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1.
Blood ; 138(16): 1391-1405, 2021 10 21.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33974080

RESUMEN

We performed a phase 1 clinical trial to evaluate outcomes in patients receiving donor-derived CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for B-cell malignancy that relapsed or persisted after matched related allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplant. To overcome the cost and transgene-capacity limitations of traditional viral vectors, CAR T cells were produced using the piggyBac transposon system of genetic modification. Following CAR T-cell infusion, 1 patient developed a gradually enlarging retroperitoneal tumor due to a CAR-expressing CD4+ T-cell lymphoma. Screening of other patients led to the detection, in an asymptomatic patient, of a second CAR T-cell tumor in thoracic para-aortic lymph nodes. Analysis of the first lymphoma showed a high transgene copy number, but no insertion into typical oncogenes. There were also structural changes such as altered genomic copy number and point mutations unrelated to the insertion sites. Transcriptome analysis showed transgene promoter-driven upregulation of transcription of surrounding regions despite insulator sequences surrounding the transgene. However, marked global changes in transcription predominantly correlated with gene copy number rather than insertion sites. In both patients, the CAR T-cell-derived lymphoma progressed and 1 patient died. We describe the first 2 cases of malignant lymphoma derived from CAR gene-modified T cells. Although CAR T cells have an enviable record of safety to date, our results emphasize the need for caution and regular follow-up of CAR T recipients, especially when novel methods of gene transfer are used to create genetically modified immune therapies. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12617001579381.


Asunto(s)
Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/efectos adversos , Linfoma/etiología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/uso terapéutico , Anciano , Elementos Transponibles de ADN , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Técnicas de Transferencia de Gen , Humanos , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , Leucemia de Células B/genética , Leucemia de Células B/terapia , Linfoma/genética , Linfoma de Células B/genética , Linfoma de Células B/terapia , Masculino , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/genética , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Transgenes
2.
Am J Hematol ; 98(1): 159-165, 2023 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35560045

RESUMEN

We designed a trial to simultaneously address the problems of graft versus host disease (GVHD), infection, and recurrence of malignancy after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. CD34+ stem cell isolation was used to minimize the development of acute and chronic GVHD. Two prophylactic infusions, one combining donor-derived cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Aspergillus fumigatus specific T-cells and the other comprising donor-derived CD19 directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) bearing T-cells, were given 21-28 days after transplant. Two patients were transplanted for acute lymphoblastic leukemia from HLA identical siblings using standard doses of cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation without antilymphocyte globulin. Patients received no post-transplant immune suppression and were given no pre-CAR T-cell lymphodepletion. Neutrophil and platelet engraftment was prompt. Following adoptive T-cell infusions, there was rapid appearance of antigen-experienced CD8+ and to a lesser extent CD4+ T-cells. Tetramer-positive T-cells targeting CMV and EBV appeared rapidly after T-cell infusion and persisted for at least 1 year. CAR T-cell expansion occurred and persisted for up to 3 months. T-cell receptor tracking confirmed the presence of product-derived T-cell clones in blood targeting all three pathogens. Both patients are alive over 3 years post-transplant without evidence of GVHD or disease recurrence. Combining robust donor T-cell depletion with directed T-cell adoptive immunotherapy targeting infectious and malignant antigens permits independent modulation of GVHD, infection, and disease recurrence. The combination may separate GVHD from the graft versus tumor effect, accelerate immune reconstitution, and improve transplant tolerability.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras , Humanos , Linfocitos T , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/complicaciones , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/terapia , Trasplante Homólogo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/etiología , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/prevención & control , Trasplante de Células Madre , Inmunoterapia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/terapia
3.
Mol Ther ; 26(8): 1883-1895, 2018 08 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29861327

RESUMEN

Clinical trials of CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR19) T cells have demonstrated remarkable efficacy against relapsed and refractory B cell malignancies. The piggyBac transposon system offers a less complex and more economical means for generating CAR19 T cells compared to viral vectors. We have previously optimized a protocol for the generation of CAR19 T cells using the piggyBac system, but we found that CAR19 T cells had poor in vivo efficacy and persistence, probably due to deleterious FcγR interactions with the CAR's IgG1 Fc-containing spacer domain. We therefore designed three CD19-specifc CARs that lacked the IgG1 Fc region, and we incorporated combinations of CD28 or 4-1BB transmembrane and co-stimulatory domains. PiggyBac-generated CAR19 T cells expressing these re-designed constructs all demonstrated reactivity in vitro specifically against CD19+ cell lines. However, those combining CD28 transmembrane and co-stimulatory domains showed CD4 predominance and inferior cytotoxicity. At high doses, CAR19 T cells were effective against B-ALL in a xenograft mouse model, regardless of co-stimulatory domain. At diminishing doses, 4-1BB co-stimulation led to greater potency and persistence of CAR19 T cells, and it provided protection against B-ALL re-challenge. Production of potent CAR T cells using piggyBac is simple and cost-effective, and it may enable wider access to CAR T cell therapy.


Asunto(s)
Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B/terapia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Receptores de IgG/genética , Linfocitos T/trasplante , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Elementos Transponibles de ADN , Humanos , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , Células Jurkat , Células K562 , Ratones , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B/inmunología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto
4.
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant ; 24(1): 71-77, 2018 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28864137

RESUMEN

Adoptive cellular immunotherapy has been shown to be effective in the management of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and disease. Whether adjuvant dendritic cell (DC) vaccination will provide additional benefit in prophylaxis or treatment of CMV in hematoietic cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients is unknown. In this study, we administered prophylactic CMV-peptide specific T cell infusions, followed by 2 doses of intradermal CMV peptide-pulsed DC vaccine, to 4 HSCT recipients. There were no immediate adverse events associated with T cell infusion or DC vaccinations. One of the 4 patients developed grade III acute gut graft-versus-host disease. Immune reconstitution against CMV was detected in all 4 patients. Patients receiving CMV peptide-specific T cells and DC vaccination had peak immune reconstitution at least 10 days after the second DC vaccination. In summary, combining DC vaccine with T cell infusion appears feasible, although further study is required to ascertain its safety and efficacy in augmenting the effects of infusing donor-derived CMV-specific T cells.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/terapia , Células Dendríticas/trasplante , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Trasplante Homólogo/efectos adversos , Vacunas de Subunidad/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Femenino , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/efectos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad
6.
Cytotherapy ; 19(1): 107-118, 2017 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27793552

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND AIMS: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation and infection is common in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and requires routine antiviral prophylaxis. Drug-resistant strains are increasingly common, and effective alternative therapy is currently unavailable. We generated and characterized HSV-1-specific T cells for use in adoptive cellular immunotherapy following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HLA-A1 and HLA-A2 HSV-seropositive hereditary hemochromatosis donors were used as the antigen source. Three HLA-A1 and four HLA-A2 specific epitopes were used for stimulation of T cells. Cells were stimulated with antigen-pulsed dendritic cells and cultured for 21 days in medium with interleukin (IL)-2. Cultured cells were phenotyped and tested for cytokine production, proliferation and cytotoxicity. RESULTS: There was a 5.3-fold expansion in total cell numbers over 21 days of culture, with 35% of T cells being CD8 positive. Thirty-five percent, 21% and 5% of CD8 cells secreted interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-2 upon HSV antigen re-stimulation. More than 50% of antigen-specific T cells secreted multiple cytokines. Cultured T cells proliferated upon antigen re-stimulation and lysed HSV-1 peptide and virus-infected targets. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to generate functional HSV-1 specific T cells from the blood of HLA-A1 and HLA-A2 HSV-seropositive donors using specific peptides. The utility of these cells in preventing and treating HSV-1 reactivation in allogeneic HSCT will need to be tested clinically.


Asunto(s)
Antígeno HLA-A1/sangre , Antígeno HLA-A2/sangre , Herpesvirus Humano 1/inmunología , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Epítopos , Antígeno HLA-A1/inmunología , Antígeno HLA-A2/inmunología , Humanos , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Interleucina-2/farmacología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo
7.
Blood ; 121(18): 3745-58, 2013 May 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23435462

RESUMEN

We investigated the use of adoptively transferred donor-derived cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) as immune reconstitution postallogeneic transplant in a phase 2 study. Fifty patients were infused with a single dose of 2 × 10(7)cells/m(2) after day 28 post-transplant. Twenty-six patients reactivated CMV posttransplant (only 5 post-CTL infusion) and 9 required therapy with ganciclovir or foscarnet (only 1 post-CTL infusion). There was 1 case of fatal CMV disease, attributable to high levels of antithymocyte globulin at the time of T cell infusion. We compared the patients in the phase 2 study with a group of contemporaneous controls also treated at the trial centers. There was no increase in acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease attributable to CTL infusion; overall and progression-free survival were similar in both groups. There was a reduction in the percentage of patients who required CMV directed antiviral therapy (17% vs 36%, P = .01) and in the total number of treatment days in the cohort receiving CTL (3.4 days vs 8.9 days, P = .03) without a reduction in CMV reactivation rates. We postulate that adoptively transferred cells are able to expand in response to viral antigen, limit viral replication, and prevent progression to tissue infection. This study was registered on the Australian Clinical Trial Registry as #ACTRN12605000213640 and #ACTRN12607000224426.


Asunto(s)
Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/prevención & control , Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Neoplasias Hematológicas/terapia , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas , Linfocitos T/trasplante , Donantes de Tejidos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Ensayos Clínicos Fase II como Asunto/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios de Cohortes , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/sangre , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Neoplasias Hematológicas/sangre , Neoplasias Hematológicas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Hematológicas/mortalidad , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/efectos adversos , Humanos , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Trasplante Homólogo , Activación Viral/inmunología , Adulto Joven
8.
Blood ; 122(17): 2965-73, 2013 Oct 24.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24030379

RESUMEN

Autologous T cells expressing a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CD19.CAR) are active against B-cell malignancies, but it is unknown whether allogeneic CD19.CAR T cells are safe or effective. After allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), infused donor-derived virus-specific T cells (VSTs) expand in vivo, persist long term, and display antiviral activity without inducing graft-vs-host disease; therefore, we determined whether donor VSTs, engineered to express CD19.CAR, retained the characteristics of nonmanipulated allogeneic VSTs while gaining antitumor activity. We treated 8 patients with allogeneic (donor-derived) CD19.CAR-VSTs 3 months to 13 years after HSCT. There were no infusion-related toxicities. VSTs persisted for a median of 8 weeks in blood and up to 9 weeks at disease sites. Objective antitumor activity was evident in 2 of 6 patients with relapsed disease during the period of CD19.CAR-VST persistence, whereas 2 patients who received cells while in remission remain disease free. In 2 of 3 patients with viral reactivation, donor CD19.CAR-VSTs expanded concomitantly with VSTs. Hence CD19.CAR-VSTs display antitumor activity and, because their number may be increased in the presence of viral stimuli, earlier treatment post-HSCT (when lymphodepletion is greater and the incidence of viral infection is higher) or planned vaccination with viral antigens may enhance disease control.


Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD19/inmunología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/terapia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/terapia , Linfocitos T/trasplante , Adenoviridae/inmunología , Adulto , Antígenos CD19/genética , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Linfocitos B/patología , Niño , Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Herpesvirus Humano 4/inmunología , Humanos , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/inmunología , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/patología , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/virología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/inmunología , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/patología , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/virología , Ingeniería de Proteínas , Recurrencia , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/virología , Trasplante Homólogo
9.
Cytotherapy ; 17(10): 1406-20, 2015 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26349000

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND AIMS: Virus-specific T-cell immunotherapy is emerging as a promising management strategy for virus infections in patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Here we present outcomes of 10 adult patients who received multi-virus-specific T cells prophylactically after HSCT. METHODS: Donor-derived cytomegalovirus (CMV)-, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-, adenoviral- and varicella zoster virus (VZV)-specific T cells were generated in a single culture and administered to HSCT patients at a dose of 2 × 10(7)/m(2) virus-specific T cells at a median of 63 days post-transplant. Patients were monitored for 12 months for evidence of viral reactivation and graft-versus-host disease. RESULTS: There was no acute infusion-related toxicity. Six patients developed CMV reactivation after T-cell infusion with a median peak CMV DNA titer of 600 copies per milliliter, and 1 received CMV-specific pharmacotherapy post-infusion. No EBV, adenoviral or VZV reactivation or disease was reported. Using interferon-γ Elispot analysis on post-infusion samples, we identified anti-viral immunity against all viruses including VZV. Three patients (30%) developed grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first description of the use of a multi-virus-specific T-cell product containing cells specific for VZV after allogeneic HSCT. The T-cell product appears safe in the setting of HSCT and confirms our previous findings regarding CMV control and treatment. A larger study with longer follow-up is required to determine the efficacy of VZV-specific T cells given prophylactically in controlling episodes of herpes zoster and disseminated varicella infection after cessation of prophylactic anti-viral treatment.


Asunto(s)
Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/prevención & control , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/efectos adversos , Herpesvirus Humano 3/inmunología , Herpesvirus Humano 4/inmunología , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , Linfocitos T/trasplante , Virosis/prevención & control , Infecciones por Adenovirus Humanos/prevención & control , Adenovirus Humanos/inmunología , Adulto , Femenino , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/virología , Herpes Zóster/inmunología , Herpes Zóster/prevención & control , Humanos , Interferón gamma/inmunología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Trasplante Homólogo , Activación Viral , Adulto Joven
10.
Hum Gene Ther ; 35(15-16): 527-542, 2024 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39049734

RESUMEN

Regulators and industry are actively seeking improvements and alternatives to current models and approaches to evaluate potential carcinogenicity of gene therapies (GTs). A meeting of invited experts was organized by NC3Rs/UKEMS (London, March 2023) to discuss this topic. This article describes the consensus reached among delegates on the definition of vector genotoxicity, sources of uncertainty, suitable toxicological endpoints for genotoxic assessment of GTs, and future research needs. The collected recommendations should inform the further development of regulatory guidelines for the nonclinical toxicological assessment of GT products.


Asunto(s)
Terapia Genética , Terapia Genética/efectos adversos , Terapia Genética/métodos , Humanos , Factores de Riesgo , Animales , Vectores Genéticos/efectos adversos , Consenso , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/genética , Medición de Riesgo
11.
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant ; 19(5): 725-34, 2013 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23380344

RESUMEN

Uncontrolled cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation causes significant morbidity and mortality. Adoptive transfer of CMV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is a promising therapy to treat reactivation and prevent viral disease. In this article, we describe the generation of clinical-grade CMV-specific CTLs directly from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized hemopoietic progenitor cell (G-HPC) products collected for transplantation. This method requires less than 2.5% of a typical G-HPC product to reproducibly expand CMV-specific CTLs ex vivo. Comparison of 11 CMV CTL lines generated from G-HPC products with 52 CMV CTL lines generated from nonmobilized peripheral blood revealed similar expansion kinetics and phenotype. G-HPC-derived CTLs produced IFN-γ after reexposure to CMVpp65 antigen and exhibited CMV-directed cytotoxicity but no alloreactivity against transplantation recipient-derived cells. Seven patients received CMV-specific CTL lines expanded from G-HPC products in a prophylactic adoptive immunotherapy phase I/II clinical trial. Use of G-HPC products will facilitate integration of CTL generation into established quality systems of transplantation centers and more rapid inclusion of T cell therapies into routine clinical care.


Asunto(s)
Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos/uso terapéutico , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/métodos , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/inmunología , Adulto , Anciano , Ensayos Clínicos Fase I como Asunto , Ensayos Clínicos Fase II como Asunto , Citomegalovirus/genética , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/etiología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Citotoxicidad Inmunológica , Femenino , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/citología , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/inmunología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/citología , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/virología
12.
Blood ; 115(13): 2695-703, 2010 Apr 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20110422

RESUMEN

Viral infections and leukemic relapse account for the majority of treatment failures in patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) or cord blood (CB) transplants. Adoptive transfer of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) provides protection against common viruses causing serious infections after HSC transplantation without concomitant graft-versus-host disease. We have now generated CTL lines from peripheral blood (PB) or CB units that recognize multiple common viruses and provide antileukemic activity by transgenic expression of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting CD19 expressed on B-ALL. PB-derived CAR(+) CTLs produced interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) in response to cytomegalovirus-pp65, adenovirus-hexon, and Epstein-Barr virus pepmixes (from 205 +/- 104 to 1034 +/- 304 spot-forming cells [SFCs]/10(5) T cells) and lysed primary B-ALL blasts in (51)Cr-release assays (mean, 66% +/- 5% specific lysis; effector-target [E/T] ratio, 40:1) and the CD19(+) Raji cell line (mean, 78% +/- 17%) in contrast to nontransduced controls (8% +/- 8% and 3% +/- 2%). CB-derived CAR(+) CTLs showed similar antiviral and antitumor function and both PB and CB CAR(+) CTLs completely eliminated B-ALL blasts over 5 days of coculture. This approach may prove beneficial for patients with high-risk B-ALL who have recently received an HSC or CB transplant and are at risk of infection and relapse.


Asunto(s)
Traslado Adoptivo , Sangre Fetal/citología , Leucemia de Células B/inmunología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & control , Receptores Virales/fisiología , Anticuerpos de Cadena Única/inmunología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/inmunología , Virosis/prevención & control , Adenoviridae/inmunología , Adulto , Antígenos CD19/inmunología , Antígenos Virales/inmunología , Células Sanguíneas/inmunología , Línea Celular Transformada , Línea Celular Tumoral/inmunología , Células Cultivadas/inmunología , Células Cultivadas/trasplante , Proteína de la Membrana Similar al Receptor de Coxsackie y Adenovirus , Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Estudios de Factibilidad , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Interferón gamma/biosíntesis , Leucemia de Células B/patología , Células Madre Neoplásicas/inmunología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/virología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T alfa-beta/inmunología , Receptores Virales/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/biosíntesis , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/inmunología , Recurrencia , Anticuerpos de Cadena Única/genética , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/citología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/trasplante , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/citología , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/trasplante , Virosis/inmunología
13.
Cytotherapy ; 14(6): 724-32, 2012 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22404084

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND AIMS: Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes life-long latent infection in healthy individuals, which reactivates in 10-68% of stem cell transplant patients. Reconstituting immunity through adoptive transfer of T cells specific for VZV may aid in the prophylaxis and treatment of VZV infections. The potential for generating T cells specific for VZV using a clinically approved VZV vaccine strain was investigated. METHODS: The Varivax® vaccine was used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors. Only reagents approved for clinical manufacture were used. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells pulsed with Varivax (R) were used to stimulate autologous mononuclear cells at a responder to stimulator ratio of 10:1. On day 7, a second stimulation was performed; 20 U/mL interleukin (IL)-2 were added from day 7 and 50 U/mL IL-2 from day 14 onwards. Cell phenotype and functionality were assessed after 21 days of culture. RESULTS: A mean increase of 11-fold in cell number was observed (n= 18). Cultures were mainly T cells (mean CD3 (+) 89.7%, CD4 (+) 54.2%, CD8 (+) 28.7%) with effector and central memory phenotypes. Cells produced one or more T helper (Th)1 cytokine (interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-2), and CD4 (+) (but not CD8 (+) ) cells expressed the cytoxicity marker CD107 when restimulated with VZV antigens. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated a clinically applicable method that yields high numbers of highly reactive T cells specific for VZV. We propose that reconstructing host immunity through adoptive transfer of VZV-specific T cells will reduce the frequency of clinical VZV infection in the period of severe immune suppression that follows allogeneic stem cell transplantation.


Asunto(s)
Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas , Herpesvirus Humano 3/inmunología , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/inmunología , Proliferación Celular , Citotoxicidad Inmunológica , Epítopos/inmunología , Herpes Zóster/inmunología , Herpesvirus Humano 3/patogenicidad , Humanos , Fenotipo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T alfa-beta/inmunología , Especificidad de la Especie
14.
Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev ; 25: 250-263, 2022 Jun 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35474955

RESUMEN

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting CD19 have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in the treatment of B cell malignancies. Current CAR T cell manufacturing protocols are complex and costly due to their reliance on viral vectors. Non-viral systems of genetic modification, such as with transposase and transposon systems, offer a potential streamlined alternative for CAR T cell manufacture and are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this study, we utilized the previously described transposase from the little brown bat, designated piggyBat, for production of CD19-specific CAR T cells. PiggyBat demonstrates efficient CAR transgene delivery, with a relatively low variability in integration copy number across a range of manufacturing conditions as well as a similar integration site profile to super-piggyBac transposon and viral vectors. PiggyBat-generated CAR T cells demonstrate CD19-specific cytotoxic efficacy in vitro and in vivo. These data demonstrate that alternative, naturally occurring DNA transposons can be efficiently re-tooled to be exploited in real-world applications.

15.
Blood Adv ; 6(17): 4949-4966, 2022 09 13.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35819448

RESUMEN

Virus-specific T-cells (VSTs) from third-party donors mediate short- and long-term antiviral effects in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients with relapsed or refractory viral infections. We investigated early administration of third-party VSTs, together with antiviral therapy in patients requiring treatment for first cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Thirty HSCT patients were treated with 1 to 4 VST infusions (2 × 107 cells/m2; CMV n=27, EBV n=3) at a median of 4 days after initiation of antiviral treatment. The overall viral response rate was 100%, with a complete response (CR) rate of 94%. Of the 28 patients who achieved a CR, 23 remained virus PCR negative (n=9) or below quantitation limit (n=14) for the duration of follow-up. Four patients had brief episodes of quantifiable reactivation not requiring additional therapy, and one required a second infusion after initial CR, remaining PCR negative thereafter. All 3 patients treated for EBV post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder achieved sustained CR. Rates of aGVHD and cGVHD after infusion were 13% and 23%, respectively. There were no serious infusion-related adverse events. VST infusion was associated with rapid recovery of CD8+CD45RA-CD62L- and a slower recovery of CD4+CD45RA-CD62L- effector memory T-cells; CMV-specific T-cells comprised up to 13% of CD8+ cells. At 1 year post-transplant, non-relapse mortality was 10%, cumulative incidence of relapse was 7%, overall survival was 88% and 25 of 27 patients had ECOG status of 0 or 1. Early administration of third-party VSTs in conjunction with antiviral treatment appears safe and leads to excellent viral control and clinical outcomes. Registered on Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as #ACTRN12618000343202.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Citomegalovirus , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas , Antivirales , Australia , Citomegalovirus , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/etiología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/terapia , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/etiología , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/efectos adversos , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Humanos , Trasplante de Células Madre/efectos adversos , Trasplante Homólogo/efectos adversos
16.
Blood ; 112(10): 3974-81, 2008 Nov 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18768783

RESUMEN

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and its therapy continue to contribute to morbidity and mortality in hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Many studies have demonstrated the feasibility of in vitro generation of CMV-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy of CMV. Few clinical trials have been performed showing the safety and efficacy of this approach in vivo. In this study, donor-derived, CMV-specific T cells were generated for 12 adult HSCT patients by stimulation with dendritic cells transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding the CMV-pp65 protein. Patients received a prophylactic infusion of T cells after day 28 after HSCT. There were no infusion related adverse events. CMV DNAemia was detected in 4 patients after infusion but was of low level. No patient required CMV-specific pharmacotherapy. Immune reconstitution to CMV was demonstrated by enzyme linked immunospot assay in all recipients with rapid increases in predominantly CMV-pp65 directed immunity in 5. Rates of graft-versus-host disease, infection, and death were not increased compared with expected. These results add to the growing evidence of the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy of CMV in HSCT, supporting its more widespread use. This study was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as #ACTRN12605000213640.


Asunto(s)
Traslado Adoptivo , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/prevención & control , Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas , Fosfoproteínas/inmunología , Linfocitos T/trasplante , Proteínas de la Matriz Viral/inmunología , Adenoviridae/genética , Adenoviridae/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Citomegalovirus/genética , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/genética , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/mortalidad , Femenino , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/genética , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/inmunología , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/mortalidad , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/prevención & control , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Transducción Genética , Trasplante Homólogo , Proteínas de la Matriz Viral/genética
17.
Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev ; 17: 359-368, 2020 Jun 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32071928

RESUMEN

CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR19) T cells, generated using viral vectors, are an efficacious but costly treatment for B cell malignancies. The nonviral piggyBac transposon system provides a simple and inexpensive alternative for CAR19 T cell production. Until now, piggyBac has been plasmid based, facilitating economical vector amplification in bacteria. However, amplified plasmids have several undesirable qualities for clinical translation, including bacterial genetic elements, antibiotic-resistance genes, and the requirement for purification to remove endotoxin. Doggybones (dbDNA) are linear, covalently closed, minimal DNA vectors that can be inexpensively produced enzymatically in vitro at large scale. Importantly, they lack the undesirable features of plasmids. We used dbDNA incorporating piggyBac to generate CAR19 T cells. Initially, expression of functional transposase was evident, but stable CAR expression did not occur. After excluding other causes, additional random DNA flanking the transposon within the dbDNA was introduced, promoting stable CAR expression comparable to that of using plasmid components. Our findings demonstrate that dbDNA incorporating piggyBac can be used to generate CAR T cells and indicate that there is a requirement for DNA flanking the piggyBac transposon to enable effective transposition. dbDNA may further reduce the cost and improve the safety of CAR T cell production with transposon systems.

18.
Clin Transl Immunology ; 9(10): e1200, 2020.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33101678

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Adoptive immunotherapy with ex vivo expanded tumor-specific T cells has potential as anticancer therapy. Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) is an attractive target overexpressed in several cancers including melanoma and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), with low expression in normal tissue outside the gonads. We developed a GMP-compliant manufacturing method for PRAME-specific T cells from healthy donors for adoptive immunotherapy. METHODS: Mononuclear cells were pulsed with PRAME 15-mer overlapping peptide mix. After 16 h, activated cells expressing CD137 were isolated with immunomagnetic beads and cocultured with irradiated CD137neg fraction in medium supplemented with interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7 and IL-15. Cultured T cells were restimulated with antigen-pulsed autologous cells after 10 days. Cellular phenotype and cytokine response following antigen re-exposure were assessed with flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and supernatant cytokine detection. Detailed phenotypic and functional analysis with mass cytometry and T-cell receptor (TCR) beta clonality studies were performed on selected cultures. RESULTS: PRAME-stimulated cultures (n = 10) had mean expansion of 2500-fold at day 18. Mean CD3+ percentage was 96% with CD4:CD8 ratio of 4:1. Re-exposure to PRAME peptide mixture showed enrichment of CD4 cells expressing interferon (IFN)-γ (mean: 12.2%) and TNF-α (mean: 19.7%). Central and effector memory cells were 23% and 72%, respectively, with 24% T cells expressing PD1. Mass cytometry showed predominance of Th1 phenotype (CXCR3+/CCR4neg/CCR6neg/Tbet+, mean: 73%) and cytokine production including IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-13 and GM-CSF (2%, 6%, 8%, 4% and 11%, respectively). CONCLUSION: PRAME-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy were enriched from healthy donor mononuclear cells. The products were oligoclonal, exhibited Th1 phenotype and produced multiple cytokines.

19.
Cytotherapy ; 11(2): 218-28, 2009.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19242837

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND AIMS: Clinical-scale elutriation using the Elutra(c) has been shown to enrich monocytes reliably for immunotherapy protocols. Until now, a detailed assessment of the four (F1-F4) non-monocyte fractions derived from this process has not been performed. METHODS: Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we performed phenotypic analyses to investigate the possible enrichment of T, B, natural killer (NK) and dendritic cells (DC) or their subsets in one or more Elutra fractions. RESULTS: Blood DC were enriched up to 10-fold in some fractions (F3 and F4) compared with the pre-elutriation apheresis product. This increased the number of DC that could be isolated from a given cell number by immunomagnetic separation. It was also found that CD62L(-) effector memory CD4(+) T cells were enriched in later fractions. In four of five cases tested, cells from F3 demonstrated decreased alloreactive proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction compared with cells from the apheresis product. B cells were enriched in F1 compared with the apheresis product. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to providing enrichment of monocytes for the generation of DC, the Elutra enriches cell subsets that may be incorporated into and enhance existing immunotherapy and stem cell transplantation protocols.


Asunto(s)
Células Presentadoras de Antígenos/citología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/citología , Células Dendríticas/citología , Isoantígenos/inmunología , Subgrupos Linfocitarios/citología , Células Presentadoras de Antígenos/inmunología , Células Presentadoras de Antígenos/metabolismo , Linfocitos B/citología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Linfocitos B/metabolismo , Investigación Biomédica/métodos , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Separación Celular/métodos , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Citometría de Flujo , Humanos , Inmunidad Celular , Memoria Inmunológica , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Células Asesinas Naturales/citología , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Células Asesinas Naturales/metabolismo , Selectina L/biosíntesis , Prueba de Cultivo Mixto de Linfocitos , Subgrupos Linfocitarios/inmunología , Subgrupos Linfocitarios/metabolismo
20.
Blood Adv ; 1(24): 2193-2205, 2017 Nov 14.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29296867

RESUMEN

Donor-derived adoptive T-cell therapy is a safe and effective treatment of viral infection posttransplant, but it is limited by donor serostatus and availability and by its personalized nature. Off-the-shelf, third-party virus-specific T cells (VSTs) appear promising, but the long-term safety and durability of responses have yet to be established. We conducted a prospective study of 30 allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients with persistent or recurrent cytomegalovirus (CMV) (n = 28), Epstein-Barr virus (n = 1), or adenovirus (n = 1) after standard therapy. Patients were treated with infusions of partially HLA-matched, third-party, ex vivo-expanded VSTs (total = 50 infusions) at a median of 75 days post-HSCT (range, 37 to 349 days). Safety, viral dynamics, and immune recovery were monitored for 12 months. Infusions were safe and well tolerated. Acute graft versus host disease occurred in 2 patients, despite a median HLA match between VSTs and the recipient of 2 of 6 antigens. At 12 months, the cumulative incidence of overall response was 93%. Virological control was durable in the majority of patients; the reintroduction of antiviral therapy after the final infusion occurred in 5 patients. CMV-specific T-cell immunity rose significantly and coincided with a rise in CD8+ terminal effector cells. PD-1 expression was elevated on CD8+ lymphocytes before the administration of third-party T cells and remained elevated at the time of viral control. Third-party VSTs show prolonged benefit, with virological control achieved in association with the recovery of CD8+ effector T cells possibly facilitated by VST infusion. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02779439 and www.anzctr.org.au as #ACTRN12613000603718.

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