Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children.

BACKGROUND: Persistent diarrhoea (diarrhoea lasting more than 14 days) accounts for one third of all diarrhoea related deaths in developing countries in some studies. Probiotics may help treatment. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS. We also contacted authors of included trials and organizations working in the field, and checked reference lists. The date of the most recent search was 13 December 2012 SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials comparing a specified probiotic agent with placebo or no probiotic in children with persistent diarrhoea. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors assessed the eligibility, risk of bias, extracted and analysed data. Differences were resolved by discussion. Statistical analysis were performed using the fixed-effect model and the results were expressed as mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: Four trials were included, with a total number of 464 participants; one trial had a low risk of bias. Meta-analysis showed that probiotics reduced the duration of persistent diarrhoea (mean difference 4.02 days, 95% CI 4.61 to 3.43 days, n = 324, two trials). Stool frequency was reduced with probiotics in two trials. One trial reported a shorter hospital stay, which was significant, but numbers were small. No adverse events were reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is limited evidence suggesting probiotics may be effective in treating persistent diarrhoea in children.

Immediate effects of a direct myofascial release technique on hip and cervical flexibility in inactive females with hamstring shortening: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Currently, greater background is required about the effectiveness of myofascial release (MFR) on muscle flexibility. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to determine the immediate effect of a direct MFR technique on hip and cervical flexibility in inactive females with hamstring shortening. METHOD: The sample group included 68 female university students, randomly divided into a control group (n = 34) and an experimental group (n = 34). A placebo technique was used with the control group, and direct MFR on the posterior thigh region was used with the experimental group. RESULTS: The mixed factorial ANOVA did not show significant intergroup differences (p > 0.05). In the experimental group, Bonferroni post hoc test showed significant intragroup differences between pre-test and post-test 1, as well as between pre-test and post-test 2 for the three ischiotibial muscle flexibility tests (p < 0.001). Cervical flexion range of motion showed significant differences between pre-test and post-test 1 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the protocol based on a single direct MFR intervention was no more effective than the placebo in improving flexibility both locally at the hamstring level and remotely at the level of the cervical extensor muscles. Future research should consider different MFR techniques on the immediate increase in muscle flexibility and the long-term effect of MFR, as well as consider different intervention groups.

Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children.

BACKGROUND: Persistent diarrhoea (diarrhoea lasting more than 14 days) accounts for one third of all diarrhoea related deaths in developing countries in some studies. Probiotics may help treatment. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children. SEARCH STRATEGY: In August 2010, we searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS. We also contacted authors of included trials and organizations working in the field, and checked reference lists. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials comparing a specified probiotic agent with placebo or no probiotic in children with persistent diarrhoea. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors assessed the eligibility, risk of bias, extracted and analysed data. Differences were resolved by discussion. Statistical analysis were performed using the fixed-effect model and the results were expressed as mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: Four trials were included, with a total number of 464 participants; one trial had a low risk of bias. Meta-analysis showed that probiotics reduced the duration of persistent diarrhoea (mean difference 4.02 days, 95% CI 4.61 to 3.43 days, n=324, 2 trials). Stool frequency was reduced with probiotics in two trials. One trial reported a shorter hospital stay, which was significant, but numbers were small. No adverse events were reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is limited evidence suggesting probiotics may be effective in treating persistent diarrhoea in children.

Efectos de 8 semanas de entrenamiento intervalado de alta intensidad sobre los niveles de glicemia basal, perfil antropométrico y VO 2 máx de jóvenes sedentarios con sobrepeso u obesidad.

Introducción: existe una alta prevalencia de sedentarismo, sobrepeso y obesidad en jóvenes universitarios. Objetivo: el propósito del estudio fue determinar los efectos de un programa de entrenamiento intervalado de alta intensidad (HIIT) sobre el perfil antropométrico, glicemia basal y VO 2 máx (consumo máximo de oxígeno) de jóvenes sedentarios con malnutrición por exceso. Material y métodos: 6 mujeres y 2 hombres (2 obesos y 6 con sobrepeso) se sometieron a un programa de entrenamiento de alta intensidad de 8 semanas de duración (3 sesiones/semana). Se evaluó en ayuno y posterior a 72 horas de la última intervención; peso, índice de masa corporal (IMC), contorno de cintura (CC), perímetro de cadera y glicemia de basal. El VO 2 máx fue evaluado en condiciones normales previo a la primera sesión. Resultados: las variables de estudio no presentaron cambios significativos (p > 0,05), pero reportaron disminuciones porcentuales. El peso disminuyó un 0,18%, el IMC un 0,27%, el CC 2,67%, el perímetro de cadera un 1,15%, y el VO 2 máx un 0,48%. La glicemia basal presentó la mayor disminución, pasó de 95,13 ± 23,91 a 89,88 ± 12,45 mg/dl (5,52%), estabilizando y mejorando sus niveles en cada uno de los participantes. Conclusiones: el programa de entrenamiento intervalado de alta intensidad fue factible de realizar sin resultados adversos para la salud de los participantes, la glicemia basal mostró la mayor variación, estabilizando sus valores en los participantes, lo que es un indicador positivo dentro del programa. Es necesario seguir investigando sobre esta metodología HIIT y aumentar los tiempos de estudio para ver los cambios que se pueden producir en distintos parámetros metabólicos, antropométricos y físicos en población con malnutrición por exceso.

Uncertainty of ozone measurements with the primary standard reference photometer (SRP45).

A comparison of the ozone primary reference standard photometer serial number 45 (SRP45) against the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) instruments, serial number 0 (SRP0) and 2 (SRP2), has been performed in order to establish the traceability and comparability of ozone measurements made by the Chilean atmospheric science community. A complete uncertainty budget was developed for SRP45, using a GUM approach. The results of the comparisons allow us to conclude that SRP45, SRP0 and SRP2 are comparable according to international criteria over an ozone mole fraction range of 0 nmol mol(-1) to at least 500 nmol mol(-1). The official result for the validation of SRP45 is x(ozone)(SRP45)=[0.013+0.99806x(ozone)(SRP2)] nmol mol(-1) with an expanded uncertainty of [Formula in text] from 0 to 500 nmol mol(-1).

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la infección respiratoria aguda grave por virus sincitial respiratorio en menores de 5 años

Objetivo: Comparar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la infección respiratoria aguda grave en menores de 5 años con y sin infección por virus sincitial respiratorio. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en una muestra de 65 casos y 65 controles en menores de 5 años con infección respiratoria aguda grave (IRAG) atendidos en el Hospital de Emergencias Pediátricas durante el año 2014. El diagnóstico de VSR se realizó a través del test de inmufluorescencia directa (IFD) en muestras nasales y faríngeas (D3 Ultra 8™ DFA Respiratory Virus Screening & ID Kit). Los resultados fueron expresados en cifras absolutas y relativas, el análisis se realizó a través de medidas de tendencia central, ji cuadrado, t de Student y U de Mann Withney. Resultados: Se encontró diferencias significativas entre los casos y los controles en la media de edad, en el mes de infección, en la media de la frecuencia respiratoria, en el uso de ventilación mecánica, en el tratamiento antibiótico y en el diagnóstico de bronquiolitis al alta. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que existen diferencias clínicas y epidemiológicas entre los casos y los controles

Objective: To compare the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of severe acute respiratory infection in children under 5 years old with and without infection due to respiratory syncytial virus. Material and methods: Retrospective study in a sample of 65 cases and 65 controls in children under 5 years old with acute respiratory infection (SARI) treated at the Pediatric Emergency Hospital during 2014. The diagnosis of RSV test was performed using direct inmufluorescencia (IFD) in nasal and throat samples (D3 Ultra DFA Respiratory Virus 8 ™ Screening & ID Kit). The results were expressed in absolute and relative terms; the analysis was performed by measures of central tendency, chi-square, “t” Student and Mann Whitney tests. Results: Significant differences were found between cases and controls in the average age in the month of infection, the average respiratory rate, use of mechanical ventilation in antibiotic treatment and diagnosis of bronchiolitis at medical discharge. Conclusions: The results show that there are clinical and epidemiological differences between the cases and controls

Obstrucción intestinal por malrotación en el adulto: a propósito de un caso / Intestinal obstruction for malrotation in adulthood patient, report of a case

Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 78 años de edad, con antecedentes de estreñimiento crónico, que acude al servicio de Emergencia del Hospital Víctor Lazarte Echegaray, (ESALUD) por presentar dolor y distensión abdominal progresiva, acompañado de náuseas y vómitos biliosos de dos días de evolución. Al examen clínico se evidenció distensión abdominal, timpanismo, ruídos hidroaéreos metálicos y escasos 1 a 2 por minuto. La radiografía de abdomen simple de pie y de cúbito evidenció niveles hidroaéreos y asas intestinales distendidas, compatible con obstrucción intestinal. Se realizó laparotomía exploratoria encontrándose una obstrucción intestinal a nivel del colon ascendente (bandas de Ladd) de implantación alta, con líquido hemático en cavidad abdominal y múltiples escíbalos colon descendente, sufrimiento intestinal en íleon y ciego que tras su resolución recuperó tono, color y reptaciones. El paciente evolucionó favorablemente.