in HIV infected and non-infected mothers as well as their respective babies up to 1 year-old. HIV-infected mothers, their babies and uninfected control groups presented expression of both HERV-K and HERV-W with relatively high frequency. While the level of HERV-K expression was similar among groups, the level of HERV-W expression in HIV-infected mothers was four-fold higher than the uninfected mothers from the control group (p < 0.01). HERV-W was down regulated in HIV-exposed babies in comparison to non-exposed babies. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HERV transcriptional activity in babies from 0-1 year-old.
Asunto(s)
Retrovirus Endógenos/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Infecciones por VIH/virología , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades del Recién Nacido/virología , Adulto , Retrovirus Endógenos/clasificación , Retrovirus Endógenos/genética , Femenino , VIH-1/clasificación , VIH-1/genética , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Masculino , Transcripción GenéticaRESUMEN
The immunogenicity and tolerability of hepatitis A virus vaccine was evaluated in a group of 32 children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and 27 children with seroreversion. After 2 doses of vaccine, 100% of children experienced seroconversion with good toleration of the vaccine. There were no differences in variation of virus load between immunized HIV-positive children and a group of 31 nonimmunized HIV-positive children with similar characteristics.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Anticuerpos de Hepatitis A/biosíntesis , Vacunas contra la Hepatitis A/inmunología , Tolerancia Inmunológica , Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa , Niño , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Anticuerpos de Hepatitis A/sangre , Vacunas contra la Hepatitis A/administración & dosificación , HumanosRESUMEN
Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) appears to be transmitted mainly by sexual contact. However, several studies suggest that in developing countries the infection may be acquired early in life by routes other than sexual transmission. The present study estimated the seroprevalence of HHV-8 in Brazilian children born to HIV-1-infected mothers. The serum samples were collected in a cross-sectional cohort study from 99 children born to HIV-infected mothers (median age 3.27 years; range 1.5-13.8 years) attending the outpatient clinic of the Federal University of Sao Paulo. IgG antibodies to HHV-8 latency-associated nuclear antigen and lytic phase antigens were detected by immunofluorescence assays. The samples tested were collected from children aged 12 months or older to exclude the possibility of cross-placental antibody transport. The total prevalence of anti-lytic antibodies in this population (5/99; 5%) reveals that HHV-8 infection can occur during childhood. Children aged 1.5 to 2 years had a seroprevalence of 2% (1/50) and children aged 3.25 to 13.8 years had a seroprevalence of 8% (4/49). This difference was not statistically significant, probably because of the small size of the sample, but it suggests that HHV-8 infection occurs more commonly late in infancy. Further prospective studies are necessary to evaluate the timing and risk factors for primary HHV-8 infection in the pediatric population.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , VIH-1/inmunología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/epidemiología , Herpesvirus Humano 8/inmunología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/virología , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente Directa , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH/sangre , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/transmisión , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/virología , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Lactante , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Masculino , EmbarazoRESUMEN
This experiment was carried out to study the bioacaricidal activity of Neoglaziovia variegata against engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The mortality and fecundity of groups of engorged adult females exposed to different concentrations of ethanol, hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts obtained from the leaves and aerial parts of N. variegata were evaluated, using three treatments with concentrations of 5, 10 e 25 mg/ml; two controls (distilled water and distilled water with drops of cremophor); with three replicates. The hexane extract of the leaves demonstrated significant results, presenting 94.1% inhibition of oviposition; 0.33% the average percentage of eclosion of eggs; and 99.8% of effectiveness. These results indicate N. variegata, particularly the hexane extract of leaves, as potential alternative control agents of R. (B.) microplus. Pharmacological and chemical studies are continuing in order to characterize the mechanism responsible for this effect.
Asunto(s)
Acaricidas , Bromeliaceae/química , Extractos Vegetales , Rhipicephalus , Animales , Femenino , Hojas de la Planta/químicaRESUMEN
The objective of this work was to report the tomographic findings in five cases of intrathoracic textilomas. The CT scans of five patients presenting with textilomas after being submitted to thoracotomy for myocardial revascularisation were reviewed retrospectively. Two chest radiologists studied the scans independently, and decisions concerning the CT findings were made by consensus. In each of the five cases, the imaging findings were similar and showed lesions resembling an extrapulmonary mass and well-defined contours situated at the marginal posterior pleural surface. In four of the five cases, a low-density centre and peripheral rim-like enhancement were observed after administration of contrast media. The suspicion of textiloma should be raised when a patient with a history of previous myocardial revascularisation surgery presents with an extrapulmonary mass in close contact with the posterior pleural surface.
Asunto(s)
Cuerpos Extraños/diagnóstico por imagen , Granuloma de Cuerpo Extraño/diagnóstico por imagen , Revascularización Miocárdica , Cavidad Pleural/diagnóstico por imagen , Biopsia con Aguja Fina , Medios de Contraste , Tos/etiología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Cuerpos Extraños/patología , Granuloma de Cuerpo Extraño/patología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cavidad Pleural/patología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tapones Quirúrgicos de Gaza , Toracotomía , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
The immune consequences of in utero HIV exposure to uninfected children whose mothers were submitted to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during gestation are not well defined. We evaluated 45 HIV-exposed uninfected (ENI) neonates and 45 healthy unexposed control (CT) neonates. All HIV-infected mothers received HAART during pregnancy, and the viral load at delivery was <50 copies/mL for 56.8%. Twenty-three ENI neonates were further evaluated after 12 months and compared to 23 unexposed healthy age-matched infants. Immunophenotyping was performed by flow cytometry in cord and peripheral blood. Cord blood lymphocyte numbers did not differ between groups. However, ENI neonates had a lower percentage of naive T cells than CT neonates (CD4+, 76.6 vs 83.1%, P < 0.001; CD8+, 70.9 vs 79.6%, P = 0.003) and higher percentages of central memory T cells than CT neonates (CD4+, 13.9 vs 8.7%, P < 0.001; CD8+, 8.6 vs 4.8%, P = 0.001). CD38 mean fluorescence intensity of T cells was higher in ENI neonates (CD4+, 62.2 vs 52.1, P = 0.007; CD8+, 47.7 vs 35.3, P < 0.001). At 12 months, ENI infants still had higher mean fluorescence intensity of CD38 on T cells (CD4+, 34.2 vs 23.3, P < 0.001; CD8+, 26.8 vs 19.4, P = 0.035). Despite effective maternal virologic control at delivery, HIV-exposed uninfected children were born with lower levels of naive T cells. Immune activation was present at birth and remained until at least 12 months of age, suggesting that in utero exposure to HIV causes subtle immune abnormalities.
Asunto(s)
Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , VIH-1/inmunología , Memoria Inmunológica/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Sangre Fetal , Citometría de Flujo , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Humanos , Memoria Inmunológica/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunofenotipificación , Lactante , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Masculino , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/inmunología , Carga Viral , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To review recent knowledge about Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in children to help pediatricians provide care for these patients.METHOD: We reviewed the most recent papers about pathogenesis, prognostic markers and treatment of the HIV- infected child.RESULTS: We present the main HIV features that may interfere in the pathogenesis of this syndrome and that should be taken into consideration when the antiretroviral therapy starts.CONCLUSIONS: Viral replication in children is very intense, and the persistence of high levels of viral load may be a sign of immunological immaturity. Viral load measurement and CD4+ lymphocytes count are important markers of the disease progression. At least two drugs should be administered as antiretroviral therapy, which should aim at reducing the viral load to undetectable levels. This will slow down the progression of the disease and the emergence of resistant viral strains.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Recent reports of variant (non-subtype B) HIV infections in US populations have raised concerns about the sensitivity of subtype B virus-based donor screening and diagnostic assays. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of HIV subtypes in US blood donors over the last two decades. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Three groups were studied: hemophiliacs infected by clotting factor concentrates in the early 1980s (n = 49), blood donors retrospectively identified as being seropositive in 1985 (n = 97), and blood donors identified as seropositive between 1993 and 1996 (n = 405). Subtype assignment was based primarily on heteroduplex mobility analysis (HMA) of HIV-1 env, with DNA sequence confirmation of selected specimens. HIV peptide-based EIA serotyping was used to rule out HIV-2 and group O infections and to serotype HMA-refractory specimens. RESULTS: Of 551 specimens, 535 (97%) were assigned subtypes; 532 (99%) of these were subtype B. Three postscreening donations (1%) were assigned non-B subtypes (2 A, 1 C). Two of these three donors were born in Africa; the third was born in the United States and reported no risk factors other than heterosexual activity. HMA distribution plots showed an increase in env diversity among HIV-1 group B strains over time. CONCLUSION: The results support the need for continued surveillance of HIV subtype diversity and ongoing validation of the sensitivity of HIV diagnostic assays to non-B subtype infections.
Asunto(s)
Donantes de Sangre , VIH-1/genética , Vigilancia de la Población , Variación Genética , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
The immune consequences of in utero HIV exposure to uninfected children whose mothers were submitted to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during gestation are not well defined. We evaluated 45 HIV-exposed uninfected (ENI) neonates and 45 healthy unexposed control (CT) neonates. All HIV-infected mothers received HAART during pregnancy, and the viral load at delivery was <50 copies/mL for 56.8 percent. Twenty-three ENI neonates were further evaluated after 12 months and compared to 23 unexposed healthy age-matched infants. Immunophenotyping was performed by flow cytometry in cord and peripheral blood. Cord blood lymphocyte numbers did not differ between groups. However, ENI neonates had a lower percentage of naive T cells than CT neonates (CD4+, 76.6 vs 83.1 percent, P < 0.001; CD8+, 70.9 vs 79.6 percent, P = 0.003) and higher percentages of central memory T cells than CT neonates (CD4+, 13.9 vs 8.7 percent, P < 0.001; CD8+, 8.6 vs 4.8 percent, P = 0.001). CD38 mean fluorescence intensity of T cells was higher in ENI neonates (CD4+, 62.2 vs 52.1, P = 0.007; CD8+, 47.7 vs 35.3, P < 0.001). At 12 months, ENI infants still had higher mean fluorescence intensity of CD38 on T cells (CD4+, 34.2 vs 23.3, P < 0.001; CD8+, 26.8 vs 19.4, P = 0.035). Despite effective maternal virologic control at delivery, HIV-exposed uninfected children were born with lower levels of naive T cells. Immune activation was present at birth and remained until at least 12 months of age, suggesting that in utero exposure to HIV causes subtle immune abnormalities.
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Embarazo , Adulto Joven , Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , VIH-1 , Memoria Inmunológica/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Sangre Fetal , Citometría de Flujo , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Inmunofenotipificación , Memoria Inmunológica/efectos de los fármacos , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/inmunología , Carga Viral , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) appears to be transmitted mainly by sexual contact. However, several studies suggest that in developing countries the infection may be acquired early in life by routes other than sexual transmission. The present study estimated the seroprevalence of HHV-8 in Brazilian children born to HIV-1-infected mothers. The serum samples were collected in a cross-sectional cohort study from 99 children born to HIV-infected mothers (median age 3.27 years; range 1.5-13.8 years) attending the outpatient clinic of the Federal University of São Paulo. IgG antibodies to HHV-8 latency-associated nuclear antigen and lytic phase antigens were detected by immunofluorescence assays. The samples tested were collected from children aged 12 months or older to exclude the possibility of cross-placental antibody transport. The total prevalence of anti-lytic antibodies in this population (5/99; 5 percent) reveals that HHV-8 infection can occur during childhood. Children aged 1.5 to 2 years had a seroprevalence of 2 percent (1/50) and children aged 3.25 to 13.8 years had a seroprevalence of 8 percent (4/49). This difference was not statistically significant, probably because of the small size of the sample, but it suggests that HHV-8 infection occurs more commonly late in infancy. Further prospective studies are necessary to evaluate the timing and risk factors for primary HHV-8 infection in the pediatric population.