The Association Between State Characteristics and Latinx People's Treated Hypertension in Established and New Latinx Destination States: A Multilevel Analysis.

This study sought to quantify the contributions of state-level factors including income inequality, state's legislature political control, and Medicaid expansion in new and established Latinx destination states on Latinx individuals' treated hypertension. Mixed-effects logistic regression analyses were conducted to analyze 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 7524 Latinx adults nested within 39 states. Overall, 70% reported being pharmacologically treated for hypertension, and 66% resided in established destination states. Compared with Latinx people in established destination states, Latinx people in new destinations had lower odds of having treated hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.54-0.95). Within established Latinx destinations, the odds of treated hypertension were lower in states where legislatures expanded Medicaid than in states that did not expand Medicaid (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.79-0.89). However, after controlling for the effects of individual-level factors, this association was no longer statistically significant. In new Latinx destination states, Medicaid expansion, legislatures' political control, and income inequality were not associated with treated hypertension. The study results highlight the importance of considering both individual- and state-level factors, as the interplay of such factors could hinder the successful implementation of cardiovascular risk reduction interventions.

Building Leadership, Capacity, and Power to Advance Health Equity and Justice through Community-Engaged Research in the Midwest.

The Health Equity Advancement Lab (HEAL) at the University of Iowa College of Public Health began in 2012 to support students, researchers, and community members interested in tackling persistent health inequities through a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach. Using concepts from critical consciousness theory, we developed an approach to building students', faculty members', and community partners' capacity to engage in CBPR to promote health equity that involved immersion in developing CBPR projects. Our paper describes the evolution of HEAL as a facilitating structure that provides a support network and engages diverse stakeholders in critical reflection as they participate in research to advance health equity, and resulting political efficacy and social action. We describe one HEAL-affiliated research project that employs a CBPR approach and has a strong focus on providing transformative learning experiences for students, faculty, and community members. We highlight challenges, successes, and lessons learned in the application of critical consciousness as a framework that engages diverse academic and community partners seeking to promote health equity. We argue that critical consciousness is a relevant theoretical framework to promote transformative learning among students, faculty, and community partners to promote health equity research in diverse communities.

Acculturative stress, mental health symptoms, and the role of salivary inflammatory markers among a Latino sample.

OBJECTIVES: Exposure to psychosocial stressors is associated with increases in adverse mental health outcomes and inflammatory markers. Limited research has investigated if acculturative stress, related to cultural adaptation in Latinos, one of the fastest growing minority groups in the United States, follows a similar pattern. This study hypothesized that acculturative stress would be associated with increased mental health symptoms as well as increases in salivary inflammatory markers. In addition, it was hypothesized that higher levels of salivary inflammatory markers would mediate the pathways between acculturative stress and mental health symptoms. The ability of salivary inflammatory markers to moderate the relationship between acculturative stress and mental health symptoms was also tested. METHOD: One hundred and fifty-four Latino participants were recruited from a local university. Participants completed measures of acculturative stress, perceived stress, state/trait anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Saliva samples measured C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-1ß. RESULTS: Acculturative stress was significantly associated with increases in perceived stress, state/trait anxiety and depressive symptoms. Salivary inflammatory markers did not mediate the relationship between acculturative stress and mental health symptoms. Alternatively, CRP, but not IL-1ß, moderated the relationship between acculturative stress and state anxiety, such that when salivary CRP levels were low, there was a positive association between acculturative stress and state anxiety symptoms. DISCUSSION: Results suggests that the interplay between acculturative stress and salivary inflammation might indicate risk for anxiety in vulnerable populations. (PsycINFO Database Record

The maintenance of mexican traditional medicine practices among mexicans in southern Arizona.

Mexicans in the United States have been reported to maintain practices of Mexican traditional medicine at comparably higher rates than most other populations, including other Latino sub-groups. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the pre- and post-migration traditional medicine practices of first-generation immigrants from Mexico living in southern Arizona. Our objective was to assess how migration affected Mexican immigrants' ethnomedical practices and to better understand the mechanisms and motivating factors for the post-migration maintenance of practice. We designed a survey instrument based off prior qualitative data on traditional medicine practices and translated it into Spanish. The survey measured the rates and frequency of six domains of lay healing practices: herbal medicine, healing foods, self-medication with over-the-counter medicine, and three types of specialty healers (curandero/a, and sobador/a, or partero/a), and asked questions about knowledge sources, reasons for maintaining practice post-migration, and to what extent participants believed the remedies were effective. The research team fielded the telephone-based survey from April 2022 to February 2023 to 300 first-generation adult Mexican immigrants residing in southern Arizona. A series of proportions tests were conducted to examine differences in reliance on lay healing pre- and post-migration as well as to assess differences between women's and men's lay practices. The data indicate a general, but moderated decline in lay medical practices post-migration, with the usage of expert healers declining at much higher rates than the three self-care domains. Women tend to use herbal medicine and healing foods at higher rates than men post-migration. This cross-sectional quantitative study confirms prior research indicating that traditional medicine practices are heavily relied upon by Mexican origin people both pre- and post-migration. These findings suggest that public health messaging and medical providers should better address and harness Mexican immigrants' lay medical practices in order to optimize health in this population.

Salud sin Fronteras: Identifying Determinants of Frequency of Healthcare Use among Mexican immigrants in Southern Arizona.

BACKGROUND: Guided by Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use (BMHSU), this study aimed to identify determinants of post-migration healthcare use among a sample of Mexican immigrants in a US-Mexico border region in Southern Arizona, while considering pre-migration health and healthcare experiences. METHODS: A non-probabilistic convenience sample of 300 adult Mexican immigrants completed a telephone survey to assess healthcare practices. Multivariable logistic regressions were fitted to determine adjusted relationships between frequency of care and predisposing, enabling, need, and contextual factors as well as personal health practices. RESULTS: Overall, participants had a 79% probability of receiving healthcare "at least once a year" after migrating to Southern Arizona. Receiving post-migration healthcare was associated with predisposing, enabling, need, contextual factors, and personal health practices (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: Consistent with BMHSU, our findings suggest that frequency of healthcare is not only a function of having post-migration health insurance but is also shaped by a complex array of other factors. The results of this study shed light onto potential areas to be leveraged by multifactorial sociocultural interventions to increase Mexican immigrants' frequency of healthcare services use.

Identifying the Social Determinants of Treated Hypertension in New and Established Latino Destination States.

Little is known about the influence of social and environmental contexts on Latino hypertension-related disparities. This study examined the influence of social determinants of cardiovascular health on medically treated hypertension, contrasting established vs. new Latino destination states. Logistic regression models were fitted to analyze 2017 Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance Survey data from 8,999 Latinos. Overall, 70.4% indicated having treated hypertension. History of diabetes (OR = 2.60) and access to healthcare (OR = 2.38) were associated with treated hypertension, regardless of destination state. In established destinations, Latinos who graduated high school (OR = 1.19) or attended college (OR = 1.32) had higher odds of treated hypertension; whereas those who completed college were less likely to have treated hypertension (OR = 0.80). In contrast, in both new and non-destination states, the odds of treated hypertension were consistently lower across levels of educational attainment. Results highlight the need for cardiovascular-risk reduction interventions to incorporate the social and environmental context in the development process.

The association between perceived stress, acculturation, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Mexican-origin adults in Southern Arizona.

Although available evidence indicates that Mexican-origin (MO) adults experience unique stressful life events, little is known about how stress may influence risk for developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) for this high-risk group. This study investigated the association between perceived stress and NAFLD and explored how this relationship varied by acculturation levels. In a cross-sectional study, a total of 307 MO adults from a community-based sample in the U.S-Mexico Southern Arizona border region completed self-reported measures of perceived stress and acculturation. NAFLD was identified as having a continuous attenuation parameter (CAP) score of ≥ 288 dB/m determined by FibroScan®. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for NAFLD. The prevalence of NAFLD was 50 % (n = 155). Overall, perceived stress was high (Mean = 15.9) for the total sample. There were no differences by NAFLD status (No NAFLD: Mean = 16.6; NAFLD: Mean = 15.3; p = 0.11). Neither perceived stress nor acculturation were associated with NAFLD status. However, the association between perceived stress and NAFLD was moderated by acculturation levels. Specifically with each point increase in perceived stress, the odds of having NAFLD were 5.5 % higher for MO adults with an Anglo orientation and 1.2 % higher for bicultural MO adults. In contrast, the odds of NAFLD for MO adults with a Mexican cultural orientation were 9.3 % lower with each point increase in perceived stress. In conclusion, results highlight the need for additional efforts to fully understand the pathways through which stress and acculturation may influence the prevalence of NAFLD in MO adults.

Communicating PNPLA3 genetic risk status for NAFLD among Mexican-origin men.

Introduction: The burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) continues to disproportionately impact under-resourced communities in the U.S., particularly Mexican-origin populations. Genetic polymorphisms such as the rs738409 C/G variant in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) have been associated with higher prevalence of and progression along the NAFLD spectrum. This qualitative study conducted in the U.S. Southwest aimed to assess Mexican-origin men's experience receiving genetic testing for PNPLA3 risk carrier status. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 Mexican-origin men whose NAFLD status and genetic predisposition were determined as part of a previous cross-sectional study. The interview guide included questions exploring participants' insights on how genetic risk status was delivered, how the information influenced their motivation for lifestyle modification to reduce NAFLD risk, and any knowledge sharing that occurred with family members after learning of their PNPLA3 risk status. Interviews were conducted and audio recorded in English (n = 6) and Spanish (n = 11) and uploaded into NVivo software for data analysis and interpretation. Guided by the Health Belief Model, a thematic analysis approach was used to identify primary themes. Results: Results highlighted men's preference for receiving this type of genetic risk information through a letter sent to their homes. General comprehension of PNPLA3 risk status was deemed high and most men stated sharing their genetic predisposition to NAFLD with their immediate family members. Participants also indicated that family and awareness of this genetic risk acted as primary motivators for implementing behavior changes (e.g., diet, physical activity) toward the prevention of more severe liver conditions. Discussion: Findings from this qualitative study suggest the feasibility of communicating genetic risk for NAFLD among Mexican-origin men. Future strategies for the dissemination of genetic risk results among Mexican-origin individuals should consider familial and cultural appropriate strategies.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) temporally related to COVID-19: the experience at a pediatric reference hospital in Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and the different phenotypes of children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) temporally related to COVID-19 and to evaluate the risk conditions that favored a greater severity of the disease during a 12-month period at a pediatric reference hospital in Colombia. METHODS: A 12-month retrospective observational study of children under the age of 18 years who met criteria for MIS-C. RESULTS: A total of 28 children presented MIS-C criteria. The median age was 7 years. Other than fever (100%) (onset 4 days prior to admission), the most frequent clinical features were gastrointestinal (86%) and mucocutaneous (61%). Notably, 14 (50%) children had Kawasaki-like symptoms. The most frequent echocardiographic abnormalities were pericardial effusion (64%), valvular involvement (68%), ventricular dysfunction (39%), and coronary artery abnormalities (29%). In addition, 75% had lymphopenia. All had at least one abnormal coagulation test. Most received intravenous immunoglobulin (89%), glucocorticoids (82%), vasopressors (54%), and antibiotics (64%). Notably, 61% had a more severe form of the disease and were admitted to an intensive care unit (median 4 days, mean 6 days); the severity predictors were patients with the inflammatory/MIS-C phenotype (OR 26.5; 95%CI 1.40-503.7; p=0.029) and rash (OR 14.7; 95%CI 1.2-178.7; p=0.034). Two patients had macrophage activation syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary artery abnormalities, ventricular dysfunction, and intensive care unit admission were frequent, which needs to highlight the importance of early clinical suspicion.

Assessing the impact of dispositional resistance to change on organizational attraction.

In recent years there has been an increasing interest among researchers and practitioners to analyze what makes a firm attractive in the eyes of university students, and if individual differences such as personality traits have an impact on this general affect towards a particular organization. The main goal of the present research is to demonstrate that a recently conceptualized narrow trait of personality named dispositional resistance to change (RTC), that is, the inherent tendency of individuals to avoid and oppose changes (Oreg, 2003), can predict organizational attraction of university students to firms that are perceived as innovative or conservative. Three complementary studies were carried out using a total sample of 443 college students from Mexico. In addition to validating the hypotheses, our findings suggest that as the formation of the images of organizations in students' minds is done through social cognitions, simple stimuli such as physical artifacts, when used in an isolated manner, do not have a significant impact on organizational attraction.

PxdA interacts with the DipA phosphatase to regulate peroxisome hitchhiking on early endosomes.

In canonical microtubule-based transport, adaptor proteins link cargoes to dynein and kinesin motors. Recently, an alternative mode of transport known as "hitchhiking" was discovered, where cargoes achieve motility by hitching a ride on already-motile cargoes, rather than attaching to a motor protein. Hitchhiking has been best studied in two filamentous fungi, Aspergillus nidulans and Ustilago maydis. In U. maydis, ribonucleoprotein complexes, peroxisomes, lipid droplets (LDs), and endoplasmic reticulum hitchhike on early endosomes (EEs). In A. nidulans, peroxisomes hitchhike using a putative molecular linker, peroxisome distribution mutant A (PxdA), which associates with EEs. However, whether other organelles use PxdA to hitchhike on EEs is unclear, as are the molecular mechanisms that regulate hitchhiking. Here we find that the proper distribution of LDs, mitochondria, and preautophagosomes do not require PxdA, suggesting that PxdA is a peroxisome-specific molecular linker. We identify two new pxdA alleles, including a point mutation (R2044P) that disrupts PxdA's ability to associate with EEs and reduces peroxisome movement. We also identify a novel regulator of peroxisome hitchhiking, the phosphatase DipA. DipA colocalizes with EEs and its association with EEs relies on PxdA. Together, our data suggest that PxdA and the DipA phosphatase are specific regulators of peroxisome hitchhiking on EEs.

Cytoplasmic dynein-1 cargo diversity is mediated by the combinatorial assembly of FTS-Hook-FHIP complexes.

In eukaryotic cells, intracellular components are organized by the microtubule motors cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) and kinesins, which are linked to cargos via adaptor proteins. While ~40 kinesins transport cargo toward the plus end of microtubules, a single dynein moves cargo in the opposite direction. How dynein transports a wide variety of cargos remains an open question. The FTS-Hook-FHIP ('FHF') cargo adaptor complex links dynein to cargo in humans and fungi. As human cells have three Hooks and four FHIP proteins, we hypothesized that the combinatorial assembly of different Hook and FHIP proteins could underlie dynein cargo diversity. Using proteomic approaches, we determine the protein 'interactome' of each FHIP protein. Live-cell imaging and biochemical approaches show that different FHF complexes associate with distinct motile cargos. These complexes also move with dynein and its cofactor dynactin in single-molecule in vitro reconstitution assays. Complexes composed of FTS, FHIP1B, and Hook1/Hook3 colocalize with Rab5-tagged early endosomes via a direct interaction between FHIP1B and GTP-bound Rab5. In contrast, complexes composed of FTS, FHIP2A, and Hook2 colocalize with Rab1A-tagged ER-to-Golgi cargos and FHIP2A is involved in the motility of Rab1A tubules. Our findings suggest that combinatorial assembly of different FTS-Hook-FHIP complexes is one mechanism dynein uses to achieve cargo specificity.

Recommendations on the management of adult patients with rheumatic diseases in the context of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 infection. Colombian Association of Rheumatology. / Recomendaciones sobre el manejo de pacientes adultos con enfermedades reumáticas en el contexto de la infección por SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Asociación Colombiana de Reumatología.

OBJECTIVE: To produce recommendations for patients with rheumatological diseases receiving immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapies (conventional drugs, biologicals, and small molecules) during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The recommendations were determined using the Delphi method as an agreement tool. A panel of experts was formed, with academic backgrounds and research experience in rheumatology. A literature search was conducted and 42 questions were generated. The level of agreement was made with 80% of approval by the participants. RESULTS: A group of eleven rheumatologists from 7 cities in the country participated. The response rate was 100% for the three consultation rounds. In the first round, agreement was reached on 35 questions, on 37 in the second round, and on 42 questions in the third round. CONCLUSION: The recommendation for the majority of the pharmacological treatments used in rheumatology is to continue with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive therapies in patients who do not have the infection, and to suspend it in patients with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.

Active Ottumwa: Adapting Evidence-Based Recommendations to Promote Physical Activity in a Micropolitan New Destination Community.

Background: Evidence-based interventions have been developed and tested to promote physical activity, but fewer studies have focused on identifying effective intervention strategies for mid-size rural communities, especially new immigrant destinations. We report here on the design and implementation of Active Ottumwa, a community-wide intervention using a lay health advisor approach to increase physical activity in a micropolitan new destination community in the rural state of Iowa. Methods: The Active Ottumwa study is part of a community-academic partnership in Ottumwa, IA. Evidence-based strategies recommended by the Community Guide for Preventive Services guided study implementation and included behavioral and social, campaign and informational, and environmental and policy approaches. Evaluation methods for this study are multi-faceted and include a cross-sectional community survey, longitudinal cohort assessment, observational data, key informant interviews, and project records. Results: We are currently in our second year of intervention implementation, with 45 lay health advisors (termed physical activity leaders here) trained to carry out behavioral and social intervention approaches, including walking groups, tai chi, and yoga. We have completed a communication and informational campaign utilizing five channels. Our longitudinal cohort has been recruited, with baseline and 12-month data collection completed. Conclusions: This study will assess the effectiveness and impact of a community-wide intervention to support physical activity.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) temporally related to COVID-19: the experience at a pediatric reference hospital in Colombia / Síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica em criança associada à COVID-19: experiência em um hospital pediátrico de referência na Colômbia

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and the different phenotypes of children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) temporally related to COVID-19 and to evaluate the risk conditions that favored a greater severity of the disease during a 12-month period at a pediatric reference hospital in Colombia. Methods: A 12-month retrospective observational study of children under the age of 18 years who met criteria for MIS-C. Results: A total of 28 children presented MIS-C criteria. The median age was 7 years. Other than fever (100%) (onset 4 days prior to admission), the most frequent clinical features were gastrointestinal (86%) and mucocutaneous (61%). Notably, 14 (50%) children had Kawasaki-like symptoms. The most frequent echocardiographic abnormalities were pericardial effusion (64%), valvular involvement (68%), ventricular dysfunction (39%), and coronary artery abnormalities (29%). In addition, 75% had lymphopenia. All had at least one abnormal coagulation test. Most received intravenous immunoglobulin (89%), glucocorticoids (82%), vasopressors (54%), and antibiotics (64%). Notably, 61% had a more severe form of the disease and were admitted to an intensive care unit (median 4 days, mean 6 days); the severity predictors were patients with the inflammatory/MIS-C phenotype (OR 26.5; 95%CI 1.40-503.7; p=0.029) and rash (OR 14.7; 95%CI 1.2-178.7; p=0.034). Two patients had macrophage activation syndrome. Conclusions: Coronary artery abnormalities, ventricular dysfunction, and intensive care unit admission were frequent, which needs to highlight the importance of early clinical suspicion.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever as características clínicas e os diferentes fenótipos de crianças com síndrome inflamatória multissistêmica na criança temporalmente relacionada com a COVID-19 (do inglês multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children — MIS-C) e avaliar as condições de risco que favorecem a maior gravidade da doença durante um período de 12 meses em um hospital pediátrico de referência na Colômbia. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 12 meses de observação de crianças menores de 18 anos que cumprem os critérios para o MIS-C. Resultados: Vinte e oito crianças foram apresentadas com os critérios do MIS-C. A idade média era de sete anos, e 54% eram do sexo masculino. Para além da febre (100%) (com início quatro dias antes da admissão), as características clínicas mais frequentes eram gastrointestinais (86%) e mucocutâneas (61%). Quatorze crianças (50%) apresentavam sintomas semelhantes aos de Kawasaki. As anomalias ecocardiográficas mais frequentes foram derrame pericárdico (64%), envolvimento valvar (68%), disfunção ventricular (39%) e anomalias coronárias (29%). Tinham linfopenia 75% das crianças. Todas tinham algum teste de coagulação anormal. A maioria recebeu imunoglobulina intravenosa (89%), glucocorticoides (82%), vasopressores (54%) e antibióticos (64%). Tiveram envolvimento mais grave 61% dos pacientes, que precisaram ser internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (mediana de quatro dias, média de seis dias); os preditores de gravidade foram pacientes com fenótipo inflamatório/ MIS-C (odds ratio — OR 26,5; intervalo de confiança — IC95% 1,4-503,7; p=0,029) e erupção cutânea (OR 14,7; IC95% 1,2-178,7; p=0,034). Dois pacientes (7%) apresentavam síndrome de ativação macrofágica. Conclusões: Alteração da artéria coronária, disfunção ventricular e internação na unidade de terapia intensiva foram frequentes, o que nos alerta sobre a importância da suspeita clínica precoce.

Racial/ethnic differences in trends in heroin use and heroin-related risk behaviors among nonmedical prescription opioid users.

BACKGROUND: This study examines changing patterns of past-year heroin use and heroin-related risk behaviors among individuals with nonmedical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO) by racial/ethnic groups in the United States. METHODS: We used data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) from 2002 to 2005 and 2008 to 2011, resulting in a total sample of N = 448,597. RESULTS: Past-year heroin use increased among individuals with NMUPO and increases varied by frequency of past year NMUPO and race/ethnicity. Those with NMUPO in the 2008-2011 period had almost twice the odds of heroin use as those with NMUPO in the 2002-2005 period (OR = 1.89, 95%CI: 1.50, 2.39), with higher increases in non-Hispanic (NH) Whites and Hispanics. In 2008-2011, the risk of past year heroin use, ever injecting heroin, past-year heroin abuse or dependence, and the perception of availability of heroin increased as the frequency of NMUPO increased across respondents of all race/ethnicities. CONCLUSION: Individuals with NMUPO, particularly non-Hispanic Whites, are at high risk of heroin use and heroin-related risk behaviors. These results suggest that frequent nonmedical users of prescription opioids, regardless of race/ethnicity, should be the focus of novel public health efforts to prevent and mitigate the harms of heroin use.

Recomendaciones sobre el manejo de pacientes adultos con enfermedades reumáticas en el contexto de la infección por SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Asociación Colombiana de Reumatología / Recommendations on the management of adult patients with rheumatic diseases in the context of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 infection. Colombian Association of Rheumatology

RESUMEN Objetivo: Generar las recomendaciones para la atención de pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas que reciben terapias inmunomoduladoras e inmunosupresoras (fármacos convencionales, biológicos y moléculas pequeñas) durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Las recomendaciones se realizaron utilizando el método Delphi como herramienta de acuerdo. Se conformó un panel de expertos con trayectoria académica y experiencia en investigación en reumatología. Se realizó la búsqueda de la literatura y se generó el cuestionario del ejercicio Delphi conformado por 42 preguntas. El grado de acuerdo se logró con el 80% de aprobación de los participantes. Resultados: Se conformó un grupo de 11 reumatólogos de 7 ciudades del país. La tasa de respuesta fue del 100% para las 3 rondas de consulta. En la primera ronda se logró acuerdo en 35 preguntas, en la segunda ronda 37 y en la tercera ronda se logró el acuerdo de las 42 preguntas. Conclusión: La recomendación para la mayoría de los tratamientos inmunomoduladores utilizados en reumatología es continuar con las terapias en pacientes que no tengan la infección y suspenderlas en aquellos con diagnóstico de SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Objective: To produce recommendations for patients with rheumatological diseases receiving immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapies (conventional drugs, biologicals, and small molecules) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: The recommendations were determined using the Delphi method as an agreement tool. A panel of experts was formed, with academic backgrounds and research experience in rheumatology. A literature search was conducted and 42 questions were generated. The level of agreement was made with 80% of approval by the participants. Results: A group of eleven rheumatologists from 7 cities in the country participated. The response rate was 100% for the three consultation rounds. In the first round, agreement was reached on 35 questions, on 37 in the second round, and on 42 questions in the third round. Conclusion: The recommendation for the majority of the pharmacological treatments used in rheumatology is to continue with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive therapies in patients who do not have the infection, and to suspend it in patients with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.

Nueva técnica difásica en tubo para el diagnóstico de estrongiloidiasis / New diffasic tube technique for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis

Se realizó un estudio de enteroparásitos en una población indígena, a través del cual se propuso un nuevo procedimiento de diagnóstico para estrongiloidiasis, técnica difásica en tubo (TDT), con el objeto de compararla con la de agar en placa (Arakaki). La metodología consistió en análisis de muestras fecales de 50 individuos mediante examen al fresco, técnica de concentración de Ritchie, técnica de agar en placa y la TDT aquí propuesta. Se obtuvo una prevalencia parasitaria y poliparasitismo elevados, con 94% y 70% respectivamente. Blastocystis spp. (chromista) prevaleció, seguido de Giardia intestinalis, entre los protozoarios, mientras entre los helmintos predominaron los geohelmitos, encabezados por Trichuris trichiura y Strongyloides stercoralis. La sensibilidad y especificidad de la TDT fue 75% y 66,7 %, respectivamente, a las 24 horas de lectura, aislándose la especie 1,5 veces más sobre la técnica tradicional, y de 85,71% y 16,67% a las 48 horas, recuperándose el nemátode 1,6 veces más, mostrando una mayor sensibilidad. No se reportaron casos de estrongiloidiasis a través del examen al fresco, ni por la técnica de Ritchie. Se concluye que la TDT, es más eficaz para diagnóstico de la especie S. stercoralis, tanto a las 24 como a las 48 horas de lectura.

A study of enteroparasites in an indigenous population was carried out, through which a new diagnostic procedure for strongyloidiasis, diphasic technique in tube (DTT), was proposed, in order to compare it with plaque agar (Arakaki). The methodology consisted in the analysis of fecal samples of 50 individuals by means of a fresh test, Ritchie concentration technique, plate agar technique and the DTT proposed here. A high parasitic prevalence and poliparasitism was obtained, with 94% and 70% respectively. Blastocystis spp. (chromist) prevailed, followed by Giardia intestinalis, among the protozoa, while among the helminths the geohelmities predominated, headed by Trichuris trichiura and Strongyloides stercoralis. The sensitivity and specificity of DTT was 75% and 66.7%, respectively, at 24 hours of reading, the species being isolated 1.5 times more on the traditional technique, and 85.71% and 16.67% at 48 hours, recovering the nematode 1.6 times more, showing greater sensitivity. No cases of strongyloidiasis were reported through the fresh examination, nor by the Ritchie technique. It is concluded that DTT, is more effective for diagnosis of the species S. stercoralis, both at 24 and at 48 hours of reading.

Vasculitis primaria del sistema nervioso central en población pediátrica: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Childhood primary vasculitis of the central nervous system: Case report and literature review

RESUMEN La vasculitis primaria del sistema nervioso central es una enfermedad infrecuente que puede afectar a adultos y población pediátrica. Puede comprometer los vasos sanguíneos cerebrales tanto de mediano o gran calibre como los de pequeño calibre y estar asociada a procesos inflamatorios, infecciosos, tumorales o ser de origen idiopático. Describimos el caso de un adolescente con deterioro neurológico focal dado por hemiplejía derecha en quien se descartaron otras causas más frecuentes de isquemia cerebral, con diagnóstico final de vasculitis primaria del sistema nervioso central asociada a infección por virus de Epstein Barr.

ABSTRACT Primary angiitis of the central nervous system is an uncommon disease that may affect adults and the paediatric population. It can involve both the medium-large and small sized cerebral blood vessels, and can be associated with inflammatory, infectious, tumour processes, or of idiopathic origin. The case is presented of an adolescent with focal neurological impairment due to right hemiplegia, in whom other more frequent causes of cerebral ischaemia were ruled out. The final diagnosis was Epstein Barr virus associated with primary angiitis of the central nervous system.

Progresión de plasmocitoma óseo a mieloma múltiple y reporte de un caso / Progression of plasmacytoma of bone to multiple mieloma and a case report

El plasmocitoma óseo solitario y el mieloma múltiple son dos gammapatías monoclonales que pertenecen al mismo grupo de alteraciones neoplásicas de células plasmáticas. En ocasiones el plasmocitoma precede al mieloma. La localización esternal de un plasmocitoma es excepcional. Se reporta el caso de una persona de sexo masculino de 75 años, con dolor moderado en la región dorsal acompañado de disnea de medianos esfuerzos. La tomografía reveló lesiones osteolíticas localizadas en el tercio inferior del esternón, con características radiológicas de un plasmocitoma óseo solitario, además se observan lesiones en la 5ta. costilla izquierda y escápulas. La biopsia de médula ósea evidenció una plasmocitosis medular del 45 % y la inmunoelectroforesis, una concentración de 4210 mg/dl de Inmunoglobulina G. Se hace el diagnóstico de mieloma múltiple y se analizan las alteraciones que lo hicieron evolucionar hasta ese punto con el fin de tener presente la posibilidad de la evolución a mieloma múltiple en aquellos pacientes con plasmocitoma óseo. Se expone el siguiente caso con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes a través del diagnóstico oportuno del plasmocitoma óseo, logrando así evitar la evolución a mieloma múltiple, y resultar en una mayor supervivencia.

Solitary plasmacytoma of bone and multiple myeloma are two monoclonal gammapathies that belong to the same group of neoplastic alterations of plasma cells. The plasmacytoma occasionally precedes myeloma. The sternal location of plasmocytoma is rare. This is the case of a man aged 75 years, with moderate pain in the dorsal region and short of breath when making medium efforts. The axial tomography showed osteolytic lesions in the lower third of sternum with radiological characteristics of a solitary plasmocytoma of bone in addition to lesions in the 5th left rib and scapulas. The bone marrow biopsy revealed 45% medullary plasmocytosis whereas immunoelectrophoresis showed Ig G concentration of 4210 mg/dl. Multiple myeloma was diagnosed and an analysis was made on the alterations leading to this result, with the purpose of bearing in mind the possibility of progression to a multiple myeloma in those patients with plasmocytoma of bone. The following case was presented in order to improve the quality of life of patients through timely diagnosis of plasmocytoma of bone and to avoid progression to multiple myeloma, thus achieving higher survival rates.