Iodine Metabolism in Urine and Breast Milk among Lactating Women with Adequate Iodine.

BACKGROUND: In lactating women, iodine metabolism is regulated and maintained by the kidneys and mammary glands. Limited research exists on how iodine absorbed by lactating women is distributed between the kidneys and breasts. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to accurately evaluate the total iodine intake (TII), urinary iodine excretion (UIE), and breast milk iodine excretion (BMIE) in lactating women and explore the relationship between TII and total iodine excretion (TIE). METHODS: A 7-d iodine metabolism study was conducted on 41 lactating women with a mean age of 30 y in Yuncheng and Gaoqing, China, from December 2021 to August 2023. TII and TIE were calculated by measuring the iodine content in food, water, 24-h urine, feces, and breast milk. The urinary iodine excretion rate (UIER), breast milk iodine excretion rate (BMIER), and partitioning of iodine excretion between urine and breast milk were determined. RESULTS: Iodine metabolism studies were performed for 285 d. The median TII and TIE values were 255 and 263 µg/d, respectively. With an increase in TII, UIER, and BMIER, the UIE and BMIE to TII ratio exhibited a downward trend. The median UIER, BMIER, and proportion of iodine excreted in urine and breast milk were 51.5%, 38.5%, 52%, and 37%, respectively. When the TII was <120 µg/d, the BMIER decreased with the increase of the TII (ß: -0.90; 95% confidence interval: -1.08, -0.72). CONCLUSIONS: When maternal iodine intake is low, the proportion in breast milk increases, ensuring sufficient iodine nutrition for infants. In addition, the UIE of lactating women with adequate iodine concentrations is higher than their BMIE. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04492657.

Salivary iodine concentration in pregnant women and its association with iodine status and thyroid function.

PURPOSE: There have been no reports on the application of salivary iodine concentration (SIC) in evaluating iodine nutrition in pregnant women. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between SIC and indicators of iodine nutritional status and thyroid function during pregnancy, to investigate whether salivary iodine can be applied to the evaluation of iodine nutritional status in pregnant women, and to provide a reference basis for establishing a normal range of salivary iodine values during pregnancy. METHODS: Pregnant women were enrolled in the Department of Obstetrics, the people's hospital of Yuncheng Country, Shandong Province, from July 2021 to December 2022, using random cluster sampling. Saliva, urine, and blood samples were collected from pregnant women to assess iodine nutritional status, and venous blood was collected to determine thyroid function. RESULTS: A total of 609 pregnant women were included in this study. The median spot urinary iodine concentration (SUIC) was 261 µg/L. The median SIC was 297 µg/L. SIC was positively correlated with SUIC (r = 0.46, P < 0.0001), 24-h UIC (r = 0.30, P < 0.0001), 24-h urinary iodine excretion (24-h UIE) (r = 0.41, P < 0.0001), and estimated iodine intake (EII) (r = 0.52, P < 0.0001). After adjusting for confounders, there was a weak correlation between SIC and serum total iodine and serum non-protein-bound iodine (P = 0.02, P = 0.04, respectively). Pregnant women with a SIC < 176 µg/L had a higher risk of insufficient iodine status (OR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.35-3.19) and thyroid dysfunction (OR = 2.71, 95% CI 1.18-6.21) compared to those with higher SIC. Those having SIC > 529 µg/L were more likely to have excessive iodine status (OR = 2.82, 95% CI 1.81-4.38) and thyroid dysfunction (OR = 3.04, 95% CI 1.36-6.78) than those with lower SIC values. CONCLUSION: SIC is associated with urinary iodine concentration and thyroid function in pregnant women. SIC < 176 µg/L was associated with an increased risk for iodine deficiency and hypothyroxinemia, while SIC > 529 µg/L was related to excess and thyrotoxicosis. SIC can be used as a reference indicator for evaluating the iodine nutrition status of pregnant women, but it needs further investigation and verification. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04492657(Aug 9, 2022).

Amide proton transfer weighted contrast has diagnostic capacity in detecting diabetic foot: an MRI-based case-control study.

Objective: To evaluate the role of foot muscle amide proton transfer weighted (APTw) contrast and tissue rest perfusion in quantifying diabetic foot (DF) infection and its correlation with blood parameters. Materials and methods: With approval from an ethical review board, this study included 40 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with DF and 31 DM patients without DF or other lower extremity arterial disease. All subjects underwent MRI, which included foot sagittal APTw and coronal arterial spin labeling (ASL) imaging. The normalized MTRasym (3.5 ppm) and the ratio of blood flow (rBF) in rest status of the affected side lesions to the non-affected contralateral side were determined. The inter-group differences of these variables were evaluated. Furthermore, the association between normalized MTRasym (3.5 ppm), rBF, and blood parameters [fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin content, C-reactive protein, neutrophil percentage, and white blood cell count] was explored. Using an ROC curve, the diagnostic capacity of normalized MTRasym (3.5 ppm), BF, and blood biochemical markers in differentiating with or without DF in DM was assessed. Results: In the DF group, MTRasym (3.5 ppm) and BF in lesion and normalized MTRasym (3.5 ppm) were higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, correlations were identified between normalized MTRasym (3.5 ppm) and blood parameters, such as C-reactive protein, glycosylated hemoglobin content, FBG, neutrophil ratio, and white blood cell (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, association between BF in lesion and blood parameters, such as C-reactive protein, neutrophil percentage, and FBG (p < 0.01). AUC of normalized MTRasym (3.5 ppm) in identifying with/without DF in patients with DM is 0.986 (95% CI, 0.918-1.00) with the sensitivity of 97.22% and the specificity of 100%. Conclusion: Normalized MTRasym (3.5 ppm) and the BF in lesion may be treated as a safer and more convenient new indicator to evaluate the tissue infection without using a contrast agent, which may be useful in monitoring and preoperatively assessing DF patients with renal insufficiency.

Different Appearance of Chest CT Images of T2DM and NDM Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia Based on an Artificial Intelligent Quantitative Method.

COVID-19 is a kind of pneumonia with new coronavirus infection, and the risk of death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes is four times higher than that in healthy people. It is unclear whether there is a difference in chest CT images between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-diabetes mellitus (NDM) COVID-19 patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in chest CT images between T2DM and NDM patients with COVID-19 based on a quantitative method of artificial intelligence. A total of 62 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia were retrospectively enrolled and divided into group A (T2DM COVID-19 pneumonia group, n = 15) and group B (NDM COVID-19 pneumonia group, n = 47). The clinical and laboratory examination information of the two groups was collected. Quantitative features (volume of consolidation shadows and ground glass shadows, proportion of consolidation shadow (or ground glass shadow) to lobe volume, total volume, total proportion, and number) of chest spiral CT images were extracted using Dr. Wise @Pneumonia software. The results showed that among the 26 CT image features, the total volume and proportion of bilateral pulmonary consolidation shadow in group A were larger than those in group B (P=0.031 and 0.019, respectively); there was no significant difference in the total volume and proportion of bilateral pulmonary ground glass density shadow between the two groups (P > 0.05). In group A, the blood glucose level was correlated with the volume of consolidation shadow and the proportion of consolidation shadow to right middle lobe volume, and higher than those patients in group B. In conclusion, the inflammatory exudation in the lung of COVID-19 patients with diabetes is more serious than that of patients without diabetes based on the quantitative method of artificial intelligence. Moreover, the blood glucose level is positively correlated with pulmonary inflammatory exudation in COVID-19 patients.