Halogen atom effect on the photophysical properties of substituted aza-BODIPY derivatives.

The influence of halogen atom substitution (Br and I), in different amounts and positions in an aza-BODIPY skeleton, on the photophysical properties of some aza-BODIPY derivatives has been investigated by using density functional theory and its time-dependent extension. The heavy atom effect on excitation energies, singlet-triplet energy gaps and spin-orbit matrix elements has been considered. The maximum absorption within the therapeutic window has been confirmed for all the aza-BODIPY derivatives. The feasible intersystem spin crossing pathways for the population of the lowest triplet state, that will depend on the values of the spin-orbit matrix elements, the energy gap as well as the orbital composition of the involved states have been found to most likely involve the S1 and T1 or T2 states. The outcomes of computations support the potential therapeutic use of these compounds as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy.

Deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb secondary to lumbar discal hernia compression: a rarity? Review of the literature.

This case report is about a 70-years-old female patient, suffering from discal hernia, with compression of the iliac vein, that led to the formation of deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs. The angio-CT scan revealed the starting point of the L4- L5 compression where a voluminous discal hernia caused deep vein thrombosis, with the involvement the femoro-popliteal venous axis. Blood samples and PET-CT scans excluded other possible etiologic factors. This case demonstrates how a voluminous discal hernia can cause venous thrombosis.

Curative gastric resection for the elderly patients suffering from gastric cancer.

The improvement of the socio-economic conditions and the progress of medicine have extended the life span of the world's population and as a result, the number of patients with malignant neoplasms has increased. Gastric cancer is the third most common cancer (after lung and prostate) and the second leading cause of death caused by cancer (after lung bronchogenic cell carcinoma) in males; while it's the fifth cancer by frequency and the fourth cause of cancer death in females. It presents a peculiar geographical distribution with a lower incidence in Western Europe and North America, and higher incidence in the Far East, South America and Eastern Europe. Its incidence in Italy is 122 cases per 100000 inhabitants in males and 83 cases per 100000 inhabitants in females (in Italy). It occurs more frequently in old age, is quite rare in individuals under the age of 45. The aim of this work is to analyze the clinical and pathological characteristics of gastric carcinoma and the feasibility of curative surgery in patients over 75, identifying the factors affecting mortality, morbidity, survival and quality of life after surgery. These data have been compared with those of younger patients to assess the correct type of surgery.

The role of astrocytes response triggered by hyperglycaemia during spinal cord injury.

Objective: This manuscript aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological, molecular, and cellular mechanisms triggered by reactive astrocytes (RA) in the context of spinal cord injury (SCI), with a particular focus on cases involving hyperglycaemia.Methods: The compilation of articles related to astrocyte responses in neuropathological conditions, with a specific emphasis on those related to SCI and hyperglycaemia, was conducted by searching through databases including Science Direct, Web of Science, and PubMed.Results and Conclusions: This article explores the dual role of astrocytes in both neurophysiological and neurodegenerative conditions within the central nervous system (CNS). In the aftermath of SCI and hyperglycaemia, astrocytes undergo a transformation into RA, adopting a distinct phenotype. While there are currently no approved therapies for SCI, various therapeutic strategies have been proposed to alleviate the detrimental effects of RAs following SCI and hyperglycemia. These strategies show promising potential in the treatment of SCI and its likely comorbidities.

Associations among sexual assault, posttraumatic stress, drinking to cope with anxiety, and alcohol use based on gender identity and sexual orientation.

BACKGROUND: Sexual assault (SA) is experienced by a substantial proportion of emerging adult college students and is associated with elevated rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use. This study examines the mediating role of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in the associations among SA severity, drinking to cope with anxiety, and average weekly drinks while considering the moderating roles of gender identity and sexual orientation. METHODS: A total of 2160 college students who were diverse in gender (cisgender women, 64.4%; cisgender men, 30.6%, and transgender and gender diverse [TGD] individuals = 4.9%) and sexual orientation (heterosexual = 68.0%, LGBQ+ = 32.0%) completed measures of SA severity, PTSS, drinking to cope with anxiety motives, and average weekly drinks. RESULTS: The mediation model for the full sample indicated significant indirect effects of SA severity on drinking to cope with anxiety through PTSS, but not on average weekly drinks. Moderation analyses revealed differential relationships between the variables based on both gender identity and sexual orientation. For instance, the association between SA severity and PTSS was stronger for cisgender women and TGD individuals than cisgender men, and for LGBQ+ individuals than heterosexual individuals. While the association between PTSS and average weekly drinks was only significant for cisgender men, the association between PTSS and drinking to cope with anxiety was significant for both cisgender men and women but not TGD individuals. Furthermore, the association between SA severity and drinking to cope with anxiety was stronger for cisgender women than cisgender men. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study demonstrate sexual orientation and gender identity differences and similarities in the associations of SA severity, PTSS, drinking to cope with anxiety, and alcohol use. Results are discussed in relation to the self-medication hypothesis and tailoring interventions for diverse groups.

Utero-placental apoplexy during induction of therapeutic abortion in a 18-week pregnancy.

Utero-Placental Apoplexy, or Couvelaire Uterus, is a third-trimester major obstetrical complication, occurring especially during labor. It consists of placental abruption followed by an acute intradecidual hemorrhage produced by the rupture of the uterus-placental spiral arterioles leading to a retroplacental hematoma. This hemorrhage infiltrates the uterine wall up to intra- and retro-peritoneal areas. We provide a case report, on which no previous literature is available, of a utero-placental apoplexy during induction of therapeutic abortion.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions of resveratrol after experimental nervous system insults. Special focus on the molecular mechanisms involved.

After different types of acute central nervous system insults, including stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage and traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries, secondary damage plays a central role in the induction of cell death, neurodegeneration and functional deficits. Interestingly, secondary cell death presents an attractive target for clinical intervention because the temporal lag between injury and cell loss provides a potential window for effective treatment. While primary injuries are the direct result of the precipitating insult, secondary damage involves the activation of pathological cascades through which endogenous factors can exacerbate initial tissue damage. Secondary processes, usually interactive and overlapping, include oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and dysregulation of autophagy, ultimately leading to cell death. Resveratrol, a natural stilbene present at relatively high concentrations in grape skin and red wine, exerts a wide range of beneficial health effects. Within the central nervous system, in addition to its inherent free radical scavenging role, resveratrol increases endogenous cellular antioxidant defences thus modulating multiple synergistic pathways responsible for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. During the last years, a growing body of in vitro and in vivo evidence has been built, indicating that resveratrol can induce a neuroprotective state and attenuate functional deficits when administered acutely after an experimental injury to the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings on the molecular pathways involved in the neuroprotective effects of this multi target polyphenol, and discuss its neuroprotective potential after brain or spinal cord injuries.

Mycoremediation effect of Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 combined with ozonation in diesel-contaminated sand.

This study aimed to determine the ability of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 (Th-T22) to utilize diesel fuel as a carbon source. The potential use of Th-T22 for diesel bioremediation in an artificial soil was tested by inoculating a diesel-sand mixture with a fungal mycelial suspension of Th-T22. Given the ability of ozone to degrade compounds with low biochemical reactivity, the effect of a pre- and post-ozonation was also evaluated. The survival, growth and sporulation of Th-T22 throughout the bioremediation trial were monitored in all the treatments. In the post-ozonation treatments, the biodegradation percentages of diesel removal were 70.16% and 88.35% in Th-T22-inoculated sand treated or untreated with the antibacterial streptomycin, respectively. The results showed that ozonation alone caused good removal efficiencies (41.9%) but it was much more effective if combined with Th-T22 in a post-ozonation regime, whereas pre-ozonation negatively affected the subsequent biodegradation, likely due to its disinfectant and oxidizing effect on Th-T22. The results obtained demonstrated the significant mycoremediation ability of Th-T22 in diesel-contaminated sand and its possible use as a bioremediation agent for diesel spills in polluted sites.

CO2 and N2O from water resource recovery facilities: Evaluation of emissions from biological treatment, settling, disinfection, and receiving water body.

Water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) contribute to climate change and air pollution, as they are anthropogenic potential sources of direct and indirect emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Studies concerning the monitoring and accounting for GHG emissions from WRRFs are of increasing interest. In this study, the floating hood technique for gas collection was coupled with the off-gas method to monitor and apportion nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from both aerated and non-aerated tanks in a municipal water resource recovery facility, in order to investigate its carbon footprint (CFP). To our knowledge, this is the first time that the chamber technique was applied to evaluate gas fluxes from the settler, where an emission factor (EF) of 4.71 ∗ 10-5 kgCO2,eq kgbCOD-1 was found. Interesting results were found in the disinfection unit, which was the major contributor to direct N2O emissions (with a specific emission factor of 0.008 kgCO2,eq kgbCOD-1), due to the chemical interaction between hydroxylamine and the disinfectant agent (hypochlorite). The specific emission factor of the biological aerated tank was 0.00112 kgCO2,eq kgbCOD-1. The average direct CO2 emission was equal to 0.068 kgCO2 kgbCOD-1 from the activated sludge tank and to 0.00017 kgCO2 kgbCOD-1 from the secondary clarifier. Therefore, taking into account the contribution of both direct N2O and CO2 emissions, values of 0.069 kgCO2,eq kgbCOD-1, 0.008 kgCO2,eq kgbCOD-1 and 0.00022 kgCO2,eq kgbCOD-1, were found for the net CFP of the aerated compartment, the disinfection unit and the clarifier, respectively. The plant energy Footprint (eFP) was also evaluated, confirming that the aeration system is the major contributor to energy consumption, as well as to indirect CO2 emission, with a specific eFP of 1.49 kWh kgbCOD-1.

Correlation between monoamino oxidase inhibitor activity of some thiazol-2-ylhydrazines and their interaction with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes.

A calorimetric investigation has been carried out on the influence exerted by some 1-(alkoxybenzoyl)-2-(4-substituted thiazolyl-2-yl)hydrazines, possessing monoamine oxidase inhibitory (MAOI) activity, on the thermotropic behavior of model membranes constituted by dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) vesicles. Attention was paid to evaluate how structural variations of drugs may influence drug-lipid interaction. The examined drugs were found to modify the gel to liquid-crystal phase transition of DPPC liposomes, by causing a shift of the transition temperature (Tm) toward lower values and a negligible variation in the enthalpy changes (delta H). The different effects on DPPC thermotropic behavior of these MAOI drugs could be considered in terms of different substituents on the molecule's backbone. The calorimetric results were related to drug's MAO inhibitory activity measured by fluorescence techniques and the apparent distribution coefficient of the compounds in water/n-octanol. A hypothesis on a correlation between a drug's structure, inhibitory activity, and membrane interaction has been suggested.

Synthesis and local anesthetic activity of alkylaminoacyl derivatives of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole.

We prepared some series of 2-(alkylaminoacyl) derivatives of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles. Most terms were subjected to a biological screening showing a local anesthetic activity both in infiltration and trunkular tests. For some of the assayed derivatives, the activity was comparable to that of lidocaine, taken as the reference molecule. From the obtained results an acceptable relationship between some structural features and activity was drawn.

Carboxymethyl- and carboxy-derivatives of 7H- and 5H-1,2,4-triazolo [3,4-b][1,3,4] thiadiazine: synthesis and biological evaluation.

Some carboxymethyl- and carboxy-derivatives of 7H- and 5H-1,2,4-triazolo [3,4-b][1,3,4] thiadiazine were prepared. Their structure are discussed on the basis of IR, NMR and mass spectra. The synthesized compounds were subjected to a preliminary pharmacological screening for antiinflammatory-analgesic activity and to microbiological test on various species of mycetes and bacteria.

Synthesis of carboxyalkylthio-triazoles and bicyclic derivatives with antiinflammatory and analgesic activity.

3-Carboxyalkylthio derivatives of 5-alkoxyphenyl-1,2,4-triazole were prepared, performing some substitutions both on carboxyalkyl chain, by lengthening it or introducing substituents with increasing molecular weight in alpha- at the carboxy group, and on N-4 atom in the triazole ring, by introducing an amino or methyl group, so that to vary steric conformation along with the lipophilicity of molecules. The corresponding bicyclic thiazolo-triazolone and triazolo-thiazinone derivatives, which represent the rigid models of carboxymethylthio- and carboxyethylthio- open structures, were also obtained. All the compounds show "in vivo" antiinflammatory activity, while only carboxyalkylthio derivatives of 4-amino- and 4-methyltriazole display an appreciable analgesic one. From the relief of some data on substituent present in the synthesized compounds, a structure-activity relationship is also suggested.

Liposomes as a potential drug carrier for citicoline (CDP-choline) and the effect of formulation conditions on encapsulation efficiency.

In this paper we report the investigation of the potential of liposomes as drug carrier for citicoline (1; CDP-choline). The aim of our work is to improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of the drug to facilitate the overcoming of the blood-brain barrier. The thermotropic behaviour of hydrated dispersions of various phospholipids and their mixtures containing 1 have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to have a clear view of the interaction between the drug and the liposome phospholipids. By the values of transition peak temperature (Tm) and transition enthalpy (delta H) we note a strong interaction between 1 and the polar heads of L-alpha-dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (DPPA) and L-alpha-dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine (DPPS), whereas there is not any considerable interaction between the drug and L-alpha-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or L-alpha-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC); in any case no interaction occurs between 1 and the hydrophobic part of the phospholipid. So we conclude that all the drug is fitted into the aqueous spaces. The results of the encapsulation efficiency experiments demonstrate how the encapsulation capacity increase with using charged phospholipids, reaching the top with DPPA. Moreover, it was noted that the presence of Cholesterol (Chol) enhances the encapsulation capacity (EC) and drug content (DC) values of DPPC, a neutral phospholipid. The size of the liposomes was determined by light scattering (LS).

MAOI activity of thiosemicarbazides and related 2-thiazolylhydrazines.

The preparation is described of hydrazides I, thiosemicarbazides II, III, IV and hydrazinothiazoles VIII, which can be considered as "precursors" or "open models" for the synthesized benzoyl-, benzilidene- and benzyl-hydrazinothiazoles V, VI and VII, analogous to 4-methyl and 4-phenyl substituted derivatives A, B and C, described and tested for their MAOI activity in a previous paper. Biochemical assay on the new prepared compounds allowed us to better clarify the structure-activity relationship also of compounds A, B and C of the precedent note. Moreover, on a group of derivatives, which showed a higher activity, a further test was performed to observe the possible correlation between MAOI activity and both their lipophilicity and ability in interacting with liposome bilayers, taken as a model of cell membrane.

MAOI activity of some novel series of substituted thiazol-2-yl-hydrazines.

Three series of 2-thiazolylhydrazines were synthetized and evaluated for their MAO inhibitory (MAOI) activity, both by in vivo tests, to assay their influence on several MAOI activity-related parameters (the variation on blood pressure induced by tyramine and clonidine and L-amfetamine-induced hypermotility) and in vitro tests, to assay their effect on rat brain mitochondria by a kinuramine fluorimetric assay. In vivo, all the tested compounds significatively influenced the evaluative parameters used. As regards in vitro test, all compounds displayed MAOI activity at a concentration of 1.10(-4) mol.l-1, which was significant in several cases. In the discussion of the results, the influence of the structure on the biological activity of the prepared compounds was delineated.

[Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: long-term survival]. / Il carcinoma anaplastico della tiroide: sopravvivenza a distanza.

Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid is a highly aggressive neoplasm with quickly total course. It is characterized by an average survival of 4-12 months. It infiltrates precociously into the windpipe, oesophagus, vessels of the neck and gives distant metastases in 10-48% of cases. In 30.8 to 80% of cases, this carcinoma originates in an old multinodular goiter. The hypothesis has been also advanced that this neoplasm could derive from a pre-existent well-differentiated carcinoma. The improvement in diagnostic techniques (especially immunohistochemistry) allows a more correct definition of this neoplasm, permitting a differential diagnosis with other tumours (lymphoma, medullary carcinoma, hemangioblastoma) with which in the past it has been erroneously identified. The results reported in the literature are controversial as regards long-term survival, but usually it is less than one year. Longer survival must lead to the suspicion of wrong diagnosis. A relatively better prognosis is observable in intraglandular forms, "minimi" neoplastic focus and young patients. The presence of regional metastatic lymph nodes doesn't seem to modify the prognosis. Instead, a factor which can condition the prognosis is the type of therapy. Now a days the most efficacious curative treatment is the multinodal one (surgery, radio- and chemotherapy). The best results about survival and quality of life have been obtained using chemo-radiotherapy before operation and chemotherapy after it.

[Short-stay in patients surgically treated for thyroid disease]. / Sull'invio precoce a domicilio del paziente operato per tireopatia.

The improvement in anesthesiology and greater experience of medical staff have permitted short-stay surgery. The authors in this pages report their knowledge of thyroid short-stay surgery. Their series numbers twenty-two lobectomies for uninodular the thyroid disease and one enucleoresection for a nodule of pyramidal lobe. Short-stay surgery has been proposed to euthyroid patients, selected according to age, residence and health (lack of associated pathologies such as cardiopathy, bronchopathy, hepatopathy, nephropathy, allergy, calcemic disorders and dysphony) and confirmed in the presence of histological extemporary diagnosis of "adenoma" (21 cases). The histological extemporary diagnosis of "carcinoma" has lengthened hospital stay. Among the lobectomies, 21 were executed in general anaesthesia and 1 in acupuncture. The enucleoresection was executed in local anaesthesia. Only in eighteen cases was a "Penrose" deainage used, removed after 24 hours. The choice of thyroid short-stay surgery, particularly in day-hospital, must arise from a careful selection of patients. Besides, this surgery requires an administrative and sanitary structure which permits a constant patient's check at hare too.

[A case of breast metastasis in bladder urothelioma]. / Su di un caso di metastasi mammaria da urotelioma vescicale.

A case of isolated mammary metastasis from surgically untreated urothelial vesical carcinoma is discussed. An integrated chemo-radiotherapeutical treatment had been planned, due to bad general condition; after this, an optimal subjective benefit and good objective response (reduction in lesion diameter < 50%, MR) were obtained. An isolated breast lesion appeared ten months after; its metastatic nature was only indirectly suspected by mammographic and echographic features. Only immunohistochemical study, realized on percutaneous needle biopsy specimen, definitively confirmed the urothelial metastatic origin. In present work, biological and prognostic significance of mammary metastases and the needing of distinguishing them from primary breast neoplasm are analysed, basing on the literature review.

Early spread of hyperexcitability to caudal dorsal horn networks after a chemically-induced lesion of the rat spinal cord in vitro.

Hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons has been shown to play a key role in neuropathic pain following chronic experimental spinal cord injury. With a neonatal in vitro spinal cord injury model, we show that a chemically-induced lesion leads to rapid gain-of-function of sublesional dorsal horn networks biased to hyperexcitation. The expression of the GABA synthetic enzyme GAD65 was significantly reduced at the same level of the spinal cord, suggesting a compromised inhibitory system. We propose that our model could be useful to test early approaches to contrast spinal cord injury-induced central sensitization of dorsal horn circuits.