Interaction of general anesthetics with phospholipid vesicles and biological membranes.

Low concentrations of general anesthetics, including halothane, ethrane, trilene, diethyl ether and chloroform are observed to shift the phase transitions of phospholipid vesicles to lower temperatures, and from these data partition coefficients for the anesthetic between lipid and water can be calculated. In contrast to the anesthetics, high concentrations of ethanol are required to shift the phase transition of lipids and glycerol causes no effect. Above the phase transition general anesthetics alter nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of phospholipid dispersions and increase the rotational and lateral diffusion rates of fluorescent probes located in the hydrocarbon core of the bilayer, indicating that they induce disorder in the structure. In red blood cell membranes and sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments, the rotational diffusion rate of 1-phenyl-6-phenylhexatriene is increased in the presence of general anesthetics. The 220 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of sarcoplasmic reticulum reveal some resolved lines from the lecithin fatty acid protons; addition of general anesthetic increases the contribution of these peaks. The data from the NMR and fluorescence techniques lead to the conclusion that general anesthetics increase the pool size of melted lipids in the bimolecular phospholipid layers of biological membranes; this would account for the ability of general anesthetics to increase passive diffusion rates of various substances in membranes.

Effect of basal ganglia injury on central dopamine activity in Gulf War syndrome: correlation of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and plasma homovanillic acid levels.

BACKGROUND: Many complaints of Gulf War veterans are compatible with a neurologic illness involving the basal ganglia. METHODS: In 12 veterans with Haley Gulf War syndrome 2 and in 15 healthy control veterans of similar age, sex, and educational level, we assessed functioning neuronal mass in both basal ganglia by measuring the ratio of N-acetyl-aspartate to creatine with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Central dopamine activity was assessed by measuring the ratio of plasma homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenlyglycol (MHPG). RESULTS: The logarithm of the age-standardized HVA/MHPG ratio was inversely associated with functioning neuronal mass in the left basal ganglia (R(2) = 0.56; F(1,27) = 33.82; P<.001) but not with that in the right (R(2) = 0. 04; F(1,26) = 1.09; P =.30). Controlling for age, renal clearances of creatinine and weak organic anions, handedness, and smoking did not substantially alter the associations. CONCLUSIONS: The reduction in functioning neuronal mass in the left basal ganglia of these veterans with Gulf War syndrome seems to have altered central dopamine production in a lateralized pattern. This finding supports the theory that Gulf War syndrome is a neurologic illness, in part related to injury to dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia.

Carbicarb, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride in hypoxic lactic acidosis. Effect on arterial blood gases, lactate concentrations, hemodynamic variables, and myocardial intracellular pH.

The effects of Carbicarb, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride on arterial blood gases, lactate concentrations, hemodynamics, and myocardial intracellular pH were compared in hypoxic lactic acidosis with controlled carbon dioxide elimination. Twenty-one young mongrel dogs were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and randomly allocated into one of three treatment groups. After hypoxic lactic acidosis was induced and maintained, 2.5 mEq/kg of one of the agents was infused over 30 min. Arterial blood gases, pH, lactate concentrations, and hemodynamic variables were measured immediately prior to the infusion of the agent and 30 min after the infusion was completed. With sodium bicarbonate administration, there was a significant increase in arterial PCO2 as compared to both Carbicarb or sodium chloride administration. With Carbicarb administration, there was a significant increase in arterial pH, base excess, and cardiac index, without a significant increase in arterial lactate concentration as compared to sodium bicarbonate or sodium chloride administration. Stroke volume index was also increased significantly with decreased heart rate. The data suggest that Carbicarb administration in hypoxic lactic acidosis improved hemodynamics compared with sodium bicarbonate or sodium chloride administration. The increased stroke volume and cardiac contractility appear to be due to improved myocardial intracellular pH.

Proton magnetic resonance spectra or porcine muscle adenylate kinase and substrate complexes.

Porcine muscle adenylate kinase with a molecular weight of 22,000 has 2 histidine, 5 phenylalanine, 7 tyrosine, and no tryptophan residues. The effect of pH, substrate, and the paramagnetic manganous ion on the proton magnetic resonance spectrum of the enzyme, particularly the aromatic region, has been investigated at 220 MHz. The well resolved C2 proton peaks of the 2 histidine residues have been individually assigned to His-36 and His-189 by comparison with the spectrum of the carp muscle enzyme which has only one C2 proton peak and only 1 histidine residue, 36. The chemical shift of the peak designated C2-H of His-36 in the porcine enzyme has a normal titration curve with a pKalpha = 6.3 but the peak for His-189 is not titratable in the pH range 5.8 to 8.1. The pKalpha of the single His-36 of the carp enzyme is similar to that of His-36 of the porcine enzyme. Changes in pH, particularly at low pH, also affect the chemical shifts of the tyrosine residues. Occupation of either the monophosphate site by AMP or the triphosphate site by ATP or GTP causes a downfield shift of the C2-H of His-36, and the equilibrium mixture causes an even greater shift, but no shift in the C2-H of His-189. The substrates also induce changes in the chemical shifts in the phenylalanine-tyrosine region of the spectrum. Tentative assignments of the highest and lowest field peaks in this region have been made based on the three-dimensional structure determined by x-ray crystallography. On the basis of these assignments, it is concluded that Phe-183 is unperturbed by substrate binding but that Tyr-153 or -154 at the hinge of the molecule, are perturbed. The C2-H of adenine and C8-H of adenine or guanine of the bound substrates were also observed; those of AMP are unperturbed but C2-H of ATO is shifted downfield and the C8-H of ATP and GTP are shifted upfield. The paramagnetic manganous ion had no effect on the spectrum at Mn(II) to enzyme ratios below 1:10; above this ratio, a general broadening was observed...

Application of pulsed-gradient Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance to the study of self-diffusion of phospholipid vesicles.

A pulsed-gradient Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique was appplied to the study of diffusion of phospholipid vesicles. The diffusion coefficient of dimyristoyllecithin vesicles (DML) in a D2O-phospahte buffer at 37 degrees is D = 1.9 TIMES 10(-6) cm2/sec. In a solution made viscous by DNA addition, the diffusion coefficient of DML vesicles was 3.5 times 10(-7) cm2/sec. These values compare favorably with the diffusion rate for liposomes as determined by ultracentrifugation and by Stokes law calculation. The data suggest that DML diffusion is controlled primarily by whole liposome migration as opposed to movement of individual molecules within the liposome, liposome rotation, or fast exchange between lecithin molecules in solution and in vesicles.

Kinetics of oxygen-18 exchange between inorganic phosphate and water catalyzed by myosin subfragment 1, using the 18O shift in 31P NMR.

The time course of oxygen-18 exchange between [18O]Pi and normal water, catalyzed by myosin subfragment 1 in the presence of MgADP, was followed using the shift in 31P NMR caused by the presence of oxygen-18 bound to the phosphorus. Essentially all molecules of [18O]Pi that bind to the enzyme undergo complete exchange and are released as [16O4]Pi. Exchange probably occurs by formation of myosin.ATP from a myosin.ADP.Pi complex and is rapid relative to release of Pi from this complex. The kinetics of exchange give a value for the rate constant for binding Pi to myosin.ADP of 0.23 M-1 S-1 (pH 8.0, 22 degrees C). This value is consistent with exchange occurring by reversal of the ATP-ase reaction back to the myosin.ATP complex.

Studies on cobalt myoglobins and hemoglobins. Proton magnetic resonance investigation of the subunit interaction in iron-cobalt hybrid hemoglobins.

The paramagnetically shiftedd proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of iron-cobalt hybrid hemoglobins [alpha(Co)2beta(Fe)2 and alpha(Fe)2beta(Co)2], as well as those of deoxy forms of cobalt hemoglobin, iron hemoglobin, and their isolated chains, have been measured at 360 MHz. The proton NMR signals of the deoxy forms of iron and cobalt hemoglobins were individually assigned to each subunit. The NMR spectral characteristics of the alpha subunits in deoxycobalt hemoglobin, as well as those in deoxy-alpha(Co)2beta(Fe)2, were found to be quite different from those of beta(Co)2 subunits or isolated alpha-SH chain. Upon ligation of carbon monoxide to the beta(Fe)2 subunits in alpha(Co)2beta(Fe)2, the spectral properties of deoxy-alpha(Co)2 subunits became similar to those of the deoxy-beta(Co)2 subunits. No significant change in the NMR spectrum of the beta(Co)2 subunits was observed in alpha(Fe)2beta(Co)2 upon ligation of carbon monoxide to the alpha(Fe)2 subunits. These observations show the linkage of the electronic structure of the prosthetic groups with the subunits cooperativity in hemoglobin, as well as the inequivalence of the subunits. This is the first report on the paramagnetically shifte proton NMR spectra of the cobalt-substituted hemoproteins.

Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance study of 39K in frog striated muscle.

Samples of 1 M KCl solution and 10 samples of intact frog striated muscle were studied at 4-7 degrees C and/or at 21-22 degrees C. Field inhomogeneity was minimized by using small sample volumes and by using a superconducting magnet designed specifically to provide highly homogeneous fields. In the present experiments, magnetic field inhomogeneity was measured to contribute less than 15% to the free induction decay observed for intracellular 39K. The signal-to-noise ratio of the measurements was enhanced by means of extensive time-averaging. The rates of nuclear relaxation for 39K in aqueous solution were 22 +/- 3 (mean +/- 95% confidence limits) s-1 at 4-7 degrees C and 15 +/- 2 s-1 at 21-22 degrees C. For intracellular 39K, (1/T2) was measured to be 327 +/- 22 s-1 and 229 +/- 10 s-1 at the lower and higher temperatures, respectively. The corresponding values for (1/T1) in the same muscle samples were 198 +/- 31 s-1 and 79 +/- 15 s-1 at 4-7 degrees C and at 21-22 degrees C, respectively. These results for 39K are similar to those previously obtained for intracellular 23Na. Since less than 1% of the intracellular 23Na has been estimated to be immobilized, fractional immobilization of intracellular 39K is also likely to be insubstantial.

Brain abnormalities in Gulf War syndrome: evaluation with 1H MR spectroscopy.

PURPOSE: To test for neuronal brain damage in the basal ganglia and brainstem in Gulf War veterans by using magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two Gulf War veterans with one of three factor analysis-derived syndromes (case patients); 18 well veterans matched for age, sex, and education level (control subjects); and six Gulf War veterans with syndrome 2 from a different population (replication sample) underwent long echo time (272 msec) proton (hydrogen 1) MR spectroscopy on a 4 x 2 x 2-cm voxel in the basal ganglia bilaterally and a 2 x 2 x 2-cm voxel in the pons. Syndromes 1-3 are described as "impaired cognition," "confusion-ataxia," and "central pain," respectively. RESULTS: The N-acetylaspartate-to-creatine (NAA/Cr) ratio, which reflects functional neuronal mass, was significantly lower in the basal ganglia and brainstem of Gulf War veterans with the three syndromes than in those structures of the control subjects (P =.007). The finding was corroborated in the replication sample (P =.002). Veterans with syndrome 2 (the most severe clinically) had evidence of decreased NAA/Cr in both the basal ganglia and the brainstem; those with syndrome 1, in the basal ganglia only; and those with syndrome 3, in the brainstem only. CONCLUSION: Veterans with different Gulf War syndromes have biochemical evidence of neuronal damage in different distributions in the basal ganglia and brainstem.