Tear Lysozyme in Sjögren´s syndrome, Meibomian gland dysfunction, and non-dry-eye.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the concentration of tear lysozyme in individuals with Sjogren´s syndrome, meibomian gland dysfunction, and non-dry-eye disease. METHODS: Ninety subjects were recruited for this study, including 30 with Sjogren´s syndrome, 30 with meibomian gland dysfunction, and 30 with non-dry-eye disease. All subjects were referred to participate in the study based on a "dry eye" investigation. They underwent a complete ocular surface ophthalmic examination encompassing ocular surface disease index, biomicroscopy, tear break-up time, Schirmer test type I, conjunctival vital staining with fluorescein and lissamine green, tear lysozyme concentration, and impression cytology. RESULTS: Clinical tests yielded the following results: ocular surface disease index Sjogren´s syndrome: 64.5 ± 22.6 meibomian gland dysfunction: 43.5 ± 21.4, non-dry-eye disease: 6.7 ± 4.3 (p=0.02 between groups); Schirmer I test (mm/5 min): Sjogren´s syndrome: 4.95 ± 2.25, meibomian gland dysfunction: 13.28 ± 1.53, non-dry-eye disease 13.70 ± 1.39 (p<0.01 Sjogren´s syndrome vs. non-dry-eye disease and p<0.01 meibomian gland dysfunction vs. non-dry-eye disease); tear break-up time (seconds): Sjogren´s syndrome: 3.97 ± 1.47, meibomian gland dysfunction: 3.95 ± 0.86, non-dry-eye disease: 7.25 ± 1.90 (p<0.01 Sjogren´s syndrome vs. non-dry-eye disease and p<0.01 meibomian gland dysfunction vs. non-dry-eye disease); Lissamine green score: Sjogren´s syndrome-dry-eye: 6.18 ± 2.14, meibomian gland dysfunction-dry-eye: 5.27 ± 1.27, non-dry-eye disease: 1.52 ± 0.97 (p<0.01 Sjogren´s syndrome vs. non-dry-eye disease and p<0.01 meibomian gland dysfunction vs. non-dry-eye disease); impression cytology score: Sjogren´s syndrome: 1.88 ± 0.92, meibomian gland dysfunction: 1.67 ± 0.56, non-dry-eye: 0.45 ± 0.44 (p<0.01 Sjogren´s syndrome vs. non-dry-eye disease and p<0.01 meibomian gland dysfunction vs. non-dry-eye disease) and; tear lysozyme concentration (µg/mL): Sjogren´s syndrome: 751.25 ± 244.73, meibomian gland dysfunction: 1423.67 ± 182.75, non-dry-eye disease: 1409.90 ± 188.21 (p<0.01 Sjogren´s syndrome vs. non-dry-eye disease and p<0.01 Sjogren´s syndrome vs. meibomian gland dysfunction). CONCLUSION: The concentration of lysozyme in the tears was lower in Sjögren's syndrome patients than in meibomian gland dysfunction and non-dry-eye disease groups. Hence, the lacrimal lysozyme could be considered as a simple, non-invasive, and economical biomarker to differentiate between Sjögren's syndrome dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction dry eye disease.

Impact of environmental pollution on the ocular surface of Sjögren's syndrome patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of air pollution on the ocular surface of patients with Sjögren's syndrome. METHODS: We investigated the ocular surfaces of thirty patients with Sjögren's syndrome and thirty healthy volunteers (control group) living in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. We used nitrogen dioxide as an indicator of exposure to air pollution. An ocular symptoms questionnaire was answered by all subjects, who also underwent a complete ocular surface ophthalmic examination-including an Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, biomicroscopy, tear breakup time, Schirmer 1 test, corneal and conjunctival vital staining with fluorescein and lissamine green, tear lysozyme concentration, and impression cytology. RESULTS: In almost all ocular surface test findings, we found a positive and significant correlation between higher levels of exposure to air pollution and higher levels of ocular surface damage in both the control group and Sjögren's syndrome patients. In Sjögren's syndrome patients, the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, tear breakup time, vital staining and impression cytology showed a significant correlation between high levels of air pollution and ocular surface disease. In the control group, the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, tear breakup time, and impression cytology showed a significant correlation between high levels of air pollution and ocular surface disease. CONCLUSIONS: Here we demonstrated that in patients with dry eye syndrome associated with Sjögren, abnormalities of the ocular surface and eye irritation related to air pollution are more severe than those in the control group. We believe that measuring air quality should be not only an integral part of the evaluation of ocular surface disease but also a therapeutic consideration.

Síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica en cuidados intensivos pediátricos

Introducción: La sepsis es un proceso potencialmente letal caracterizado por una disfunción orgánica motivada por la respuesta del huésped a la infección y que conlleva a un desequilibrio inmunológico: proinflamatorio e inmunosupresión. Objetivo: Caracterizar el síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica en cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Métodos: Investigación descriptiva transversal realizada en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente "Pepe Portilla" de Pinar del Río durante el periodo 2015-2018. La muestra quedó constituida por todos los pacientes que ingresaron en cuidados intensivos pediátricos del citado hospital con diagnóstico de síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica de causa infecciosa o no. Se revisaron las historias clínicas y se elaboró un modelo de recogida de datos en correspondencia con el modelo 241-485-02 del sistema de información del síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica. Resultados: Hubo un predominio de la afección en pacientes con edades entre 1-4 años 122 (44 %). casos Se recibieron en estadio de sepsis 169 (61 %) pacientes El mayor número de casos, 70,4 % tuvo origen extrahospitalario. La neumonía como causa, se diagnosticó en 52 % de los pacientes. En los pacientes con estadios avanzados 17 (70,9 %) casos fue superior el número de defunciones. Conclusiones: La sepsis continúa siendo un importante problema de salud. Es necesario el ingreso precoz en las unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos para lograr una atención integral de estos pacientes.

Introduction: Sepsis is a potentially lethal process characterized by an organ dysfunction motivated by the host's response to infection and leading to an immune, pro-inflammatory and immunosuppression imbalance. Objective: To characterize systemic inflammatory response syndrome in pediatric intensive care units. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive research carried out at "Pepe Portilla" Pediatric Teaching Hospital in Pinar del Río during the period 2015-2018. The sample consisted of all patients admitted in the pediatric intensive care unit at the aforementioned hospital with a diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome of infectious or non-infectious cause. The medical records were reviewed and a data collection model was developed in correspondence with model 241-485-02 of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome information system. Results: There was a predominance of the condition in patients aged between 1-4 years, 122 cases (44%). 169 (61%) patients were received in sepsis stage. The highest number of cases, 70.4% had out-of-hospital origin. Pneumonia was diagnosed as a cause in 52% of patients. In patients with advanced stages (17 cases (70.9%)), the number of deaths was higher. Conclusions: Sepsis continues to be a major health problem. Early admission to pediatric intensive care units is necessary to achieve comprehensive care for these patients.

Caracterización del estado y soporte nutricional en pacientes pediátricos graves / Characterization of nutritional status and support in critically-ill pediatric patients

RESUMEN Introducción: la alimentación y nutrición asumen una función relevante en la recuperación del paciente enfermo grave. Un estado nutricional no óptimo es la causa más frecuente de la mala evolución de los pacientes hospitalizados y de la calidad de vida. Objetivo: caracterizar el estado y soporte nutricional en los pacientes graves hospitalizados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Pediátrico "Pepe Portilla" de Pinar del Río, de mayo 2016- mayo 2018. Métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva y transversal en 51 pacientes que requirieron intervención nutricional, en los cuales se utilizaron nutrientes enterales y/o parenterales. La información se obtuvo de la revisión documental. Resultados: la terapia de soporte nutricional prevaleció en pacientes de cero a cuatro años para un 47,1 %, el 62,7 % fueron del sexo masculino. Predominó la nutrición enteral en los ingresados por insuficiencia respiratoria (44 %), sepsis (16 %) y enfermedades oncológicas (13 %). Recibieron soporte nutricional parenteral el 68,4 % de las enfermedades quirúrgicas. Las complicaciones digestivas fueron las más frecuentes (54,8 %) seguida de las metabólicas (13,7 %). Conclusiones: los pacientes desnutridos o en riesgo de estarlo, requirieron soporte nutricional, con predominio de la edad de cero a cuatro años, esto se relacionó a las causas quirúrgicas, enfermedades respiratorias y sepsis. Fueron utilizados nutrientes enterales y parenterales con complicaciones digestivas como vómitos y diarreas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: food and nutrition presuppose a relevant role in the recovery of the critically-ill patient. A non-optimal nutritional status continues to be the most frequent cause of poor evolution of hospitalized patients and quality of life. Objective: to characterize the nutritional status and support in critically-ill patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit at Pepe Portilla Pediatric Hospital of Pinar del Rio, from May 2016- May 2018. Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional research was conducted in 51 patients who required nutritional intervention, in which enteral and/or parenteral nutrients were used. Information was collected from a documentary review. Results: nutritional support therapy prevailed in patients aged zero to four years, representing 47,1 %; 62,7 % were male. Enteral nutrition predominated in patients admitted for respiratory failure (44 %), sepsis (16 %) and cancer diseases (13 %). Parenteral nutritional support was given to 68,4 % of surgical diseases. Digestive complications were the most frequent (54,8 %) followed by metabolic complications (13,7 %). Conclusions: malnourished patients or at risk of malnutrition required nutritional support, predominantly in patients from zero to four years old, related to surgical causes, respiratory diseases and sepsis. Enteral and parenteral nutrients were used with digestive complications such as vomiting and diarrhea.

Uso de coadyuvantes en dolor postoperatorio / Use of adjuvants in postoperative pain

Resumen: Los analgésicos coadyuvantes son compuestos que tienen una baja potencia analgésica. Sin embargo, la sinergia con opioides incrementa su efecto y favorece una reducción en los eventos adversos de los narcóticos para el control del dolor postoperatorio. Las estrategias ahorradoras de opioides están relacionadas con el efecto de una variedad de receptores, de los cuales podemos nombrar: los antagonistas NMDA como la ketamina, magnesio y dextrometorfano, los agonistas α-2 como la clonidina y la dexmedetomidina, los inhibidores de la subunidad α-2δ de los canales de calcio como la pregabalina y la gabapentina, los bloqueadores de los canales de sodio como la lidocaína y, finalmente, los glucocorticoides. En esta revisión se describirán las características, indicaciones, dosis y niveles de evidencia del uso de los coadyuvantes de uso intravenoso y regional en el contexto perioperatorio. (visite http://www.painoutmexico.com para ver artículo completo y Tablas).

Abstract: The adjuvant analgesics are compounds that have a low analgesic potency. However, with these compounds, the adverse effects of opioids may be diminished for the control of postoperative pain. Opioid-sparing strategies are related to the effect on a variety of receptors, of which we should name: the NMDA antagonists such as ketamine, magnesium and dextromethorphan, the α-2 agonists such as clonidine and dexmedetomidine, subunit α-2δ of calcium channels inhibitors; such as pregabalin and gabapentin, sodium channels blockers such as lidocaine and finally glucocorticoids. In this review we describe the characteristics, indications, doses and levels of evidence of use of adjuvants in the perioperative context (visit http://www.painoutmexico.com to see the full article and Tables).

Impact of environmental pollution on the ocular surface of Sjögren's syndrome patients / Impacto da poluição ambiental na superfície ocular de pacientes com síndrome de Sjögren

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effect of air pollution on the ocular surface of patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Methods: We investigated the ocular surfaces of thirty patients with Sjögren's syndrome and thirty healthy volunteers (control group) living in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. We used nitrogen dioxide as an indicator of exposure to air pollution. An ocular symptoms questionnaire was answered by all subjects, who also underwent a complete ocular surface ophthalmic examination-including an Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, biomicroscopy, tear breakup time, Schirmer 1 test, corneal and conjunctival vital staining with fluorescein and lissamine green, tear lysozyme concentration, and impression cytology. Results: In almost all ocular surface test findings, we found a positive and significant correlation between higher levels of exposure to air pollution and higher levels of ocular surface damage in both the control group and Sjögren's syndrome patients. In Sjögren's syndrome patients, the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, tear breakup time, vital staining and impression cytology showed a significant correlation between high levels of air pollution and ocular surface disease. In the control group, the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, tear breakup time, and impression cytology showed a significant correlation between high levels of air pollution and ocular surface disease. Conclusions: Here we demonstrated that in patients with dry eye syndrome associated with Sjögren, abnormalities of the ocular surface and eye irritation related to air pollution are more severe than those in the control group. We believe that measuring air quality should be not only an integral part of the evaluation of ocular surface disease but also a therapeutic consideration.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da poluição do ar na superfície ocular de pacientes com síndrome de Sjögren. Métodos: Foram investigadas as superfícies oculares de trinta pacientes com síndrome de Sjögren e trinta voluntários saudáveis (grupo controle) residentes na Região Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Usamos o dióxido de nitrogênio como um indicador de exposição à poluição do ar. Um questionário de sintomas oculares foi respondido por todos os indivíduos, que também foram submetidos a um exame oftalmológico completo da superfície ocular - incluindo um questionário do Índice da Doença da Superfície Ocular, biomicroscopia, tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, teste de Schirmer 1, coloração da córnea e conjuntiva com fluoresceína e lissamina verde, concentração de lisozima lacrimal e citologia de impressão. Resultados: Em quase todos os achados do teste de superfície ocular, encontramos uma correlação positiva e significativa entre níveis mais altos de exposição à poluição do ar e níveis mais elevados de danos na superfície ocular tanto no grupo controle quanto nos pacientes com síndrome de Sjögren. Em pacientes com síndrome de Sjögren, o questionário do Índice da Doença da Superfície Ocular, tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, coloração vital e citologia de impressão mostraram uma correlação significativa entre altos níveis de poluição do ar e doença da superfície ocular. No grupo controle, o questionário do Índice de Doenças da Superfície Ocular, tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal e citologia de impressão mostraram uma correlação significativa entre altos níveis de poluição do ar e doença da superfície ocular. Conclusões: Aqui demonstramos que, pacientes com síndrome de olho seco associada a Sjögren, as anormalidades da superfície ocular e a irritação ocular relacionadas à poluição do ar são mais graves do que aquelas no grupo controle. Acreditamos que a medição da qualidade do ar não deve ser apenas uma parte integral da avaliação da doença da superfície ocular, mas também uma consideração terapêutica.

Perfil de la diarrea aguda en niños hospitalizados de Santa Bárbara / Profile of acute diarrhea in hospitalized children from Santa Barbara

Introducción: la diarrea aguda ha sido una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en la infancia. Estudiar el comportamiento clínicos y epidemiológico de la diarrea en menores de cinco años ingresados en el Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Santa Bárbara Integrado de Honduras durante los primeros cinco meses del año 2008. Pacientes y métodos: El universo estuvo constituido por 200 niños desde cero hasta cinco años que ingresaron en el servicio con el diagnóstico de Enfermedad Diarreica Aguda en el transcurso de una epidemia. Se utilizó un cuestionario que fue aplicado a las madres y además se utilizó información de los expedientes clínicos de los pacientes. Resultados: La afectación fue en el amplio grupo de 1 hasta 4 años, con predominio en el sexo masculino y la mayoría de los pacientes estaban eutróficos. El bajo percápita familiar, el hacinamiento y la baja escolaridad materna fueron los principales antecedentes de riesgo detectados. La deshidratación fue la principal complicación y no ocurrieron defunciones. Conclusión: Los hallazgos clínicos y epidemiológicos encontrados en este grupo indican que las condiciones socioeconómicas se asocian a enfermedad diarreica...

Factores epidemiológicos en lactantes hospitalizados por diarrea aguda / Epidemiological factors in hospitalized infants suffering from acute diarrhea

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y longitudinal con el propósito de describir la presencia de algunos factores epidemiológicos asociados a las Enfermedades Diarreicas Agudas. Se estudiaron 250 niños menores de 12 meses ingresados por esta causa en el Servicio de Gastroenterología Aguda del Hospital Docente Pediátrico Provincial "Pepe Portilla" de Pinar del Río, durante el período comprendido de Enero a Diciembre del año 2005, utilizando como fuente de información las encuestas realizadas a las madres, además de revisar las historias clínicas de estos casos. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que la edad menor de 6 meses constituyó un factor de riesgo, no viéndose diferencias importantes en cuanto al sexo. La malnutrición proteico - energética no representó un problema. La escasa administración de Lactancia Materna Exclusiva y las condiciones de la vivienda deficientes fueron otro factor asociado a las diarreas. Para el análisis estadístico utilizamos media porcentual y prueba de hipótesis Chí Cuadrado.

A descriptive and longitudinal study was carried out, aimed at describing the presence of some epidemiological factors associated with acute diarrhoea deseases. A sample of 250 infants under 12 months of age were admitted to Gastroenterology Service a "Pepe Portilla" Provinicial Pediatric Teaching Hospital in inar del Río during January to December 2005, using the surveys done on mothers. The clinical charts of those cases were also reviewed. According to the results obtained it was demostrated that age under 6 months represented a risk factor, no important difference according to sex were observed. The protein-energy malnutrition was not a problem. The poor administration of Exclusive Breast Feeding as well as the poor home conditions were another factor associated to diarrhoea diseases. For the statistical analysis the percentage mean and the Chi square hypothesis test were used.

Paludismo grave y complicado en niños. Hospital regional de Bata. Guinea Ecuatorial. 2003 / Severe and complicated malaria in children at “Bata” Regional Hospital- Equatorial Guinea

El paludismo grave es el causado por el Plasmodium falciparum, que cada año cobra millones de vidas en los países del tercer mundo, siendo los niños los más afectados, por este motivo se realizó estudio prospectivo, descriptivo transversal de los pacientes pediátricos que ingresaron con gota gruesa positiva a plasmodium falciparum, del mes de enero a julio del año 2003 en el hospital regional de Bata en Guinea Ecuatorial. Se encontró que el 49% de los ingresos correspondieron a los niños de 1-4 años, siguiendoles los menores de un año con 34,5% de casos. Se encontró que el 24% de los niños solo permanecieron un día en el hospital y el 67% de 2-5 días. Presentaron complicaciones 35,5% de los ingresados, la anemia severa fue la complicación que más se presentó (17,3%), los trastornos hidroelectrolíticos le siguieron con un 10%. Fallecieron 16 niños, de ellos con anemia severa 10 para (62,5%), con estadía de menos de un día fallecieron 7 pacientes y de 2-5 días otros 7 niños y entre los 6-13 días hubo 2 muertes. La principal recomendación fue que los niños con sospecha de paludismo deben ser atendidos inmediatamente para evitar las graves complicaciones de ésta enfermedad.

Severe malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum taken millions of lives in Third World countries every year and being children the most affected. A descriptive, prospective, cross "sectional and correlational-casual study was carried out with pediatric patients who were admitted at Bata Regional Hospital in Equatorial Guinea after practicing a thick" film method test with positive results of plasmodium falciparum from January to July 2003, aimed at establishing clinical features of children affected by plasmodium falciparum determining the number of admissions, stay in hospital, complications and mortality, scientific methods used were empiric; analyzing documents and verbal interviews, statistic methods were: parametric samples and percentage-mean, using descriptive statistics. It was determined that 49 % of the admitted children were 1-4 years old, followed by children under 1 year old (34.5 %) of the cases, 24 % of the children stayed one day in the hospital and 67 % stayed from 2 to 5 days. The total of cases admitted presenting complications were 397; it was not possible to evaluate 232 cases (23 %), severe anemia was the most frequent complications "200 children (20 %), electrolyte disorders in 79 cases (10 %) and hypoglycemia" 70 cases (7 %). Sixteen children died with severe anemia 10 (62.5 %). Those patients staying in the hospital less than a day (7 died), from 2 ? 5 days (7 children died) with 6 - 13 days in hospital only 2 children died. The most important conclusion stated was: that those children being suspected of suffering from Malaria should be immediately assisted in order to avoid severe complications of this disease.