Bipolar disorder: recent advances and future trends in bioanalytical developments for biomarker discovery.

In this manuscript we briefly describe bipolar disorder (a depressive and manic mental disease), its classification, its effects on the patient, which sometimes include suicidal tendencies, and the drugs used for treatment. We also address the status quo with regard to diagnosis of bipolar disorder and recent advances in bioanalytical approaches for biomarker discovery. These approaches focus on blood samples (serum and plasma) and proteins as the main biomarker targets, and use various strategies for protein depletion. Strategies include use of commercially available kits or other homemade strategies and use of classical proteomics methods for protein identification based on "bottom-up" or "top-down" approaches, which used SELDI, ESI, or MALDI as sources for mass spectrometry, and up-to-date mass analyzers, for example Orbitrap. We also discuss some future objectives for treatment of this disorder and possible directions for the correct diagnosis of this still-unclear mental illness.

Biochemical network analysis of protein-protein interactions to follow-up T1 bladder cancer patients.

Bladder cancer (BCa) is a prevalent disease with a high risk of aggressive recurrence in T1-stage patients. Despite the efforts to anticipate recurrence, a reliable method has yet to be developed. In this work, we employed high-resolution mass spectrometry to compare the urinary proteome of T1-stage BCa patients with recurring versus non-recurring disease to uncover actionable clinical information predicting recurrence. All patients were diagnosed with T1-stage bladder cancer between the ages of 51 and 91, and urine samples were collected before medical intervention. Our results suggest that the urinary myeloperoxidase to cubilin ratio could be used as a new tool for predicting recurrence and that dysregulation of the inflammatory and immune systems may be a key driver of disease worsening. Furthermore, we identified neutrophil degranulation and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as key pathways in the progression of T1-stage BCa. We propose that proteomics follow-up of the inflammatory and immune systems may be useful for monitoring the effectiveness of therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: This article describes how proteomics can be used to characterize tumor aggressiveness in patients with the same diagnosis of bladder cancer (BCa). LC-MS/MS in combination with label free quantification (LFQ) were used to explore potential protein and pathway level changes related to the aggressiveness of the disease in 13 and 17 recurring and non-recurring T1 stage BCa patients. We have shown that the MPO/CUBN protein ratio is a candidate for a urine prognosis tool in BCa. Furthermore, we identify dysregulation of inflammation process as a driver for BCa recurrence and progression. Moreover, we propose using proteomics to track the effectiveness of therapy in the inflammatory and immune systems.

Proteomics strategies for bipolar disorder evaluation: From sample preparation to validation.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex and costly psychiatric disorder, which affects one hundred million people worldwide. Due to its heterogeneity, correct BD diagnosis is still a challenge. In order to overcome this issue, different bioanalytical strategies have been proposed in the literature recently. Among these strategies, proteomic approaches have arisen as some of the most promising in the area. Thus, recent applications suggest protein profiles to further refine the proteome of BD as well as the discovery of novel protein biomarkers to facilitate diagnostics. In this review, the state-of-art of proteomic research in BD is summarized. Furthermore, important aspects of proteomics for understanding of BD, such as sample type and size, sampling, sample preparation, gel-based and gel-free proteomics, proteomic quantitative and protein validation are overviewed.