Evaluation of the Effect of Cannabidiol on Naturally Occurring Osteoarthritis-Associated Pain: A Pilot Study in Dogs.

The objective of this study was to provide preliminary data describing the safety and effect of cannabidiol (CBD) for symptom relief of canine osteoarthritis-associated pain in a clinical setting using objective outcome measures. Twenty-three client-owned dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis of appendicular joints completed this prospective, double-blinded, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Baseline data were acquired for 4 wk, followed by random allocation to either placebo or CBD treatment for 6 wk, followed by 6 wk with the opposite treatment. Outcome measures included objective gait analysis, activity counts (via accelerometry) and clinical metrology instruments. There were no differences noted between groups at any time point for any of the recorded outcome measures. Adverse events associated with CBD administration included elevation in liver enzymes (n = 14) and vomiting (n = 2).

Comparison of cross-sectional geometrical properties and bone density of the proximal radius between Saint Bernard and other giant breed dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the geometrical properties and bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal radius between Saint Bernard and other giant breed dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study. ANIMALS: Thirteen client-owned Saint Bernard dogs and 13 other client-owned giant breed dogs. METHODS: Computed tomography (CT) studies of Saint Bernard and other giant breed dogs were reviewed. Multiplanar reconstruction of the CT images was used to determine cross-sectional variables at the proximal half of the radius, including mean cortical thickness (mCT) and moment of inertia (MOI). Cortical BMD was estimated from Hounsfield unit measurements at each cross-section and averaged per bone. One-way analysis of variance was used to detect differences between groups. RESULTS: Proximal radii of Saint Bernard dogs had a lower cortical/medullary ratio (1.75 vs 2.2, P < .001), mCT (1.96 vs 2.64 mm, P < .001), and MOI in all planes (mediolateral [ML]: 2086.09 vs 2757.69 mm4 , P < .001; craniocaudal [CrCd]: 3736.36 vs 4370.28 mm4 , P = .025; and polar: 5852.45 vs 7127.97 mm4 , P = .002) compared with bones of other breeds. Cross-sectional BMD did not differ between groups of dogs, but the mean BMD of all cross-sections was lower in Saint Bernard dogs (1214.27 vs 1289.80 mg/mm3 , P = .029). CONCLUSION: The proximal radii of Saint Bernard dogs had thinner cortices and lower CrCd, ML, and polar MOI compared with corresponding bones in giant breed dogs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The structural properties of the proximal radius of the Saint Bernard differ from those in other giant breeds and could reduce the ability of this region to sustain biomechanical loads. These properties could predispose Saint Bernard dogs to complications after surgical limb-sparing procedures.

Sartorius muscle flap for body wall reconstruction: Surgical technique description and retrospective case series.

The objectives of this study were to describe the sartorius muscle flap for body wall reconstruction, including description of the anatomy and surgical technique and to report its clinical application for abdominal wall reconstruction in dogs and cats. The descriptive report involves a retrospective case series for 2 dogs and 3 cats. Inclusion criteria were cats or dogs that had a tumor resection resulting in an abdominal wall defect that was reconstructed using an ipsilateral or contralateral sartorius muscle flap. Signalment, pre-operative clinical signs, location and tumor extent, diagnostic imaging and clinical pathology findings, surgical methods, and complications were recorded. Abdominal wall defect reconstructions using the sartorius muscle flap were successfully performed in all 5 patients with good return to function. All complications were minor and were successfully medically managed. This case series demonstrates that the sartorius muscle flap is a feasible option for the closure of large caudal abdominal wall defects.

Rabat du muscle sartorius pour la reconstruction de la paroi du corps: description de la technique chirurgicale et série de cas rétrospectifs. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient de décrire le rabat du muscle sartorius pour la reconstruction de la paroi du corps, y compris la description de l'anatomie et de la technique chirurgicale et de faire rapport sur son application clinique pour la reconstruction de la paroi abdominale des chiens et des chats. Le rapport descriptif porte sur une série de cas rétrospectifs pour 2 chiens et 3 chats. Les critères d'inclusion étaient des chats ou des chiens ayant subi une résection de tumeur qui avait produit un défaut de la paroi abdominale qui avait été reconstruite à l'aide d'un rabat du muscle sartorius ipsilatéral ou contralatéral. Le signalement, les signes cliniques avant l'opération, l'emplacement et l'étendue de la tumeur, les résultats de l'imagerie diagnostique et de la pathologie clinique, les méthodes chirurgicales et les complications ont été consignés. Les reconstructions du défaut de la paroi abdominale en utilisant le rabat du muscle sartorius ont été réalisées avec succès chez les 5 patients avec un bon retour de fonction. Toutes les complications étaient mineures et ont été médicalement gérées avec succès. Cette série de cas démontre que le rabat du muscle sartorius représente une option possible pour la fermeture de larges défauts de la paroi abdominale caudale.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Comparison of Intra- and Postoperative Complications between Bilateral Simultaneous and Staged Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomy with Arthroscopy in 176 Cases.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the resulting short-term complications after simultaneous (SIM) or staged (ST) tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) in patients that presented with bilaterally torn cranial cruciate ligaments. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of dogs diagnosed with bilateral cranial cruciate ligament disease that underwent bilateral SIM or ST TPLO surgery with arthroscopy (2005-2015) were reviewed to evaluate the intra- and postoperative complications. Data were analysed and major and minor complications were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: A total of 176 client-owned dogs (352 stifles) that had TPLO performed bilaterally with SIM or ST procedures were included for analysis. The overall complication rate was 47.5% for the SIM group and 19.5% for the ST group. The incidence of major complications was 10.1 and 3.8% in the SIM and ST groups respectively. Minor complications were 38.4 and 15.6% in the SIM and ST groups respectively. Tibial tuberosity fractures requiring revision were noted in 2% of the SIM group and none of the ST group. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Although no significant difference was noted in major complication rate or tibial tuberosity fractures in our cohort of patients, a Type II statistical error was found. The complication rate in the SIM group is numerically greater by a factor of 2-3× or more for nearly all categories. Surgeons should consider the risks and benefits of SIM versus ST procedures as well as relevant individual patient and client factors before electing either alternative.

Factors associated with the perception of HIV vulnerability among transgender women in three Colombian cities. / Factores asociados a la percepción de vulnerabilidad al VIH en mujeres transgénero de tres ciudades de Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the perception of vulnerability to HIV and its associated factors among transgender women (TW) in Bogotá, Medellín and Santiago de Cali, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study, using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in which 620 TW participated. Sociodemographic aspects, sexual behavior, consumption of psychoactive substances and the perception of vulnerability to HIV were studied. We carried out a descriptive analysis, in which bivariate associations were evaluated using chi-square. We also conducted a multivariate analysis and built a model using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Of the participants, 63% were 35 years old or younger, had low income, started sexual relations at an early age and worked mainly as sex workers, webcam models and hairdressers; 84.7% of the participants had received money in exchange for sex at some point. The perception of vulnerability to HIV increased among those who were single, worked in prostitution, had sexually transmitted infections in the last year, avoided preventive health services and consumed cocaine during the six months before this survey. CONCLUSION: The perception of vulnerability to HIV among the TW participants in this study is high; therefore, effective interventions are required to improve the living conditions and sexual behavior of this population.

OBJETIVO: Describir la percepción de vulnerabilidad al VIH y sus factores asociados en mujeres transgénero (MT) en Bogotá, Medellín y Santiago de Cali, Colombia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, a partir de un muestreo dirigido por encuestados (RDS), en el que participaron 620 MT. Se investigaron aspectos sociodemográficos, conductas sexuales, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y percepción de vulnerabilidad al VIH. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, a través de asociaciones bivariadas, utilizando chi cuadrado. También se realizó el análisis multivariado y se construyó un modelo de regresión de Poisson. RESULTADOS: El 63% de las participantes son menores de 35 años, se desempeñan principalmente como trabajadoras sexuales, modelos web cam y estilistas, tienen bajos ingresos, iniciaron relaciones sexuales a temprana edad, y el 84,7% había recibido dinero a cambio de sexo alguna vez en la vida. La percepción de vulnerabilidad al VIH aumenta entre quienes ejercen la prostitución, antecedente de infecciones de transmisión sexual en el último año, son solteras, consumieron cocaína en los seis meses previos a la encuesta y evitan los servicios de prevención. CONCLUSIONES: La percepción de vulnerabilidad al VIH entre las MT participantes del estudio es alta, por lo cual se requieren intervenciones efectivas que mejoren sus condiciones de vida y comportamientos sexuales.

Evaluation of completeness of resection of the glandular portion of the uterus with hysterectomy in dogs - A pilot study.

Gonadectomies are the most commonly performed surgical procedures in dogs. The benefits and risks associated with gonadectomy in dogs have been broadly investigated. Due to concerns associated with ovariectomy, some pet-owners and veterinarians are considering surgical alternatives which terminate the capacity for reproduction without removal of the gonads to preserve functions of the gonadal hormones. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of complete resection of the glandular portion of the uterus with hysterectomy (HE). Using a prospective cadaveric and an ex-vivo design, uterine resection was performed cranially and caudally to the cervix, and at the proper ligament to simulate routine ovariohysterectomy and HE. Using microscopic evaluation procedures, there was identification of glandular tissue at the surgical margin of all samples resected cranially to the cervix and no glandular tissue in the samples resected caudally to the cervix. Half of the samples from the uterine horns contained glandular tissue. The results of the present study indicate ligation and transection of the uterus caudally to the cervix (as recommended for HE) allows for complete resection of glandular tissues, however, transection at the proper ligament may not. The clinical relevance of retention of para-ovarian uterine glandular tissue is unknown. Additional research is needed where there is investigation of the consequences and surgical technique for HE before there is widespread clinical use of this procedure.

Limb-sparing in dogs using patient-specific, three-dimensional-printed endoprosthesis for distal radial osteosarcoma: A pilot study.

Limb-sparing for distal radial osteosarcoma has a high rate of complications. Using personalized three-dimensional (3D)-printed implants might improve outcome. The goals of this study were to optimize use of patient-specific, 3D-printed endoprostheses for limb-sparing in dogs in the clinical environment and to report the outcome. This was a pilot study where five client-owned dogs were enrolled. Computed tomography (CT) of the thoracic limbs was performed, which was used to create patient-specific endoprostheses and cutting guides, and repeated on the day of surgery. Intra-arterial (IA) carboplatin was introduced in the clinical management. Limb-sparing was performed. Outcome measures were time required to produce the endoprosthesis and cutting guide, fit between cutting guide and endoprosthesis with host bones, gait analysis, size of the tumour, percent tumour necrosis, complications, disease-free interval (DFI) and survival time (ST). Four dogs received IA carboplatin. Excessive tumour growth between planning CT and surgery did not occur in any dog. The interval between the CT and surgery ranged from 14 to 70 days. Fit between the cutting-guide and endoprosthesis with the host bones was good to excellent. At least one complication occurred in all dogs. Two dogs were euthanized with STs of 192 and 531 days. The other dogs were alive with a follow up of 534 to 575 days. IA chemotherapy is a promising strategy to minimize the risk of excessive tumour growth while waiting for the endoprosthesis and cutting-guide to be made. The design of the cutting-guide was critical for best fit of the endoprosthesis with host bones.

Accuracy of external measurements of 3-dimensional (3D) printed biomodels of the canine radius used in an in-hospital setting.

The objective of this study was to determine if biomodels printed on a fused deposition modeling (FDM) device from computed tomography (CT) data are accurate by comparing external measurements to the native bone, considering that the clinical usefulness of the printed biomodels in an in-hospital setting depends on their verified accuracy and consistency. Using canine cadaveric radii previously stripped of all soft tissues, 7 parameters of the actual bone and the 3-dimensional (3D) printed biomodels were measured and compared to determine how accurately the models represent the cadaveric bone. A total of 28 canine radii were collected, in which the landmarks for measurements were established. Radiographs were then taken to determine the frontal center of rotation of angulation (CORA) and CT scans were carried out. Finally, a 3D virtual reconstruction was done and converted into a stereolithography (STL) format file, from which 2 biomodels were printed per bone. Measurements for biomodels were compared for equivalence to cadaveric measurements. For the 7 measured parameters, the mean difference between biomodel and cadaveric parameters ranged from an increase of +0.66% in cranial-caudal proximal (CrCdP)-CORA to a decrease of -1.32% in distal width of the radius. For all 7 measured parameters, measurements for biomodels were statistically equivalent to their corresponding cadaveric bone (P < 0.001). The 7 measured parameters in the 3D models printed with an FDM device were not significantly different than those in the original bone. In fact, these measurements closely approximated original bone measurements (within 1.5%); therefore, validating their application in future presurgical planning for various orthopedic procedures.

L'objectif de la présente étude était de déterminer si les biomodèles imprimés par un appareil de modélisation par dépôt en fusion (MDF) à partir de données obtenues par tomodensitométrie (TMD) sont précis en comparant les mesures externes à l'os naturel, considérant que l'utilité clinique des biomodèles imprimés dans un milieu hospitalier dépend de leur précision vérifiée et de leur constance. Utilisant des radius canins provenant de cadavres et dont on a retiré tous les tissus mous, sept paramètres de l'os naturel et des biomodèles imprimés en trois dimensions (3D) ont été mesurés et comparés afin de déterminer jusqu'à quel point les modèles représentent l'os cadavérique. Vingt-huit radius canins ont été amassés, et à partir desquels les critères de mesure ont été établis. Des radiographies ont été prises afin de déterminer le centre frontal de rotation d'angulation (CORA) et des TMDs effectuées. Finalement, une reconstruction virtuelle 3D a été faite et convertie en fichier de format de stéréolithographie, à partir desquels deux biomodèles ont été imprimés par os. Les mesures des biomodèles ont été comparées pour équivalence aux mesures des os cadavériques. Pour les sept paramètres mesurés, la différence moyenne entre les paramètres des biomodèles et ceux des os cadavériques variait d'une augmentation de +0,66 % du CORA-crânial-caudal proximal à une diminution de −1,32 % dans la largeur distale du radius. Pour les sept paramètres mesurés, les mesures des biomodèles étaient statistiquement équivalentes (P < 0,001) à leurs mesures correspondantes sur les os cadavériques. Les sept paramètres mesurés sur les modèles 3D imprimés avec un appareil à MDF n'étaient pas différents statistiquement de ceux de l'os original. En fait, ces mesures étaient très près des mesures des os naturels (en dedans de 1,5 %), validant ainsi leur application dans la planification pré-chirurgicale future de différentes procédures orthopédiques.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).

Prevalencia de no resiliencia y factores asociados en escolares de un municipio colombiano, 2019

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de no resiliencia y los factores demográficos, escolares y familiares asociados, en escolares de un municipio colombiano, en el año 2019. Metodología: Estudio trasversal, con muestreo probabilístico estratificado bietápico, con una muestra de 2958 escolares, a los que se les aplicó el cuestionario JJ46. Se calculó la prevalencia de no resiliencia y se relacionó con los factores indicados, mediante intervalos de confianza del 95 %. Además, se construyó una regresión binomial para la no resiliencia, teniendo presente el control de aquellas variables independientes que podrían confundir la relación con el desenlace. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de no resiliencia del 58,4 %, siendo mayor en los hombres, de la zona urbana, que cursaban grado séptimo y que habían vivido algún evento vulnerable, en el 22,0, 29,0, 73,0 y 40,0 % respectivamente, con respecto a las mujeres, de la zona rural, que estaban en grado noveno y que no habían vivido eventos vulnerables. La prevalencia de no resiliencia en los hombres excedió en un 20 % el de las mujeres; y con respecto a la persona que le daba más cariño al escolar, en el 88 % de los casos eran otros familiares distintos a ambos padres. Conclusiones: Urge la necesidad de implementar talleres en los programas educativos sobre la promoción de la resiliencia y realizar una valoración periódica de la misma.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of non-resilience and associated demographic, school, and family factors in schoolchildren in a Colombian municipality in 2019. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study with twostage stratified probability sampling on a sample of 2,958 schoolchildren to whom the JJ46 questionnaire was administered. We calculated the prevalence of non-resilience and related it to the selected factors using 95% confidence intervals. Moreover, we constructed a binomial regression for non-resilience while controlling the independent variables that could potentially misidentify the relationship with the outcome. Results: A 58.4% prevalence of non-resilience was found, being higher in males (22.0%), from the urban area (29.0%), in the seventh grade (73.0%), and who had experienced some vulnerable event (40.0%), compared to females, from the rural area, in the ninth grade, and who had not experienced vulnerable events. The prevalence of non-resilience in males exceeded that of females by 20%. In 88% of cases, the most affectionate person to the schoolchild was another relative other than the parents. Conclusions: There is an urgent need to implement workshops in school programs for the promotion of resilience and to conduct a periodic assessment of resilience.

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de não resiliência e os fatores demográficos, escolares e familiares associados, em escolares de um município colombiano, no ano 2019. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, com amostragem probabilística estratificada bietápica, com uma amostra de 2958 escolares, aos que se aplicou o questionário JJ46. Foi calculada a prevalência de não resiliência e associada com os fatores indicados, por meio de intervalos de confiança do 95%. Além disso, construiu-se uma regressão binomial para a não resiliência, considerando o controle daquelas variáveis independentes que poderiam confundir a relação com o desenlace. Resultados: Achouse uma prevalência de não resiliência de 58,4%, sendo maior nos homens, da zona urbana, que cursavam sétimo grau e que tinham vivido algum evento vulnerável, de 22,0, 29,0, 73,0 e 40,0% respectivamente, em relação com as mulheres, da zona rural, que estavam em nono grau e que não tinham vivido eventos vulneráveis. A prevalência de não resiliência nos homens excedeu em um 20% à das mulheres; e no que tange à pessoa que dava mais carinho ao escolar, 88% dos casos eram outros familiares diferentes a ambos os pais. Conclusões: Urge a necessidade de implementar oficinas nos programas educativos sobre a promoção da resiliência e realizar uma valoração periódica da mesma.

Valoración de la resiliencia en escolarizados: línea base para programas de intervención, Antioquia, 2018 / Assessment of resilience in schoolchildren: baseline for intervention programs, Antioquia, 2018 / Valoração da resiliência em escolarizados: línea base para programas de intervenção, Antioquia, 2018

Resumen Objetivo: determinar los niveles de resiliencia en los estudiantes de 12 a 17 años de las instituciones públicas urbanas de las subregiones del departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Método: transversal en 2185 estudiantes y en muestras independientes por subregión, a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario de valoración de la resiliencia en adolescentes, el JJ46. Se calcularon los niveles de resiliencia y se analizó la relación entre estos con características demográfico-familiares y de vulnerabilidad social. Resultados: en Antioquia predominó la resiliencia media, 53,9%. Los escolarizados de las subregiones Oriente, Suroeste y Norte fueron los que obtuvieron los puntajes más altos de resiliencia, con 57,1%, 53,9% y 50,6%, respectivamente, y los de las subregiones Magdalena Medio, Urabá y Bajo Cauca los menores. En el Valle de Aburrá la resiliencia fue media: 44,2%. Conclusiones: diseñar intervenciones en los escolarizados de los municipios de las subregiones con niveles de resiliencia media e inferior.

Abstract Objective: To determine the levels of resilience in students aged 12 to 17 years of urban public institutions in the subregions of the department of Antioquia, Colombia. Method: Cross-sectional study with 2185 students in independent samples by sub-region to whom the JJ46 questionnaire for assessing resilience in adolescents was applied. Resilience levels were calculated and the relationship between these and demographic-family characteristics and social vulnerability was analyzed. Results: the average resilience, 53.9%, prevailed in the Department of Antioquia. Schoolchildren from the East, Southwest and North subregions obtained the highest resilience scores, with 57.1%, 53.9% and 50.6% respectively, and those from the subregions of Magdalena Medio, Urabá and Bajo Cauca obtained the lower scores. In the Aburrá Valley, resilience was average, 44.2%. Conclusions: There is a need to design interventions in schoolchildren of the municipalities of the subregions with medium and lower levels of resilience.

Resumo Objetivo: determinar os níveis de resiliência nos estudantes de 12 a 17 anos das instituições públicas urbanas das sub-regiões do departamento de Antioquia, Colômbia. Método: transversal em 2185 estudantes e em amostras independentes por sub-região, a quem se lhes aplicou um questionario de valoração da resiliência em adolescentes, o JJ46. Calcularam-se os níveis de resiliência e se analisou a relação entre estes com características demográficofamiliares e de vulnerabilidade social. Resultados: em Antioquia predominou a resiliência media, 53,9%. Os escolarizados das sub-regiões Oriente, Sul-oeste e Norte foram os que obtiveram as pontuações mais altas de resiliência, com 57,1%, 53,9% e 50,6%, respectivamente, e os das sub-regiões Magdalena Médio, Urabá e Baixo Cauca os menores. No Vale de Aburrá a resiliência foi media: 44,2%. Conclusões: desenhar intervenções nos escolarizados dos municípios das sub-regiões com níveis de resiliência media e inferior.

Factores asociados a la percepción de vulnerabilidad al VIH en mujeres transgénero de tres ciudades de Colombia

Objetivo: Describir la percepción de vulnerabilidad al VIH y sus factores asociados en mujeres transgénero (MT) en Bogotá, Medellín y Santiago de Cali, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, a partir de un muestreo dirigido por encuestados (RDS), en el que participaron 620 MT. Se investigaron aspectos sociodemográficos, conductas sexuales, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y percepción de vulnerabilidad al VIH. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, a través de asociaciones bivariadas, utilizando chi cuadrado. También se realizó el análisis multivariado y se construyó un modelo de regresión de Poisson. Resultados: El 63% de las participantes son menores de 35 años, se desempeñan principalmente como trabajadoras sexuales, modelos web cam y estilistas, tienen bajos ingresos, iniciaron relaciones sexuales a temprana edad, y el 84,7% había recibido dinero a cambio de sexo alguna vez en la vida. La percepción de vulnerabilidad al VIH aumenta entre quienes ejercen la prostitución, antecedente de infecciones de transmisión sexual en el último año, son solteras, consumieron cocaína en los seis meses previos a la encuesta y evitan los servicios de prevención. Conclusiones: La percepción de vulnerabilidad al VIH entre las MT participantes del estudio es alta, por lo cual se requieren intervenciones efectivas que mejoren sus condiciones de vida y comportamientos sexuales.

Objective: To describe the perception of vulnerability to HIV and its associated factors among transgender women (TW) in Bogotá, Medellín and Santiago de Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study, using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in which 620 TW participated. Sociodemographic aspects, sexual behavior, consumption of psychoactive substances and the perception of vulnerability to HIV were studied. We carried out a descriptive analysis, in which bivariate associations were evaluated using chi-square. We also conducted a multivariate analysis and built a model using Poisson regression. Results: Of the participants, 63% were 35 years old or younger, had low income, started sexual relations at an early age and worked mainly as sex workers, webcam models and hairdressers; 84.7% of the participants had received money in exchange for sex at some point. The perception of vulnerability to HIV increased among those who were single, worked in prostitution, had sexually transmitted infections in the last year, avoided preventive health services and consumed cocaine during the six months before this survey. Conclusion: The perception of vulnerability to HIV among the TW participants in this study is high; therefore, effective interventions are required to improve the living conditions and sexual behavior of this population.

Prevalencia de depresión en soldados regulares de un batallón de una ciudad colombiana, 2017 / Depression prevalence in regular soldiers in a Colombian infantry battalion in 2017

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de depresión y de sus dimensiones en soldados de un batallón colombiano. Métodos: Estudio transversal en 410 soldados a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario de depresión. Se calcularon las prevalencias para cada dominio y para la depresión en general y la asociación con factores de interés. Resultados: La prevalencia de depresión fue del 8,8%; las prevalencias de los dominios fueron: 11,7% para la autoestima negativa, 24,6% para la ideación suicida, 56,8% para pobre imagen social, 26,3% para afecto negativo, 23,4% para desesperanza y 19,3% para evitación. Conclusión: Refinar los procedimientos de tamizaje en salud mental en el proceso de selección de los jóvenes soldados, para que sean desacuartelados aquellos aspirantes propensos a la depresión.

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of depression and its dimensions in soldiers in a Colombian battalion. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted to 410 soldiers; a questionnaire about depression issues was used to interview them. The prevalence of depression was analyzed in general and specific terms. Addiotionally, some factors of interest that are associated with it were studied too. Result: In general terms, the depression prevalence was 8,8%. On the other hand, the prevalence of the depression dimensions was: 11,7% for negative self-esteem, 24,6% for suicidal thoughts, 56,8% for poor social image perception, 26,3% for negative affect, 23, 4% for helplessness, and 19,3% for avoidance tendencies. Conclusion: To conclude, it is necessary to improve the selection criteria in order to analyze the soldiers' mental health and, in this way, not to choose the candidates with depressive tendencies.

Prevalencia del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y factores relacionados en soldados regulares adscritos a un batallón de una ciudad colombiana

Objetivo: Calcular la prevalência del consumo de Sustancias Psicoactivas (SPA y su relación con factores personales, demográficas, lúdicas y familiares en soldados adscritos a un batallón de una ciudad colombiana. Método: Estudio cross sectional en una muestra de 384 soldados a los cuales se aplicó el instrumento ASSIST. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se calculó la prevalencia de SPA en la vida y a los tres meses, con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95 %. Se determinó la asociación del desenlace con factores plausibles, por medio de la razón de prevalencias y sus respectivos IC del 95 %. Se construyeron modelos de regresión binomial simple y múltiple y regresión binomial negativos (cálculo de índice-Rate Rations (IRR)) y se calculó la prueba exacta de Fisher. Para determinar las variables candidatas a ingresar al modelo ajustado, se aplicó el criterio de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Resultados: La prevalencia de consumo de SPA en la vida fue del 73,7 % con predominio del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas 58,6 %, del tabaco, 47,9 %, cannabis, 41,1 %, y cocaína, 16,4 %. La prevalencia de consumo de SPA en los últimos tres meses fue del 48,4 %, con hegemonía del tabaquismo, 33,1 %. Conclusiones: El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas es una problemática que debe abordarse desde el factor humano y la gestión social en cualquier organización en general y en particular en el ejército colombiano. Se deben revisar los protocolos de inserción de los soldados regulares que conduzcan a minimizar la incorporación de ciudadanos que consuman sustancias psicoactivas.

Objective: To calculate the prevalence of Psychoactive Substances Abuse and its relationship with personal, demographic, recreational, and family factors in soldiers assigned to a battalion of a Colombian city. Method: Cross-sectional study in a sample of 384 soldiers who were applied the ASSIST test. A descriptive analysis was performed, and the prevalence of PAS was calculated in life and at three months, with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). The association of the outcome with plausible factors was determined, using the prevalence ratio and their respective 95% CI. Simple and multiple binomial regression models and negative binomial regression were constructed (calculation of the Index-Rate Rations (IRR)) and the Fisher's exact test was calculated. To determine the variables to adjust the model, the Hosmer-Lemeshow criterion was applied. Results: The prevalence of PAS use in life was 73.7% with a predominance of drug use or alcoholic beverages 58.6%, tobacco 47.9%, cannabis 41.1%, and cocaine 16.4%. The prevalence of PAS use in the last three months was 48.4%, with the prevalence of smoking being 33.1%. Conclusions: The consumption of psychoactive substances is a problem that must be approached from the human factor and social management in any organization, in general, and, particularly, in the Colombian army. The insertion protocols of regular soldiers should be reviewed to minimize the incorporation of citizens who consume psychoactive substances.

Prevalencia del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y factores relacionados en soldados regulares adscritos a un batallón de una ciudad colombiana / Prevalence of psychoactive substance use and related factors in regular soldiers attached to a battalion in a Colombian city / Prevalência do consumo de substâncias psicoactivas e factores relacionados em soldados regulares afectos a um batalhão numa cidade colombiana

Objetivo: Calcular la prevalencia del consumo de Sustancias Psicoactivas (SPA y su relación con factores personales, demográficas, lúdicas y familiares en soldados adscritos a un batallón de una ciudad colombiana. Método: estudio cross sectional en una muestra de 384 soldados a los cuales se aplicó el instrumento ASSIST. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se calculó la prevalencia de SPA en la vida y a los tres meses, con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%, se determinó la asociación del desenlace con factores plausibles, por medio de la razón de prevalencias y sus respectivos IC del 95%, se construyeron modelos de regresión binomial simple y múltiple y regresión binomial negativos (cálculo de índice-Rate Rations (IRR)) y se calculó la prueba exacta de Fisher. Para determinar las variables candidatas a ingresar al modelo ajustado se aplicó el criterio de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Resultados: La prevalencia de consumo de SPA en la vida fue del 73,7% con predominio del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas 58,6%, del tabaco, 47,9%, cannabis, 41,1%, y la cocaína, 16,4%. La prevalencia de consumo de SPA en los últimos tres meses fue del 48,4%, con hegemonía del tabaquismo, 33,1%. Conclusiones: la alta prevalencia en el consumo de SPA se convierte en una preocupación exclusiva del ejército nacional, donde se contempla que el consumo de drogas ayuda a resistir las difíciles condiciones que se afrontan en medio del conflicto, y que los principales factores de riesgo son tener amigos o superiores que consumen y la disfuncionalidad familiar.

Objective: To calculate the prevalence of Psychoactive Substances (PAS) use and its relationship with personal, demographic, recreational and family factors in soldiers attached to a battalion in a Colombian city. Method: cross sectional study in a sample of 384 soldiers to whom the ASSIST instrument was applied. A descriptive analysis was carried out and the prevalence of PAS in life and at three months was calculated, with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI), the association of the outcome with plausible factors was determined by means of the prevalence ratio and their respective 95% CI, simple and multiple binomial regression and negative binomial regression models were constructed (calculation of the index-Rate Rations (IRR)) and Fisher's exact test was calculated. The Hosmer-Lemeshow criterion was applied to determine the candidate variables to be included in the adjusted model. Results: Lifetime prevalence of PAS use was 73.7%, with a predominance of alcoholic beverages (58.6%), tobacco (47.9%), cannabis (41.1%), and cocaine (16.4%). The prevalence of PAS consumption in the last three months was 48.4%, with smoking predominating, 33.1%. Conclusions: the high prevalence of PAS consumption becomes an exclusive concern of the national army, where it is considered that drug consumption helps to resist the difficult conditions faced in the midst of the conflict, and that the main risk factors are to have

Objetivo: Calcular a prevalência do consumo de Substâncias Psicoactivas (SPA) e a sua relação com factores pessoais, demográficos, recreativos e familiares em militares afectos a um batalhão de uma cidade colombiana. Método: estudo transversal numa amostra de 384 militares aos quais foi aplicado o instrumento ASSIST. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva e calculou-se a prevalência de PAS na vida e aos três meses, com os respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC) a 95%, determinou-se a associação do desfecho com factores plausíveis através da razão de prevalência e respectivos IC a 95%, construíram-se modelos de regressão binomial simples e múltipla e de regressão binomial negativa (cálculo das Razões de Taxa de Indexação (IRR)) e calculou-se o teste exato de Fisher. O critério de Hosmer-Lemeshow foi aplicado para determinar as variáveis candidatas a entrar no modelo ajustado. Resultados: A prevalência de uso de SPA na vida foi de 73,7%, com predomínio de bebidas alcoólicas 58,6%, tabaco 47,9%, cannabis 41,1% e cocaína 16,4%. A prevalência do uso de SPA nos últimos três meses foi de 48,4%, com predomínio do tabagismo, 33,1%. Conclusões: A elevada prevalência do consumo de SPA tornou-se uma preocupação exclusiva do exército nacional, onde se considera que o consumo de drogas ajuda a suportar as difíceis condições enfrentadas no meio do conflito e que os principais factores de risco são ter

Mortalidad por enfermedades del sistema circulatorio, en los municipios del área metropolitana, Antioquia, 1998-2014 / Mortality due to circulatory system diseases in the municipalities of the metropolitan area of Antioquia, 1998-2014 / Mortandade decorrente das doenças alusivas ao aparelho circulatório, nos municípios da área metropolitana, Antioquia, 1998-2014

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la mortalidad por enfermedades del sistema circulatorio, en los municipios del área metropolitana, Antioquia, entre 1998 y 2014. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los 78 734 registros de defunciones, usando proyecciones poblacionales del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas. Se calcularon las tasas según variables como edad, sexo, municipio y las principales enfermedades del sistema. Se compararon dos periodos de tiempo, donde se seleccionan los primeros y los últimos cuatro años de estudio. Resultados: La mortalidad fue mayor en el área metropolitana en relación con el departamento de Antioquia en el periodo estudiado; las enfermedades isquémicas del corazón presentan las tasas y defunciones más altas en relación con las demás causas de defunciones, seguida de las cerebrovasculares e hipertensivas. Los grupos de mayor edad (65 años y más) fueron los que presentaron el mayor riesgo de morir por estas causas. Con relación a la tendencia por sexo, la población masculina tuvo un riesgo mayor que la femenina en un 7 %. Los municipios de Bello y Barbosa presentaron las tasas ajustadas más altas para todo el periodo de estudio; la tasa más baja la expresó el municipio de Envigado. Conclusiones: El 26,6 % de la mortalidad se debe a esta causa. Los grupos identificados con mayor riesgo de muerte por ella deberían recibir prioritariamente las medidas de prevención, diagnóstico y manejo por parte de las instituciones encargadas de su salud.

Abstract Objective: To describe the mortality due to circulatory system diseases in the municipalities of the metropolitan area of Antioquia between 1998 and 2014. Methodology: A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted on 78 734 death records using population projections from the National Administrative Department of Statistics. Rates were calculated based on variables such as age, sex, municipality and the system's main diseases. Two time periods were compared; in these, the first and last four years of study were selected. Results: Mortality was higher in the metropolitan area when compared with the department of Antioquia during the studied time period. Ischemic heart conditions had the highest rates and amount of deaths in relation to the other causes of death. As for cerebrovascular and hypertensive conditions, these occupied the second place. The oldest groups (aged 65 and beyond) had the highest risk of dying from these causes. As for the tendency by sex, the risk was 7% higher for the male population than for the females. The Bello and Barbosa municipalities had the highest adjusted rates during the entirety of the studied period. The lowest rate was observed for the Envigado municipality. Conclusions: This is the cause of 26.6% of the mortality. The groups identified as having a higher risk of death from this condition should receive priority prevention, diagnosis and management measures from the institutions in charge of their health.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever a mortandade decorrentes das doenças no aparelho circulatório, nos municípios da área metropolitana, Antioquia, entre 1998 e 2014. Metodologia: Se realizou um estudo descritivo recuando a rever dos 78 734 cadastros de óbitos, nós virando utentes da metodologia de projeções populacionais do Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estatísticas. Se mensuraram os índices segundo as variáveis como a etária, gênero, município e as principais doenças do sistema. Se fiz um versus dos períodos de tempo, onde se escolhem os primeiros e os finais quatro anos de estudo. Resultantes: A mortandade foi maioritária na área metropolitana num versus na frente da cifra do departamento de Antioquia no lapsus de tempo estudado; as doenças isquêmicas do coração apresentam os índices e óbitos maioritários num versus na frente das outras causais de falecimentos, continuada pelas cerebrovasculares e hipertensão. Os grupos de mais avançada idade (65 anos ou mais) foram os que apresentaram o mais grande risco de morrer por meio destas causais. Com relação a propensão pelo gênero, a comunidade masculina teve um risco mais predominante do que a feminina num 7 %. Os municípios de Bello e Barbosa apresentaram as taxas ajustadas mais altas para todo o lapsus estudado; o índice mais baixo o amostrou o município de Envigado. Conclusões: O 26,6 % da mortandade se deve a esta causal. Os grupos identificados com pior risco de morte por ela deveriam receber prioritariamente as medidas de prevenção, diagnoses e manejo por parte das instituições encarregadas da sua saúde.

Exploring some biases in the ethical judgement of Managers: An empirical study / Explorando algunos sesgos en el juicio ético de los Directivos: Un estudio empírico / Explorando alguns preconceitos no julgamento ético dos Gerentes: um estudo empírico

Abstract One of the main and most challenging tasks of managers is to judge their own actions and, even more, the actions of others. There are different biases that might affect the accuracy of their ethical judgment. Two of the most common biases studied are the group affiliation bias and the want/should conflict. In the present study by empirical means, we analyzed these biases in the ethical judgment of managers. Examining answers of 153 effective respondents, we found significant differences in some of the four categories of ethical decision making studied, especially in the use of working time, money management and the use of corporate assets. We also explored some demographic characteristics of the managers, finding gender and level of study as the most relevant ones which play an important role on how they assess their own past and future behavior and the behavior of others. Although, we obtained somehow mixed results, they show that there seems to be a tendency within managers, to judge harder moral behavior of others compared to the judgment of their own ethical behavior Furthermore, managers judge others, contrary to expected, harder if they know them than if they do not.

Resumen Una de las principales y más exigentes obligaciones de un directivo es juzgar sus propias acciones y aún más, las acciones de los demás. Hay diferentes sesgos que pueden afectar la precisión del juicio ético. Dos de los sesgos más comúnmente estudiados son el sesgo por afiliación a grupos y el dilema del conflicto entre el deber y el querer En esta investigación, se analizan estos sesgos en el juicio ético de los directivos, por medio de un estudio empírico. Examinando respuestas de 153 encuestados, encontramos diferencias significativas en algunas de las cuatro categorías estudiadas de toma de decisiones éticas, específicamente, en el uso del tiempo laboral, manejo del dinero y el uso de activos corporativos. Igualmente, se exploraron algunas características demográficas de los directivos, encontrando que el género y el nivel educativo de los directivos, son las variables más explicativas de cómo éstos juzgan su propio pasado, su futuro y el comportamiento de los demás. A pesar de haber encontrado resultados variados, parece haber una tendencia general en los directivos a juzgar más duramente los actos de los demás que los suyos propios. Además, se encontró que, contrario a lo esperado, los directivos juzgan más duramente a las personas que conocen que a las que no conocen.

Resumo Uma das principais e mais exigentes obrigações de um gerente é julgar suas próprias ações e, ainda mais, as ações de outros. Existem diferentes tendências que podem afetar a precisão do julgamento ético. Dois dos viés mais comumente estudados são viés devido à afiliação grupal e ao dilema do conflito entre dever e vontade. Nesta pesquisa, esses preconceitos são analisados no julgamento ético dos gerentes, através de um estudo empírico. Examinando respostas de 153 entrevistados, encontramos diferenças significativas em algumas das quatro categorias de tomada de decisão ética estudadas, especificamente, no uso do tempo de trabalho, gerenciamento de dinheiro e uso de ativos corporativos. Do mesmo modo, foram exploradas algumas características demográficas dos gestores, encontrando que o gênero e o nível educacional dos gerentes são as variáveis mais explicativas de como eles julgam seu próprio passado, seu futuro e o comportamento de outros. Apesar de ter encontrado resultados mistos, parece haver uma tendência geral para que os gerentes julguem as ações dos outros mais severamente do que as suas. Além disso, descobriu-se que, contrariamente às expectativas, os gerentes julgam mais duramente as pessoas que conhecem do que aqueles que não conhecem.

DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN PEDAL DE BICICLETA BASADO EN SENSORES PIEZORRESISTIVOS PARA DETERMINAR LA FUERZA RESULTANTE

En el ciclismo colombiano, las pautas de entrenamiento se ajustan a partir de datos cualitativos basados en la observación directa al deportista. Esta investigación busca mejorar ese proceso por medio de la implementación de pedales instrumentados para obtener datos cuantitativos del rendimiento del ciclista. En este artículo se presenta el diseño y construcción de un prototipo de dispositivo dinamométrico que permite la captura de datos de fuerza en el pedal durante el gesto del pedaleo. El dispositivo funciona con base en un sensor de fuerza piezorresistivo (FlexiForce®) acoplado a un arreglo mecánico específico y a un sistema de acondicionamiento de señal que entrega un voltaje proporcional a la fuerza ejercida, cuyo registro y análisis se realiza por medio de LabVIEW TM. El dispositivo permite visualizar la fuerza del pedaleo en tiempo real.

In the Colombian cycling, the training guidelines are adjusted from qualitative data based on the direct observation of the sportsman. The aim of this research was to improve this process by the implementation of instrumented pedals to collect quantitative data of the performance of the cyclist. In this article we present the design and construction of a prototype of a dynamometric device that allows the acquisition of force data in the pedal. The device works based in a piezoresistive force sensor (FlexiForce®) connected to a specific mechanical adjustment and a signal conditioning system that gives a proportional voltage to the exerted force, whose registry and analysis are made in LabVIEW TM. The device allows the visualization of the pedaling force in real time.