Music during flexible cystoscopy for pain and anxiety - a patient-blinded randomised control trial.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the role of music in reducing the pain and anxiety associated with flexible cystoscopy using a blinded trial design. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A patient-blinded randomised control trial of music during flexible cystoscopy was performed comparing the pain, measured by visual analogue scale (VAS), anxiety, measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and vital signs of 109 patients across two public hospitals in New South Wales, Australia. The purpose and hypothesis of the study was concealed from patients until after results had been collected. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences detected between the No Music and Music groups in VAS pain score (mean [SD] 2.04 [1.94] vs 2.10 [1.90], P = 0.86), change in STAI anxiety score (mean [SD] 4.87 [9.87] vs 6.8 [11.07], P = 0.33) or post-procedural vital signs (mean [SD] heart rate 74 [14] vs 72 [13] beats/min, P = 0.66; systolic blood pressure 144 [20] vs 141 [19] mmHg, P = 0.47) between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Music does not appear to decrease perceived pain or anxiety when used during flexible cystoscopy. These findings may differ from the literature due to several factors, most significantly blinding of participants, but also potentially due to the ethnic composition of the study population or lack of choice of music.

Bladder infusion versus standard catheter removal for trial of void: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and time-to-discharge of two methods of trial of void (TOV): bladder infusion versus standard catheter removal. METHODS: Electronic searches for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing bladder infusion versus standard catheter removal were performed using multiple electronic databases from dates of inception to June 2020. Participants underwent TOV after acute urinary retention or postoperatively after intraoperative indwelling catheter (IDC) placement. Quality assessment and meta-analyses were performed, with odds ratio and mean time difference used as the outcome measures. RESULTS: Eight studies, comprising 977 patients, were included in the final analysis. Pooled meta-analysis demonstrated that successful TOV was significantly higher in the bladder infusion group compared to standard TOV (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.53-3.8, p = 0.0005), without significant heterogeneity (I2=19%). The bladder infusion group had a significantly shorter time-to-decision in comparison to standard TOV (weighted mean difference (WMD)-148.96 min, 95% CI - 242.29, - 55.63, p = 0.002) and shorter time-to-discharge (WMD - 89.68 min, 95% CI - 160.55, - 18.88, p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in complication rates between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The bladder infusion technique of TOV may be associated with a significantly increased likelihood of successful TOV and reduced time to discharge compared to standard TOV practices.

Hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis presenting as a pedunculated bladder mass.

Extrahepatic metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a sign of advanced disease with poor prognosis. Haematogenous metastasis to the urinary bladder is extremely rare. We describe a case of a 66-year-old male with advanced HCC that developed HCC metastasis to the bladder. There have only been six case reports previously documenting this. Uniquely this is the first case to develop metastatic disease to the bladder after receiving both locoregional and systemic therapy.

Robotic-assisted retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for stage II testicular cancer.

Objective: To evaluate the perioperative as well as early oncological outcomes of patients undergoing robotic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for treatment of testicular cancer. Methods: We conducted a prospective consecutive case series of patients undergoing robotic assisted retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for metastatic testicular cancer between May 2018 and July 2021 at our institution. Data were collected on patient and tumour characteristics, intraoperative and postoperative parameters, and functional and oncological outcomes. Descriptive statistics are presented. Results: Nineteen patients were identified; 18 (94.7%) completed the procedure robotically and one was converted to open surgery; 78.9% of patients had stage ≥IIB and 12 (63.2%) patients had undergone prior chemotherapy. The median operative time was 300 (interquartile range [IQR] 240-315) min. Median blood loss was 100 (IQR 50-175) mL. Median length of stay was 2 (range 1-11) days. All robotically completed patients commenced diet and passed flatus on Day 1 and were discharged by Day 3. The median lymph node yield was 40.5 (IQR 38-51) nodes. All patients undergoing nerve-sparing procedures recovered antegrade ejaculatory function. One patient had a Clavien-Dindo III complication (chylous ascites requiring drainage). At a median follow-up of 22.3 (IQR 16.3-24.9) months, one patient developed retroperitoneal recurrence, which was successfully treated with second-line chemotherapy; no other patients have had recurrences. Conclusion: Robotic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is a safe and feasible alternative to open surgery in appropriately selected patients, offering low morbidity. Early oncological outcomes are promising. Larger cohorts and longer follow-ups are required to validate our institution's findings.

Robotic-Assisted Bladder Diverticulectomy: Indications, Technique, and Outcomes-A Case Series.

Purpose: This case series describes the experiences and outcomes of multiple Australian surgeons performing robotic-assisted bladder diverticulectomy (RABD), highlighting the procedural effectiveness and safety, for both benign and malignant indications for diverticulectomy. Methods: Outcomes were analyzed from 13 experienced Australian urologists who performed RABD between 2016 and 2023. Retrospective analysis was performed on prospectively collected data, which included patient demographics, diverticulum characteristics, surgical approaches, and post-operative outcomes. Surgical techniques included the extravesical and intravesical approaches, with the focus on maintaining oncological principles in cases of malignancy. Results: A total of 28 patients underwent RABD, with the majority being male and a mean age of 63.9 years. All surgeons utilized a four-port transperitoneal approach and opted for the extravesical dissection of the diverticular neck; one case utilized both an extravesical and a trans-diverticular approach. Functional outcomes demonstrated symptomatic resolution in patients with nonmalignant diverticula, whereas oncological outcomes indicated clear margins in 90% of malignant cases. The average length of the procedure was 106 minutes, with minimal blood loss and a mean hospital stay of 2.67 days. Early complications occurred in 14% with the majority Clavien-Dindo grade II. Conclusion: Robotic bladder diverticulectomy, predominantly via the transperitoneal extravesical approach, has emerged as a safe, effective, and reliable surgical intervention for both malignant and nonmalignant bladder diverticula. The consistent surgical approach and excellent outcomes demonstrated in this case series reinforce the procedure's potential as a safe option, even in the setting of malignancy within a diverticulum.

Robotic post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer: A multicenter collaborative study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the perioperative and oncological/functional outcomes of robotic post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In this retrospective study, we included patients who underwent robotic post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection at 7 academic centers between 2011 and 2021. Patients' characteristics, perioperative findings, as well as oncological and functional outcomes are reviewed. Relationships with the main outcome (90-day complications) were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 90 patients with a median (IQR) age of 30 (25-37) years were included. The main primary histologic type was non-seminomatous germ cell tumor (89%). Seven patients (8%) were electively converted to open. Median estimated blood loss, operative time, and length of hospital stay were 150 ml, 5.6 hours, and 2 days, respectively. Final pathology revealed teratoma in 49 (55%), necrosis/fibrosis in 29 (32%), and viable germ cell tumor in 12 (13%) patients. The 90-day complication rate was 16.7%, most of which were low-grade (Clavien-Dindo < III) and managed conservatively. On multivariable analysis, pure seminoma (odds ratio 17.4) and bilateral dissection template (odds ratio 4.2) were independently associated with 90-day complications. No 90-day hospital readmission was recorded. With a median (IQR) follow-up of 16 (4-32) months, 6 (6.7%) patients had disease recurrence and there was 1 cancer-related death. CONCLUSION: With appropriate patient selection at centers with expertise in testicular cancer and minimally invasive surgery, robotic post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection appears safe and effective, although longer follow-up is warranted.

Implementation of a clinical practice guideline for assessment and management of renal colic in the emergency department.

INTRODUCTION: Renal colic is a common emergency department (ED) presentation. Variations in assessment and management of suspected renal colic may have significant implications on patient and hospital outcomes. We developed a clinical practice guideline to standardize the assessment and management of renal colic in the ED. We subsequently compared outcomes before and after guideline implementation. METHODS: The guideline standardizes the analgesia regimen, urology consult criteria, imaging modality, patient education, and followup instructions. This is a single-center, observational cohort study of patients presenting to the ED with renal colic prospectively collected after guideline implementation (December 2018 to May 2019) compared to a control group retrospectively collected before guideline implementation (December 2017 to May 2018). A total of 528 patients (pre-guideline n=283, post-guideline n=245) were included. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS using multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: ED length of stay (LOS) was significantly shorter after guideline implementation (pre-guideline 295.82±178.8 minutes vs. post-guideline 253.2±118.2 minutes, p=0.017). The number of computed tomography (CT) scans patients received was significantly less after guideline implementation (pre guideline 1.35±1.34 vs. post-guideline 1.00±0.68, p=0.034). Patients discharged for conservative management had a lower re-presentation rate in the post-guideline group (12.6%) than the pre-guideline group (17.2%); however, this did not reach statistical significance (p=0.18). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a clinical practice guideline for ureteric stones reduces the ED LOS and the total number of CT scan in patients who present with renal colic. Standardizing assessment and management of ureteric stones can potentially improve patient and hospital outcomes without compromising the quality of care.

Improved early and late continence following robot-assisted radical prostatectomy with concurrent bladder neck fascial sling (RoboSling).

Objective: To describe a novel RoboSling technique performed at the time of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) and its utility for enhancing urinary function recovery postoperatively. Materials and Methods: The surgical technique involves harvesting a vascularised, fascial flap from the peritoneum on the posterior aspect of the bladder. Following completion of prostatectomy, the autologous flap is tunnelled underneath the bladder and incorporated into the rectourethralis and vertical longitudinal detrusor fibres at the posterior bladder neck with a modified Rocco suture. After urethra-vesical anastomosis is completed, the corners of the flap are hitched up to Cooper's ligament bilaterally with V-Loc sutures, tensioned and secured creating a bladder neck sling. A prospective, longitudinal cohort study was performed of 193 consecutive patients undergoing RARP between December 2016 and September 2019. The first 163 patients underwent standard RARP, and the last 30 patients had the RoboSling technique performed concurrently. Continence outcomes were the primary outcomes assessed using pad number and Expanded Prostate Cancer Composite (EPIC)-urinary domain questionnaire. Operative time (OT), estimated blood loss (EBL), complications and oncological outcomes were secondary outcomes. Results: The two groups were comparable for demographics and clinicopathological variables. At 3 months, zero pad usage (p = 0.005) and continence rates, defined as EPIC score ≥ 85 (p = 0.007), were both higher in the RoboSling group. EBL, complication rate and positive surgical margin rate did not differ between the two groups. Superior zero pad usage was observed at 1 year in the RoboSling group (p = 0.029). The RoboSling technique added on average 16 min to OT. Conclusions: The RoboSling procedure at the time of RARP was associated with earlier return to continence without negatively impacting other postoperative outcomes. This improvement in continence outcomes was maintained long term.

The evolution of image guidance in robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP): a glimpse into the future.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the innovative intraoperative technologies emerging to aid surgeons during minimally invasive robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. METHODS: We searched multiple electronic databases reporting on intraoperative imaging and navigation technologies, robotic surgery in combination with 3D modeling and 3D printing used during laparoscopic or robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. Additional searches were conducted for articles that considered the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning and their application to robotic surgery. We excluded studies using intraoperative navigation technologies during open radical prostatectomy and studies considering technology to visualize lymph nodes. Intraoperative imaging using either transrectal ultrasonography or augmented reality was associated with a potential decrease in positive surgical margins rates. Improvements in detecting capsular involvement may be seen with augmented reality. The benefit, feasibility and applications of other imaging modalities such as 3D-printed models and optical imaging are discussed. CONCLUSION: The application of image-guided surgery and robotics has led to the development of promising new intraoperative imaging technologies such as augmented reality, fluorescence imaging, optical coherence tomography, confocal laser endomicroscopy and 3D printing. Currently challenges regarding tissue deformation and automatic tracking of prostate movements remain and there is a paucity in the literature supporting the use of these technologies. Urologic surgeons are encouraged to improve and test these advanced technologies in the clinical arena, preferably with comparative, randomized, trials.