Pathological response and survival outcomes after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with radical cystectomy in octogenarians for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: an observational database study.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) with radical cystectomy (RC) is the preferred first-line treatment for localized muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). In recent years, octogenarians have been undergoing RC uneventfully, but studies showed older adults receive NAC less often. We studied the utilization and effect of RC with or without NAC in octogenarians and compared survival outcomes between responders and non-responders. METHODS: In our retrospective study using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), we identified octogenarians with MIBC and urothelial histology who underwent RC with or without NAC between 2004 and 2018. The NAC cohort included patients who underwent RC with NAC, and the non-NAC cohort included those with or without adjuvant chemotherapy. The NAC cohort was subcategorized into responders and non-responders based on surgical pathology. Patients with comorbidity index > 1 were not included, thereby excluding patients with possible renal impairment. After propensity-matching, we compared the overall survival (OS) between NAC and non-NAC cohorts and responders and non-responders. RESULTS: 33924 patients underwent RC, and 3056 octogenarians met our selection. Among them, 396 received NAC, and 2660 did not receive NAC. Among those who received NAC, 112(28.3%) experienced downstaging, and 223(56.4%) exhibited upstaging or no change (p < 0.001). After propensity-matching, the median OS of the NAC and non-NAC cohorts were 51.6 months and 31.3 months, respectively (p<0.001). Similarly, the median OS of responders and non-responders were 89.4 months and 26.5 months, respectively(p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In our study, we observed that NAC with RC for MIBC may help to improve OS among healthy octogenarians. Similarly, responders had better OS than non-responders.

Irreversible electroporation as a focal therapy for localized prostate cancer: A systematic review.

Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new and promising focal therapy for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. In this systematic review, we summarize the literature on IRE for prostate cancer published over the last decade. Methods: PubMed and EMBASE were searched with the end date of May 2023 to find relevant publications on prostate cancer ablation using IRE. Original studies with focal IRE as the primary curative treatment which reported on functional or oncological outcomes were included. The bibliography of relevant studies was also scanned to identify suitable articles. Results: A total of 14 studies reporting on 899 patients treated with IRE for localized prostate cancer were included. Of all the studies reviewed, 77% reported on recurrence within the zone of ablation, and it ranged from 0% to 38.9% for in-field and 3.6% to 28% for out-of-field recurrence. Although, a standardised follow-up protocol was not followed, all the studies employed serial prostate-specific antigen monitoring, a multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, and a biopsy (6-12 months post-treatment). Across all the studies, 58% reported that the urinary continence returned to the pretreatment levels and 25% reported a minor decrease in the continence from the baseline at 12-months of follow-up. Erections sufficient for intercourse varied from 44% to 75% at the baseline to 55% to 100% at 12-months of follow-up across all the studies. Conclusion: IRE, as a focal therapy, shows promising results with minimal complications and reasonably effective oncological control, but the data comparing it to the standard of care is still lacking. Future research should focus on randomized definitive comparisons between IRE, radical prostatectomy, and radiation therapy.

Propensity score matched survival analysis of octogenarians with muscle-invasive bladder cancer: chemoradiation compared to radical cystectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Radical cystectomy (RC) is an effective curative treatment option for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, chemoradiation (CRT) is an evolving bladder preservation protocol alternative to RC. With the increase in life expectancy, it is essential to understand the survival outcomes among octogenarians treated with RC and CRT. In this study, we use the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to compare the survival outcomes between RC and CRT in octogenarians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected the data of patients treated for bladder cancer between 2004 to 2018 from the NCDB. Our primary analytic cohort included patients with MIBC (cT2-T4N0M0). We identified the octogenarians and categorized them into RC and CRT arms. The RC arm included those who received RC. The CRT arm included those who received chemotherapy within 90 days of curative radiation therapy. After 1:1 propensity score matching, overall survival (OS) outcomes were compared between both arms. RESULTS: Among the octogenarians, the median OS for patients treated with RC was 26.1 months (95% CI, 23.9-28.2), and CRT was 28.7 months (95% CI, 26.8-30.6). Our covariate analyses showed that academic institutions performed more RC (49% RC and 29.7% CRT) and community programs served more CRT (45.7% CRT and 24.2% RC). A multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the mortality risk increased as the Charlson-Deyo comorbidity score and T stage increased. CONCLUSION: Octogenarians treated with RC and CRT had similar OS. As life expectancy increases, it is essential to individualize the treatment strategy based on risk assessment and its potential benefits.

Decipher test impacts decision making among patients considering adjuvant and salvage treatment after radical prostatectomy: Interim results from the Multicenter Prospective PRO-IMPACT study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with prostate cancer and their providers face uncertainty as they consider adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) or salvage radiotherapy (SRT) after undergoing radical prostatectomy. The authors prospectively evaluated the impact of the Decipher test, which predicts metastasis risk after radical prostatectomy, on decision making for ART and SRT. METHODS: A total of 150 patients who were considering ART and 115 who were considering SRT were enrolled. Providers submitted a management recommendation before processing the Decipher test and again at the time of receipt of the test results. Patients completed validated surveys on prostate cancer (PCa)-specific decisional effectiveness and PCa-related anxiety. RESULTS: Before the Decipher test, observation was recommended for 89% of patients considering ART and 58% of patients considering SRT. After Decipher testing, 18% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 12%-25%) of treatment recommendations changed in the ART arm, including 31% among high-risk patients; and 32% (95% CI, 24%-42%) of management recommendations changed in the salvage arm, including 56% among high-risk patients. Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS) scores were better after viewing Decipher test results (ART arm: median DCS before Decipher, 25 and after Decipher, 19 [P<.001]; SRT arm: median DCS before Decipher, 27 and after Decipher, 23 [P<.001]). PCa-specific anxiety changed after Decipher testing; fear of PCa disease recurrence in the ART arm (P = .02) and PCa-specific anxiety in the SRT arm (P = .05) decreased significantly among low-risk patients. Decipher results reported per 5% increase in 5-year metastasis probability were associated with the decision to pursue ART (odds ratio, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.19-1.85) and SRT (odds ratio, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.09-1.81) in multivariable logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of Decipher test results was associated with treatment decision making and improved decisional effectiveness among men with PCa who were considering ART and SRT. Cancer 2017;123:2850-59. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

Hyaluronic acid family in bladder cancer: potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

BACKGROUND: Molecular markers of clinical outcome may aid in designing targeted treatments for bladder cancer. However, only a few bladder cancer biomarkers have been examined as therapeutic targets. METHODS: Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and bladder specimens were evaluated to determine the biomarker potential of the hyaluronic acid (HA) family of molecules - HA synthases, HA receptors and hyaluronidase. The therapeutic efficacy of 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU), a HA synthesis inhibitor, was evaluated in vitro and in xenograft models. RESULTS: In clinical specimens and TCGA data sets, HA synthases and hyaluronidase-1 levels significantly predicted metastasis and poor survival. 4-Methylumbelliferone inhibited proliferation and motility/invasion and induced apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. Oral administration of 4MU both prevented and inhibited tumour growth, without dose-related toxicity. Effects of 4MU were mediated through the inhibition of CD44/RHAMM and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT axis, and of epithelial-mesenchymal transition determinants. These were attenuated by HA, suggesting that 4MU targets oncogenic HA signalling. In tumour specimens and the TCGA data set, HA family expression correlated positively with ß-catenin, Twist and Snail expression, but negatively with E-cadherin expression. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the HA family can be exploited for developing a biomarker-driven, targeted treatment for bladder cancer, and 4MU, a non-toxic oral HA synthesis inhibitor, is one such candidate.

Prediagnostic prostate-specific antigen kinetics and the risk of biopsy progression in active surveillance patients.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between prediagnostic prostate-specific antigen kinetics and the risk of biopsy progression in prostate cancer patients on active surveillance, and to study the effect of prediagnostic prostate-specific antigen values on the predictive performance of prostate-specific antigen velocity and prostate-specific antigen doubling time. METHODS: The study included 137 active surveillance patients with two or more prediagnostic prostate-specific antigen levels measured over a period of at least 3 months. Two sets of analyses were carried out. First, the association between prostate-specific antigen kinetics calculated using only the prediagnostic prostate-specific antigen values and the risk of biopsy progression was studied. Second, using the same cohort of patients, the predictive value of prostate-specific antigen kinetics calculated using only post-diagnostic prostate-specific antigens and compared with that of prostate-specific antigen kinetics based on both pre- and post-diagnostic prostate-specific antigen levels was analyzed. RESULTS: Of 137 patients included in the analysis, 37 (27%) had biopsy progression over a median follow-up period of 3.2 years. Prediagnostic prostate-specific antigen velocity of more than 2 ng/mL/year and 3 ng/mL/year was statistically significantly associated with the risk of future biopsy progression. However, after adjustment for baseline prostate-specific antigen density, these associations were no longer significant. None of the tested prostate-specific antigen kinetics based on combined pre- and post-diagnostic prostate-specific antigen values were statistically significantly associated with the risk of biopsy progression. CONCLUSIONS: Historical prediagnostic prostate-specific antigens seems to be not clinically useful in patients diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer on active surveillance.

Epigenetics application in the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Bladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the Western world. Patients with bladder cancer require close monitoring, which may include frequent cystoscopy and urine cytology. Such monitoring results in significant health care cost. The application of epigenetics may allow for a risk adapted approach and more cost-effective method of monitoring. A number of epigenetic changes have been described for many cancer sites, including the urinary bladder. In this review, we discuss the use of epigenetics in bladder cancer and the potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive search of the English medical literature was conducted in PubMed using the terms microRNA regulation, DNA methylation, histone modification and bladder cancer. RESULTS: The most important epigenetic changes include DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNA regulation. Both DNA hypomethylation and hypermethylation have been associated with higher rate of cancer. The association of epigenetic changes with bladder cancer has led to the research of its diagnostic and prognostic implications as well as to the development of novel drugs to target these changes with the aim of achieving a survival benefit. CONCLUSIONS: Recently, epigenetics has been shown to play a much greater role than previously anticipated in the initiation and propagation of many tumors. The use of epigenetics for the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer is an evolving and promising field. The possibility of reversing epigenetic changes may facilitate additional cancer treatment options in the future.

Prognostic significance of cystoscopy findings following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the potential significance of cystoscopy findings following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) as prognostic indicator in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who received NAC prior to radical cystectomy for MIBC were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups according to cystoscopy performed after two cycles of NAC: responders and non-responders. Univariate analysis was performed to analyze associations between observed response to chemotherapy and pT stage, pN stage and tumor downstaging. Logistic regression modeling was fitted to evaluate predictors for extravesical disease and pathologic downstaging. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate disease specific survival. RESULTS: We identified 101 patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to radical cystectomy. According to the cystoscopy findings, 60 patients (59%) were identified as responders to NAC. Stage pT0 at cystectomy was confirmed in 22 patients (36.5%) in the responder group versus only 1 patient (2.5%) in the non-responder group. Univariate analysis showed statistically significant association between response to chemotherapy observed on cystoscopy and pT stage as well as tumor downstaging. Multivariate regression modeling revealed that cystoscopy findings were an independent predictor of extravesical disease and pathologic downstaging. There was a distinct survival benefit in NAC responder group (p < 0.001). Cox proportional hazard model identified cystoscopy findings as an independent predictor of survival (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.20-0.74, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Observed response to NAC on follow up cystoscopy is associated with favorable pathological outcomes and is a significant predictor of survival in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for MIBC.

Racial and ethnic disparities in prostate cancer screening following the 2018 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.

OBJECTIVE: In 2018, the United States Preventive Services Task Force promoted shared decision making between healthcare provider and patient for men aged 55 to 69. This study aimed to analyze rates of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing across racial and ethnic groups following this new recommendation. METHODS: A secondary analysis was conducted of the 2020-2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System database to assess men aged 55 or older without a history of prostate cancer. We defined four race-ethnicity groups: non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs), non-Hispanic Blacks (NHBs), Hispanics, and Other. The primary outcome was the most recent PSA test (MRT), defined as the respondent's most recent PSA test occurring pre-2018 or post-2018 guidelines. Logistic regression adjusted for covariates including age, socioeconomic status factors, marital status, smoking history, and healthcare access factors. RESULTS: In the age 55 to 69 study sample, NHW men had the greatest proportion of MRT post-2018 guidelines (n = 15,864, 72.5%). NHB men had the lowest percentage of MRT post-2018 guidelines (n = 965, 66.6%). With NHW as referent, the crude odds of the MRT post-2018 guidelines was 0.68 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.53-0.90) for NHB. The maximally adjusted odds ratio was 0.78 (0.59-1.02). CONCLUSIONS: We found that NHB aged 55 to 69 reported decreased rates of PSA testing after 2018 when compared to NHW. This was demonstrated on crude analysis but not after adjustment. Such findings suggest the influence of social determinants of health on preventative screening for at-risk populations.

Cytologic diagnosis of papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity.

BACKGROUND: Papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity is a recently recognized low-grade neoplasm with a favorable prognosis. To date, its cytologic features have not been well documented. METHODS: Two patients with papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity sampled by fine needle aspiration and core needle biopsy are described, one of whom is under active surveillance without clinical progression and the other is alive and well 16 years after partial nephrectomy. RESULTS: The cytologic features included a mix of papillae and dispersed cells with abundant oncocytic cytoplasm and round, bland nuclei apically displaced away from the papillary core. Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for GATA3 in both cases. Molecular studies on one of the cases showed a KRAS p.G12V mutation. CONCLUSIONS: The cytologic features of this distinctive, indolent neoplasm are important to recognize because patients with papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity may be excellent candidates for partial nephrectomy or even active surveillance.

A comparative study of survival outcomes between partial and radical cystectomy in octogenarians with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with radical cystectomy (RC) is the preferred first-line treatment for localized muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Due to the concern about morbidity associated with RC, the elderly population considers bladder preservation alternatives. Guidelines suggest partial cystectomy (PC) can be considered a viable option in carefully selected individuals. We used the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to compare the overall survival (OS) among octogenarians treated with PC and RC. Methods: Using NCDB, we retrospectively evaluated individuals aged 80 years and above diagnosed with localized MIBC (cT2-4aN0M0) with tumor size less than 5 cm and urothelial histology between 2004 and 2018. Our primary cohort was divided into the RC cohort, which included patients who underwent RC with or without chemotherapy/radiotherapy, and the PC cohort, which included those who underwent PC. After propensity-matching, we compared the OS. Results: Of 94,104 patients with MIBC, 2,528 octogenarians met our selection criteria. Among them, 313 were treated with PC, and 2,215 were treated with RC. A total of 151 (48.2%) PC patients had pelvic lymph node dissection, while 1,967 (88.8%) RC patients had lymph node dissection (P<0.001). The OS for matched PC and RC was 33.4 and 29.9 months, respectively (P=0.68). In T2 tumors, the OS for PC and RC was 37 and 33.5 months, respectively (P=0.52); for T3 tumors, the OS was 22.3 and 24.4 months, respectively (P=0.98). Conclusions: Our study compared PC and RC in octogenarians with localized MIBC and observed that PC is safe and not inferior to RC in carefully selected octogenarians. The role of PC needs further exploration by comparing or integrating with strategies like concurrent chemoradiation to improve the oncological and survival outcomes.

C-X-C chemokine receptor 7: a functionally associated molecular marker for bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and CXCR7 are 7-transmembrane chemokine receptors of the stroma-derived factor (SDF-1). CXCR4, but not CXCR7, has been examined in bladder cancer (BCa). This study examined the functional and clinical significance of CXCR7 in BCa. METHODS: CXCR4 and CXCR7 levels were measured in BCa cell lines, tissues (normal = 25; BCa = 44), and urine specimens (n = 186) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and/or immunohistochemistry. CXCR7 function in BCa cells were examined by transient transfections using a CXCR7 expression vector or small interfering RNA. RESULTS: In BCa cell lines, CXCR7 messenger RNA levels were 5- to 37-fold higher than those for CXCR4. Transient overexpression of CXCR7 in BCa cell lines promoted growth and chemotactic motility. CXCR7 colocalized and formed a functional complex with epidermal growth factor receptor, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt, Erk, and src and induced their phosphorylation. CXCR7 also induced up-regulation of cyclin-D1 and bcl-2. Suppression of CXCR7 expression reversed these effects and induced apoptosis. CXCR7 messenger RNA levels and CXCR7 staining scores were significantly (5- to 10-fold) higher in BCa tissues than in normal tissues (P < .001). CXCR7 expression independently associated with metastasis (P = .019) and disease-specific mortality (P = .03). CXCR7 was highly expressed in endothelial cells in high-grade BCa tissues when compared to low-grade BCa and normal bladder. CXCR7 levels were elevated in exfoliated urothelial cells from high-grade BCa patients (P = .0001; 90% sensitivity; 75% specificity); CXCR4 levels were unaltered. CONCLUSIONS: CXCR7 promotes BCa cell proliferation and motility plausibly through epidermal growth factor receptor receptor and Akt signaling. CXCR7 expression is elevated in BCa tissues and exfoliated cells and is associated with high-grade and metastasis.

Biopsy features associated with prostate cancer progression in active surveillance patients: comparison of three statistical models.

UNLABELLED: WHAT'S KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT? AND WHAT DOES THE STUDY ADD?: Active surveillance is an established management option for patients with favourable-risk prostate cancer. However, about 25-30% of active surveillance patients demonstrate biopsy progression within the first 3-5 years of follow-up. Although several factors, such as the results of the diagnostic and surveillance biopsies, are known to be associated with the risk of progression, our ability to accurately predict this risk remains limited. Our analysis demonstrated that the overall number of positive cores in the diagnostic and first surveillance biopsies is strongly associated with the risk of progression in active surveillance patients. Furthermore, combined results of diagnostic and first surveillance biopsies provide more information about the probability of progression than they do separately. The most important variable affecting the progression-free survival was the overall number of cores positive for cancer. By 3 years of active surveillance, most of the patients who had four positive cores in the diagnostic and surveillance biopsies progressed, while those who had only one positive core had an excellent prognosis. These findings could be used to improve the accuracy of assessments of the prognosis of patients with low-risk prostate cancer and to help them make informed decisions about their treatment. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the prognostic importance of information provided by the diagnostic biopsy, the first surveillance biopsy and a combination thereof to identify active surveillance patients with a particularly high risk of progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study included 161 active surveillance patients who had at least two surveillance biopsies. The first surveillance biopsy was performed within 1 year of the diagnosis. Further surveillance biopsies usually took place every 1-2 years. Progression on the surveillance biopsy was defined as the presence of Gleason 4/5 cancer, > two positive cores or >20% involvement of any core. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between biopsy characteristics and progression. Three distinct statistical models were built using characteristics of diagnostic biopsies, surveillance biopsies, and a combination thereof. Harrell's c-index was used to quantify the predictive accuracy of each multivariate Cox model. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 3.6 years; 46 (28.6%) patients progressed. In multivariate analysis the major factor associated with progression was the number of positive cores. The model based on the combined results of diagnostic and first surveillance biopsies was significantly more predictive than the models based on the individual results of each biopsy. Patients with four positive cores in the diagnostic and first surveillance biopsies had estimated 5-year progression rate of 100%. CONCLUSION: The total number of positive cores in the diagnostic and first surveillance biopsies provides important information about the risk of prostate cancer progression in active surveillance patients.

Comprehensive analysis of post-diagnostic prostate-specific antigen kinetics as predictor of a prostate cancer progression in active surveillance patients.

UNLABELLED: WHAT'S KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT? AND WHAT DOES THE STUDY ADD?: A significant proportion of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer do not require immediate treatment and could be managed by active surveillance, which usually includes serial measurements of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and regular biopsies. The rate of rise in PSA levels, which could be calculated as PSA velocity or PSA doubling time, was previously suggested to be associated with the biological aggressiveness of prostate cancer. Although these parameters are obvious candidates for predicting tumour progression in active surveillance patients, earlier studies that examined this topic provided conflicting results. Our analysis showed that PSA velocity and PSA doubling time calculated at different time-points, by different methods, over different intervals, and in different sub-groups of active surveillance patients provide little if any prognostic information. Although we found some significant associations between PSA velocity and the risk of progression as determined by biopsy, the actual clinical significance of this association was small. Furthermore, PSA velocity did not add to the predictive accuracy of total PSA. OBJECTIVE: To study whether prostate-specific antigen (PSA) velocity (PSAV) and PSA doubling time (PSADT) are associated with biopsy progression in patients managed by active surveillance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Our inclusion criteria for active surveillance are biopsy Gleason sum <7, two or fewer positive biopsy cores, ≤20% tumour present in any core, and clinical stage T1-T2a. Changes in any of these parameters during the follow-up that went beyond these limits are considered to be progression. This study included 250 patients who had at least one surveillance biopsy, an available PSA measured no earlier than 3 months before diagnosis, and at least one PSA measurement before each surveillance biopsy. We evaluated the association between PSA kinetics and progression at successive surveillance biopsies in different sub-groups of patients by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) as well as sensitivity and specificity of different thresholds. RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 3.0 years, the disease of 64 (26%) patients progressed. PSADT was not associated with biopsy progression, whereas PSAV was only weakly associated with progression in certain sub-groups. However, incorporation of PSAV in models including total PSA resulted in a moderate increase in AUC only when the entire cohort was analysed. In other sub-groups the predictive accuracy of total PSA was not significantly improved by adding PSAV. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that PSA kinetics should not be used in decision-making in patients with low-risk prostate cancer managed by active surveillance. Regular surveillance biopsies should remain as the principal method of monitoring cancer progression in these men.

Pathologic evaluation of non-neoplastic renal parenchyma in partial nephrectomy specimens.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify non-neoplastic pathologic changes in partial nephrectomy specimens of patients without a known history of medical comorbidities. Routine analysis of this tissue may allow the clinician to identify subclinical renal disease. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our database of patients who underwent open partial nephrectomy for a small renal mass. Non-neoplastic tissue of partial nephrectomy specimens of patients without a known history of chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or coronary artery disease was evaluated for glomerular, interstitial, and vascular pathologic changes. RESULTS: A rim of non-neoplastic tissue was adequate for pathologic evaluation in 91.8% of specimens. A total of 45 patients were studied with a median age of 52.0 years. Atherosclerosis was the most commonly identified pathologic finding in 9 (20%) patients, followed by mesangial expansion and interstitial fibrosis, each found in 8 (17.8%) patients. Linear regression found interstitial fibrosis to be the only pathologic lesion associated with preoperative serum creatinine (coefficient = 0.697, P = 0.001). Male gender was also associated with a higher preoperative creatinine (coefficient = 0.270, P = 0.034). Postoperative serum creatinine was not associated with any of the examined lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Current surgical techniques provide adequate non-neoplastic tissue for pathologic evaluation. We observed a striking degree of pathologic disease in patients without a known history of medical comorbidities. Routine inspection of the non-neoplastic parenchyma of partial nephrectomy specimens should be performed as it can alert the clinician to presence subclinical renal disease allowing for medical intervention.

Millon Behavioral Medicine Diagnostic (MBMD) Predicts Health-Related Quality of Life (HrQoL) over time among men treated for localized prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer treatment presents multiple challenges that can negatively affect health-related quality of life (HrQoL), and that can be further compromised by maladaptive personality styles and psychological adjustment difficulties. This study examined the utility of a comprehensive psychosocial screening tool to identify psychosocial traits that prospectively predict HrQoL status among men treated for localized prostate cancer. The Millon Behavioral Medicine Diagnostic (MBMD) was administered to 66 men (M age = 68 years, 59% White) treated by either radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy along with standard measures of general and prostate-cancer-specific quality of life assessed at a 12-month follow-up. Higher scores on both summary MBMD Management Guides (Adjustment Difficulties and Psych Referral) and higher scores on personality styles characterized by avoidance, dependency, depression, passive aggressiveness, and self-denigration predicted lower HrQoL (ß range = -.21 to -.50). Additionally, higher scores on the MBMD Depression, Tension-Anxiety, and Future Pessimism scales predicted lower HrQoL. Finally, higher scores on the MBMD Intervention Fragility and Utilization Excess scale also consistently predicted poorer mental and physical health functioning over time. These results point to the utility of the MBMD to help screen for potential impairments in mental and physical health functioning in men undergoing treatment for prostate cancer.

Surgeon administered transversus abdominis plane block: anatomic principles and technique.

The Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) block is a regional abdominal wall block that has been effectively used as an adjunct to alleviate postoperative pain. The ultrasound-guided TAP (USTAP) administered by anesthesiologists is the gold standard and has been effective for surgeries involving abdominal wall incisions. Recently, the TAP block has been administered by surgeons with the help of direct visualization during minimally invasive surgery. The surgeon-administered or laparoscopic-guided TAP block has been compared to the USTAP with no discernible difference in patient outcomes. Also, directly visualizing the injection in the surgeon-administered block can offset complications such as visceral injury and block failure (injectate in the wrong plane). This review explores the literature's surgeon-administered TAP blocks for minimally invasive surgery in the literature. In addition, the prerequisite anatomy of the anterolateral abdominal wall, various approaches, and other factors that influence the efficacy of the block are described to increase awareness of this analgesic tool among surgeons and achieve better postoperative pain management.

Pathological findings at radical prostatectomy in patients initially managed by active surveillance: a comparative analysis.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of our analysis was to determine if delays in treatment caused by active surveillance result in significant pathological changes when patients no longer meet the criteria on repeat biopsy and to study whether or not these changes may affect treatment outcomes. METHODS: Out of 207 men who were on active surveillance, 47 (23%) no longer met the criteria after one of the repeat biopsies. Twenty-two underwent radical prostatectomy at our institution and formed the main group (Group 1) of this study. One hundred sixty-four patients met the criteria for active surveillance but underwent immediate surgery. Of these patients, we selected 38 (23%) with the lowest predicted biochemical recurrence-free survival. These patients formed the comparison group (Group 2). Pathological features as well as postoperative biochemical outcomes were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Seven patients (32%) in Group 1 and four (11%) in Group 2 have predominantly high-grade cancer (i.e., ≥4/5 + 3) at pathology. The visually estimated percent of carcinoma was also higher in patients initially managed by active surveillance (median 12.5 vs. 5.0 in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, P = 0.009). Other pathological characteristics were similar in both groups. With limited duration of follow-up, postoperative biochemical recurrence-free survival did not differ significantly between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study has demonstrated that both tumor grade and volume may increase during active surveillance. However, the clinical significance of these changes with respect to the outcomes of delayed treatment remains to be established.

Tumor focality is not associated with biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy.

BACKGROUND: The clinical and prognostic significance of unifocal prostatic carcinoma is not clearly understood. In the current study, we sought to characterize the clinical and pathologic characteristics of unifocal and multifocal prostate cancers and to investigate the effects of tumor focality on biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy. METHODS: Our analysis included 1,444 radical prostatectomy patients with available information concerning the number and location of tumor foci in the specimen. Each patient was assigned to one of three groups depending on whether they had unifocal, multifocal, or extensive cancer. Clinical and pathological features as well as biochemical outcomes were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Two hundred and seventy-two mens in the study cohort (18.8%) had unifocal cancer. The rates of unifocal cancer did not differ significantly between the three studied time intervals (17.3% in 1992-1998, 20.5% in 1999-2004, and 17.8% in 2005-2011). The number of positive biopsy cores was slightly lower in the unifocal group, while the overall amount of biopsy tissue containing cancer was similar in both groups. The patients in the multifocal group had higher pathologic Gleason scores, increased incidence of positive surgical margin, and larger tumors. The rate of clinically significant Gleason score upgrade was significantly higher in the multifocal group compared to the unifocal group (35.7% vs. 21.7%, respectively, P < 0.001). The biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy did not differ between patients with unifocal and multifocal cancers both on univariate and multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor focality is not an independent prognostic factor of biochemical outcome in radical prostatectomy patients.

Clinically significant Gleason sum upgrade: external validation and head-to-head comparison of the existing nomograms.

BACKGROUND: Several nomograms have been developed for the purpose of predicting the likelihood of an increase in Gleason sum (GS) from biopsy information compared with the GS determined after examination of the "entire prostate" in patients with prostate cancer. In this study, the authors evaluated and compared the ability of 4 nomograms (published by Capitanio et al, Chun et al, Kulkarni et al, and Moussa et al) to predict GS upgrades for patients with biopsy GS ≤6 prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) at their center. METHODS: The entire study cohort included 942 patients with a biopsy GS ≤6. Predictive performances of the nomograms were compared using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) analysis, calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA) in the entire cohort, in patients with low-risk prostate cancer (LRPC), and a subgroup of those patients who underwent extended biopsy with ≥10 cores. RESULTS: Patients with a GS ≥7 at prostatectomy included 319 of 942 patients (33.9%) in the entire study cohort, 263 of 814 patients (32.2%) with LRPC, and 84 of 301 patients (27.9%) with LRPC who underwent extended biopsy. With an AUC-ROC of 0.637 to 0.647 in the different subgroups of patients with low-risk cancer, the Kulkarni et al nomogram demonstrated significantly higher discriminative ability compared with the other nomograms. The same nomogram provided a small clinical benefit at DCA. All nomograms were poorly calibrated. CONCLUSIONS: The available prognostic tools had limited ability to predict clinically significant upgrading in patients with biopsy GS ≤6 and, thus, the authors concluded that these tools are not ready for clinical application.