Comparative analysis of the fatty acid profiles in goat milk during different lactation periods and their interactions with volatile compounds and metabolites.

This study aimed to compare the composition of fatty acids in goat milk during lactation with human milk, as well as analyze the differences in their interaction with odor and metabolites. Polyunsaturated fatty acids content was higher in human milk, while odd-chain, branched-chain, and monounsaturated fatty acids content were higher in goat milk with a decreasing trend during lactation. PUFAs in human milk undergo auto-oxidation to produce aldehydes (hexanal), giving it a mild aroma. Butyric acid in goat colostrum mediates the synthesis and auto-oxidation of PUFA, while taurine mediated the hydrolysis of amino acids. They produce a furanone compound (2(5H)-furanone) with a buttery flavor. The presence of butyric acid in goat transitional milk had an impact on flavor and metabolites. The medium chain fatty acid composition of the goat mature milk was affected by nucleic acid compounds, which then oxidized to produce methyl ketone (2-nonanone), giving it an unpleasant flavor.

The role of age-related sleep EEG changes in memory decline: experiments and computational modeling.

The slow oscillation (SO) observed during deep sleep is known to facilitate memory consolidation. However, the impact of age-related changes in sleep electroencephalography (EEG) oscillations and memory remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the contribution of age-related changes in sleep SO and its role in memory decline by combining EEG recordings and computational modeling. Based on the detected SO events, we found that older adults exhibit lower SO density, lower SO frequency, and longer Up and Down state durations during N3 sleep compared to young and middle-aged groups. Using a biophysically detailed thalamocortical network model, we simulated the "aged" brain as a partial loss of synaptic connections between neurons in the cortex. Our simulations showed that the changes in sleep SO properties in the "aged" brain, similar to those observed in older adults, resulting in impaired memory consolidation. Overall, this study provides mechanistic insights into how age-related changes modulate sleep SOs and memory decline.Clinical Relevance- This study contributes towards finding feasible biomarkers and target mechanism for designing therapy in older adults with memory deficits, such as Alzheimer's disease patients.