RESUMEN
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS) needle comprised of multiple PscF subunits is essential for the translocation of effector toxins into human cells, facilitating the establishment and dissemination of infection. Mutations in the pscF gene provide resistance to the phenoxyacetamide (PhA) series of T3SS inhibitory chemical probes. To better understand PscF functions and interactions with PhA, alleles of pscF with 71 single mutations altering 49 of the 85 residues of the encoded protein were evaluated for their effects on T3SS phenotypes. Of these, 37% eliminated and 63% maintained secretion, with representatives of both evenly distributed across the entire protein. Mutations in 14 codons conferred a degree of PhA resistance without eliminating secretion, and all but one were in the alpha-helical C-terminal 25% of PscF. PhA-resistant mutants exhibited no cross-resistance to two T3SS inhibitors with different chemical scaffolds. Two mutations caused constitutive T3SS secretion. The pscF allele at its native locus, whether wild type (WT), constitutive, or PhA resistant, was dominant over other pscF alleles expressed from nonnative loci and promoters, but mixed phenotypes were observed in chromosomal ΔpscF strains with both WT and mutant alleles at nonnative loci. Some PhA-resistant mutants exhibited reduced translocation efficiency that was improved in a PhA dose-dependent manner, suggesting that PhA can bind to those resistant needles. In summary, these results are consistent with a direct interaction between PhA inhibitors and the T3SS needle, suggest a mechanism of blocking conformational changes, and demonstrate that PscF affects T3SS regulation, as well as carrying out secretion and translocation.IMPORTANCEP. aeruginosa effector toxin translocation into host innate immune cells is critical for the establishment and dissemination of P. aeruginosa infections. The medical need for new anti-P. aeruginosa agents is evident by the fact that P. aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia is associated with a high mortality rate (40 to 69%) and recurs in >30% of patients, even with standard-of-care antibiotic therapy. The results described here confirm roles for the PscF needle in T3SS secretion and translocation and suggest that it affects regulation, possibly by interaction with T3SS regulatory proteins. The results also support a model of direct interaction of the needle with PhA and suggest that, with further development, members of the PhA series may prove useful as drugs for P. aeruginosa infection.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Bacterianas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/metabolismo , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Sistemas de Secreción Tipo III/antagonistas & inhibidores , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana/genética , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/genética , Mutación , Fenoxiacetatos/farmacología , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genética , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of intra-abdominal infections, wound infections, and community-acquired folliculitis, each of which may involve macro- or microabscess formation. The rising incidence of multidrug resistance among P. aeruginosa isolates has increased both the economic burden and the morbidity and mortality associated with P. aeruginosa disease and necessitates a search for novel therapeutics. Previous work from our group detailed novel phenoxyacetamide inhibitors that block type III secretion and injection into host cells in vitro In this study, we used a mouse model of P. aeruginosa abscess formation to test the in vivo efficacy of these compounds against the P. aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS). Bacteria used the T3SS to intoxicate infiltrating neutrophils to establish abscesses. Despite this antagonism, sufficient numbers of functioning neutrophils remained for proper containment of the abscesses, as neutrophil depletion resulted in an increased abscess size, the formation of dermonecrotic lesions on the skin, and the dissemination of P. aeruginosa to internal organs. Consistent with the specificity of the T3SS-neutrophil interaction, P. aeruginosa bacteria lacking a functional T3SS were fully capable of causing abscesses in a neutropenic host. Phenoxyacetamide inhibitors attenuated abscess formation and aided in the immune clearance of the bacteria. Finally, a P. aeruginosa strain resistant to the phenoxyacetamide compound was fully capable of causing abscess formation even in the presence of the T3SS inhibitors. Together, our results further define the role of type III secretion in murine abscess formation and demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of phenoxyacetamide inhibitors in P. aeruginosa infection.
Asunto(s)
Absceso/microbiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/tratamiento farmacológico , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Absceso/tratamiento farmacológico , Absceso/patología , Animales , Antibacterianos/química , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Neutropenia/microbiología , Neutrófilos/patología , Fenoxiacetatos/química , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/complicaciones , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genética , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/patogenicidad , Sistemas de Secreción Tipo III , Factores de Virulencia/metabolismoRESUMEN
The utility of conventional antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections has become increasingly strained due to increased rates of resistance coupled with reduced rates of development of new agents. As a result, multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and pandrug-resistant bacterial strains are now frequently encountered. This has led to fears of a "postantibiotic era" in which many bacterial infections will be untreatable. Alternative nonantibiotic treatment strategies need to be explored to ensure that a robust pipeline of effective therapies is available to clinicians. In this review, we highlight some of the recent developments in this area, such as the targeting of bacterial virulence factors, utilization of bacteriophages to kill bacteria, and manipulation of the microbiome to combat infections.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Bacterianas , Microbiota , Terapia de Fagos/métodos , Factores de Virulencia/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antibacterianos , Infecciones Bacterianas/microbiología , Infecciones Bacterianas/terapia , Sistemas de Secreción Bacterianos , Bacteriófagos , Investigación Biomédica , Humanos , RatonesRESUMEN
We previously reported the synthesis and biological activity of a series of cationic bis-indoles with potent, broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. Here, we describe mechanism of action studies to test the hypothesis that these compounds bind to DNA and that this target plays an important role in their antibacterial outcome. The results reported here indicate that the bis-indoles bind selectively to DNA at A/T-rich sites, which is correlated with the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis in representative Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) organisms. Further, exposure of E. coli and S. aureus to representative bis-indoles resulted in induction of the DNA damage-inducible SOS response. In addition, the bis-indoles were found to be potent inhibitors of cell wall biosynthesis; however, they do not induce the cell wall stress stimulon in S. aureus, suggesting that this pathway is inhibited by an indirect mechanism. In light of these findings, the most likely basis for the observed activities of these compounds is their ability to bind to the minor groove of DNA, resulting in the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and other secondary effects.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , ADN/metabolismo , Indoles/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Células HeLa/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Imidazoles/química , Imidazoles/metabolismo , Imidazoles/farmacología , Indoles/química , Indoles/metabolismo , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Microscopía Fluorescente , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Respuesta SOS en Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The current Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak has highlighted the troubling absence of available antivirals or vaccines to treat infected patients and stop the spread of EBOV. The EBOV glycoprotein (GP) plays critical roles in the early stage of virus infection, including receptor binding and membrane fusion, making it a potential target for the development of anti-EBOV drugs. We report the identification of 2 novel EBOV inhibitors targeting viral entry. METHODS: To identify small molecule inhibitors of EBOV entry, we carried out a cell-based high-throughput screening using human immunodeficiency virus-based pseudotyped viruses expressing EBOV-GP. Two compounds were identified, and mechanism-of-action studies were performed using immunoflourescence, AlphaLISA, and enzymatic assays for cathepsin B inhibition. RESULTS: We report the identification of 2 novel entry inhibitors. These inhibitors (1) inhibit EBOV infection (50% inhibitory concentration, approximately 0.28 and approximately 10 µmol/L) at a late stage of entry, (2) induce Niemann-Pick C phenotype, and (3) inhibit GP-Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) protein interaction. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified 2 novel EBOV inhibitors, MBX2254 and MBX2270, that can serve as starting points for the development of an anti-EBOV therapeutic agent. Our findings also highlight the importance of NPC1-GP interaction in EBOV entry and the attractiveness of NPC1 as an antifiloviral therapeutic target.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/farmacología , Ebolavirus/efectos de los fármacos , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/tratamiento farmacológico , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/virología , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/farmacología , Animales , Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Chlorocebus aethiops , Glicoproteínas/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteína Niemann-Pick C1 , Unión Proteica/efectos de los fármacos , Células Vero , Internalización del Virus/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Novel, cellular, gain-of-signal, bioluminescent reporter assays for fatty acid synthesis type II (FASII) inhibitors were constructed in an efflux-deficient strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and based on the discovery that FASII genes in P. aeruginosa are coordinately upregulated in response to pathway disruption. A screen of 115,000 compounds identified a series of sulfonamidobenzamide (SABA) analogs, which generated strong luminescent signals in two FASII reporter strains but not in four control reporter strains designed to respond to inhibitors of pathways other than FASII. The SABA analogs selectively inhibited lipid biosynthesis in P. aeruginosa and exhibited minimal cytotoxicity to mammalian cells (50% cytotoxic concentration [CC50] ≥ 80 µM). The most potent SABA analogs had MICs of 0.5 to 7.0 µM (0.2 to 3.0 µg/ml) against an efflux-deficient Escherichia coli (ΔtolC) strain but had no detectable MIC against efflux-proficient E. coli or against P. aeruginosa (efflux deficient or proficient). Genetic, molecular genetic, and biochemical studies revealed that SABA analogs target the enzyme (AccC) catalyzing the biotin carboxylase half-reaction of the acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) carboxylase step in the initiation phase of FASII in E. coli and P. aeruginosa. These results validate the capability and the sensitivity of this novel bioluminescent reporter screen to identify inhibitors of E. coli and P. aeruginosa FASII.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Acido Graso Sintasa Tipo II/antagonistas & inhibidores , Acetilcoenzima A/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/enzimología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/enzimologíaRESUMEN
Influenza viruses are a major public health threat worldwide, and options for antiviral therapy are limited by the emergence of drug-resistant virus strains. The influenza virus glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) plays critical roles in the early stage of virus infection, including receptor binding and membrane fusion, making it a potential target for the development of anti-influenza drugs. Using pseudotype virus-based high-throughput screens, we have identified several new small molecules capable of inhibiting influenza virus entry. We prioritized two novel inhibitors, MBX2329 and MBX2546, with aminoalkyl phenol ether and sulfonamide scaffolds, respectively, that specifically inhibit HA-mediated viral entry. The two compounds (i) are potent (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] of 0.3 to 5.9 µM); (ii) are selective (50% cytotoxicity concentration [CC(50)] of >100 µM), with selectivity index (SI) values of >20 to 200 for different influenza virus strains; (iii) inhibit a wide spectrum of influenza A viruses, which includes the 2009 pandemic influenza virus A/H1N1/2009, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus A/H5N1, and oseltamivir-resistant A/H1N1 strains; (iv) exhibit large volumes of synergy with oseltamivir (36 and 331 µM(2) % at 95% confidence); and (v) have chemically tractable structures. Mechanism-of-action studies suggest that both MBX2329 and MBX2546 bind to HA in a nonoverlapping manner. Additional results from HA-mediated hemolysis of chicken red blood cells (cRBCs), competition assays with monoclonal antibody (MAb) C179, and mutational analysis suggest that the compounds bind in the stem region of the HA trimer and inhibit HA-mediated fusion. Therefore, MBX2329 and MBX2546 represent new starting points for chemical optimization and have the potential to provide valuable future therapeutic options and research tools to study the HA-mediated entry process.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/farmacología , Hemaglutininas Virales/metabolismo , Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Gripe Aviar/virología , Gripe Humana/virología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/farmacología , Internalización del Virus/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antivirales/química , Línea Celular , Pollos , Hemaglutininas Virales/genética , Humanos , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/fisiología , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/fisiología , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/fisiología , Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Virus de la Influenza A/fisiología , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/químicaRESUMEN
The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant bacterial infections is driving the discovery and development not only of new antibiotics, but also of inhibitors of virulence factors that are crucial for in vivo pathogenicity. One such virulence factor is the type III secretion system (T3SS), which plays a critical role in the establishment and dissemination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. We have recently described the discovery and characterization of a series of inhibitors of P. aeruginosa T3SS based on a phenoxyacetamide scaffold. To better characterize the factors involved in potent T3SS inhibition, we have conducted a systematic exploration of this structure, revealing several highly responsive structure-activity relationships indicative of interaction with a specific target. Most of the structural features contributing to potency were additive, and combination of those features produced optimized inhibitors with IC50 values <1µM.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Acetatos/química , Amidas/química , Animales , Células CHO , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a clinically important virulence mechanism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that secretes and translocates effector toxins into host cells, impeding the host's rapid innate immune response to infection. Inhibitors of T3SS may be useful as prophylactic or adjunctive therapeutic agents to augment the activity of antibiotics in P. aeruginosa infections, such as pneumonia and bacteremia. One such inhibitor, the phenoxyacetamide MBX 1641, exhibits very responsive structure-activity relationships, including striking stereoselectivity, in its inhibition of P. aeruginosa T3SS. These features suggest interaction with a specific, but unknown, protein target. Here, we identify the apparent molecular target by isolating inhibitor-resistant mutants and mapping the mutation sites by deep sequencing. Selection and sequencing of four independent mutants resistant to the phenoxyacetamide inhibitor MBX 2359 identified the T3SS gene pscF, encoding the needle apparatus, as the only locus of mutations common to all four strains. Transfer of the wild-type and mutated alleles of pscF, together with its chaperone and cochaperone genes pscE and pscG, to a ΔpscF P. aeruginosa strain demonstrated that each of the single-codon mutations in pscF is necessary and sufficient to provide secretion and translocation that is resistant to a variety of phenoxyacetamide inhibitor analogs but not to T3SS inhibitors with different chemical scaffolds. These results implicate the PscF needle protein as an apparent new molecular target for T3SS inhibitor discovery and suggest that three other chemically distinct T3SS inhibitors interact with one or more different targets or a different region of PscF.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Immunoblotting , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular , Mutación , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/microbiología , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Virulencia/genéticaRESUMEN
The bacterial SOS response is a well-characterized regulatory network encoded by most prokaryotic bacterial species and is involved in DNA repair. In addition to nucleic acid repair, the SOS response is involved in pathogenicity, stress-induced mutagenesis, and the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Using high-throughput sequencing technology (SOLiD RNA-Seq), we analyzed the Burkholderia thailandensis global SOS response to the fluoroquinolone antibiotic, ciprofloxacin (CIP), and the DNA-damaging chemical, mitomycin C (MMC). We demonstrate that a B. thailandensis recA mutant (RU0643) is â¼4-fold more sensitive to CIP in contrast to the parental strain B. thailandensis DW503. Our RNA-Seq results show that CIP and MMC treatment (P < 0.01) resulted in the differential expression of 344 genes in B. thailandensis and 210 genes in RU0643. Several genes associated with the SOS response were induced and include lexA, uvrA, dnaE, dinB, recX, and recA. At the genome-wide level, we found an overall decrease in gene expression, especially for genes involved in amino acid and carbohydrate transport and metabolism, following both CIP and MMC exposure. Interestingly, we observed the upregulation of several genes involved in bacterial motility and enhanced transcription of a B. thailandensis genomic island encoding a Siphoviridae bacteriophage designated E264. Using B. thailandensis plaque assays and PCR with B. mallei ATCC 23344 as the host, we demonstrate that CIP and MMC exposure in B. thailandensis DW503 induces the transcription and translation of viable bacteriophage in a RecA-dependent manner. This is the first report of the SOS response in Burkholderia spp. to DNA-damaging agents. We have identified both common and unique adaptive responses of B. thailandensis to chemical stress and DNA damage.
Asunto(s)
Burkholderia/fisiología , Respuesta SOS en Genética , Transcriptoma , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacteriófagos/genética , Burkholderia/efectos de los fármacos , Burkholderia/genética , Ciprofloxacina/farmacología , Mitomicina/farmacología , Mutágenos , Biosíntesis de Proteínas , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Siphoviridae/genética , Transcripción GenéticaRESUMEN
Benzobisthiazole derivatives were identified as novel helicase inhibitors through high throughput screening against purified Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) and Bacillus anthracis (Ba) replicative helicases. Chemical optimization has produced compound 59 with nanomolar potency against the DNA duplex strand unwinding activities of both B. anthracis and S. aureus helicases. Selectivity index (SI=CC50/IC50) values for 59 were greater than 500. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the benzobisthiazole-based bacterial helicase inhibitors act competitively with the DNA substrate. Therefore, benzobisthiazole helicase inhibitors represent a promising new scaffold for evaluation as antibacterial agents.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Benzotiazoles/farmacología , ADN Helicasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Ensayos Analíticos de Alto Rendimiento/métodos , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacillus anthracis/enzimología , Benzotiazoles/química , ADN Helicasas/metabolismo , ADN Bacteriano/metabolismo , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/métodos , Staphylococcus aureus/enzimología , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria in the clinic has propelled a concerted effort to find new classes of antibiotics that will circumvent current modes of resistance. We have previously described a set of bisamidine antibiotics that contains a core composed of two indoles and a central linker. The first compounds of the series, MBX 1066 and MBX 1090, have potent antibacterial properties against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We have conducted a systematic exploration of the amidine functionalities, the central linker, and substituents at the indole 3-position to determine the factors involved in potent antibacterial activity. Some of the newly synthesized compounds have even more potent and broad-spectrum activity than MBX 1066 and MBX 1090.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Furanos/farmacología , Imidazoles/farmacología , Indoles/química , Indoles/farmacología , Antibacterianos/síntesis química , Antibacterianos/química , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Furanos/síntesis química , Furanos/química , Imidazoles/síntesis química , Imidazoles/química , Indoles/síntesis química , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Estructura Molecular , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe hemorrhagic fever, for which therapeutic options are not available. Preventing the entry of EBOV into host cells is an attractive antiviral strategy, which has been validated for HIV by the FDA approval of the anti-HIV drug enfuvirtide. To identify inhibitors of EBOV entry, the EBOV envelope glycoprotein (EBOV-GP) gene was used to generate pseudotype viruses for screening of chemical libraries. A benzodiazepine derivative (compound 7) was identified from a high-throughput screen (HTS) of small-molecule compound libraries utilizing the pseudotype virus. Compound 7 was validated as an inhibitor of infectious EBOV and Marburg virus (MARV) in cell-based assays, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)s) of 10 µM and 12 µM, respectively. Time-of-addition and binding studies suggested that compound 7 binds to EBOV-GP at an early stage during EBOV infection. Preliminary Schrödinger SiteMap calculations, using a published EBOV-GP crystal structure in its prefusion conformation, suggested a hydrophobic pocket at or near the GP1 and GP2 interface as a suitable site for compound 7 binding. This prediction was supported by mutational analysis implying that residues Asn69, Leu70, Leu184, Ile185, Leu186, Lys190, and Lys191 are critical for the binding of compound 7 and its analogs with EBOV-GP. We hypothesize that compound 7 binds to this hydrophobic pocket and as a consequence inhibits EBOV infection of cells, but the details of the mechanism remain to be determined. In summary, we have identified a novel series of benzodiazepine compounds that are suitable for optimization as potential inhibitors of filoviral infection.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/aislamiento & purificación , Antivirales/farmacología , Ebolavirus/efectos de los fármacos , Internalización del Virus/efectos de los fármacos , Antivirales/química , Benzodiazepinas/aislamiento & purificación , Benzodiazepinas/farmacología , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Farmacorresistencia Viral , Ebolavirus/fisiología , Ensayos Analíticos de Alto Rendimiento/métodos , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Marburgvirus/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Moleculares , Mutación Missense , Unión ProteicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Vaccine development targeting the novel immunogenic Per ARNT Sim Domain containing 1 (PASD1) cancer testis antigen represents an attractive therapeutic approach for the significant number of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who are refractory to conventional treatment. Since CD4-positive T helper cells have crucial roles in promoting and maintaining immune responses to tumor antigens, the presence of a CD4-positive T-helper immune response to the PASD1 antigen in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was investigated in the current study. DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (25 with de novo, five with transformed and one with T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma) were studied. Five immunogenic PASD1 peptides predicted to bind to several major histocompatibiliy complex, class II DR beta 1 alleles were identified using web-based algorithms. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients were used to investigate the immunogenicity of these DR beta 1-restricted peptides in vitro using both gamma-interferon release enzyme-linked immunospot and cytolytic assays. RESULTS: Two of the five PASD1 peptides, PASD1(6) and PASD1(7), were shown to be immunogenic in 14 out of 32 patients studied in a gamma-interferon release assay. CD4-positive T-helper cell lines from two patients raised against PASD1 peptides were able to lyse cell lines derived from hematologic malignancies expressing endogenous PASD1 protein. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of a CD4-positive T-helper response to the PASD1 protein in patients with lymphoma. The immunogenic peptides described here represent valuable additional candidates for inclusion in a vaccine to treat patients with PASD1-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma whose disease is refractory to conventional therapies.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Neoplasias/inmunología , Antígenos Nucleares/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/inmunología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/inmunología , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/inmunología , Linfocitos T Colaboradores-Inductores/inmunología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antígenos de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Antígenos Nucleares/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Humanos , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fragmentos de Péptidos/metabolismo , Pronóstico , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/metabolismo , Linfocitos T Colaboradores-Inductores/metabolismoRESUMEN
The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections has created a crucial need for new therapeutics that avoid or minimize existing resistance mechanisms. In this review, we describe the development of novel classes of small-molecule adjunctive agents targeting either a bacterial virulence factor, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS), or an intrinsic resistance factor, resistance-nodulation-cell division superfamily (RND) efflux pumps of the Enterobacteriaceae. These agents are designed to be administered with antibacterials to improve their efficacy. T3SS inhibition rescues host innate immune system cells from injection with bacterial toxins, whereas RND efflux pump inhibition increases antibiotic susceptibility, in both cases improving the efficacy of the combined antibacterial.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Bacterianas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana/metabolismo , Sistemas de Secreción Tipo III/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Humanos , Sistemas de Secreción Tipo III/metabolismoRESUMEN
Antimicrobial susceptibilities of 233 gram-positive and 180 gram-negative strains to two novel bis-indoles were evaluated. Both compounds were potent inhibitors of gram-positive bacteria, with MIC(90) values of 0.004 to 0.5 microg/ml. One bis-indole, MBX 1162, exhibited potent activity against all gram-negative strains, with MIC(90) values of 0.12 to 4 microg/ml, even against high-level-resistant pathogens, and compared favorably to all comparator antibiotics. The bis-indole compounds show promise for the treatment of multidrug-resistant clinical pathogens.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacterias Aerobias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Indoles/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a clinically important virulence mechanism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that secretes and translocates up to four protein toxin effectors into human cells, facilitating the establishment and dissemination of infections. To discover inhibitors of this important virulence mechanism, we developed two cellular reporter assays and applied them to a library of 80,000 compounds. The primary screen was based on the dependence of the transcription of T3SS operons on the T3SS-mediated secretion of a negative regulator and consisted of a transcriptional fusion of the Photorhabdus luminescens luxCDABE operon to the P. aeruginosa exoT effector gene. Secondary assays included direct measurements of the T3SS-mediated secretion of a P. aeruginosa ExoS effector-beta-lactamase fusion protein as well as the detection of the secretion of native ExoS by the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of culture supernatants. Five inhibitors in three chemical classes were demonstrated to inhibit type III secretion selectively with minimal cytotoxicity and with no effects on bacterial growth or on the type II-mediated secretion of elastase. These inhibitors also block the T3SS-mediated secretion of a YopE effector-beta-lactamase fusion protein from an attenuated Yersinia pestis strain. The most promising of the inhibitors is a phenoxyacetamide that also blocks the T3SS-mediated translocation of effectors into mammalian cells in culture. Preliminary studies of structure-activity relationships in this phenoxyacetamide series demonstrated a strict requirement for the R-enantiomer at its stereocenter and indicated tolerance for a variety of substituents on one of its two aromatic rings.
Asunto(s)
ADP Ribosa Transferasas/metabolismo , Acetamidas/farmacología , Proteínas Activadoras de GTPasa/metabolismo , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/tratamiento farmacológico , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Vías Secretoras/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Virulencia/antagonistas & inhibidores , ADP Ribosa Transferasas/genética , Animales , Células CHO , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Diseño de Fármacos , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Proteínas Activadoras de GTPasa/genética , Células HeLa , Humanos , Luciferasas/genética , Complejos Multiproteicos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Complejos Multiproteicos/genética , Complejos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/metabolismo , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/microbiología , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genética , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/patogenicidad , Vías Secretoras/fisiología , Virulencia , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Factores de Virulencia/metabolismo , beta-Lactamasas/genética , beta-Lactamasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
The bis-indoles are a novel class of compounds with potent antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. The mechanism of action of these compounds has not been clearly defined. To study the mechanism of action of bis-indoles, selections for mutants of Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8325 with reduced susceptibility to several chemically related bis-indoles were carried out using serial passages in subinhibitory compound concentrations. Resistant mutants were only obtained for one of the four bis-indoles tested (MBX-1090), and these appeared at concentrations up to 16X MIC within 10-12 passages. MBX-1090 resistance mutations produced a truncated open reading frame of mepR (SAOUHSC_00314), a gene encoding a MarR-like repressor. MepR regulates expression of mepA (SAOUHSC_00315), which encodes a member of the Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (MATE) family of efflux pumps. MBX-1090 resistance was reverted when mepR (wild type) was provided in trans. Microarray experiments and RT-PCR experiments confirmed that over-expression of mepA is required for resistance. Interestingly, MBX-1090 resistant mutants and strains overexpressing mepA from an expression vector did not exhibit cross-resistance to closely related bis-indole compounds. MBX-1090 did not induce expression of mepA, suggesting that this compound does not directly interact with MepR. Conversely, the bis-indoles that were not substrates of MepA strongly induced mepA expression. The results of this study suggest that MepA and MepR exhibit remarkably distinct substrate specificity for closely related bis-indoles.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Indoles/farmacología , Proteínas Represoras/metabolismo , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Indoles/química , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Mutación , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Staphylococcus aureus/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Especificidad por SustratoRESUMEN
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent of known toxins and are listed as category A biothreat agents by the U.S. CDC. The BoNT-mediated proteolysis of SNARE proteins inhibits the exocytosis of acetylcholine into neuromuscular junctions, leading to life-threatening flaccid paralysis. Currently, the only therapy for BoNT intoxication (which results in the disease state botulism) includes experimental preventative antibodies and long-term supportive care. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify and develop inhibitors that will serve as both prophylactic agents and post-exposure 'rescue' therapeutics. This review focuses on recent progress to discover and develop small molecule inhibitors as therapeutic countermeasures for BoNT intoxication.
Asunto(s)
Toxinas Botulínicas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Animales , Toxinas Botulínicas/química , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Exocitosis , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Unión Neuromuscular/metabolismo , Conformación ProteicaRESUMEN
Marburg virus (MARV) causes severe disease in humans and is known to activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the major transcription factor of the antioxidant response. Canonical activation of Nrf2 involves oxidative or electrophilic stress that prevents Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) targeted degradation of Nrf2, leading to Nrf2 stabilization and activation of the antioxidant response. MARV activation of Nrf2 is noncanonical with the MARV VP24 protein (mVP24) interacting with Keap1, freeing Nrf2 from degradation. A high-throughput screening (HTS) assay was developed to identify inhibitors of mVP24-induced Nrf2 activity and used to screen more than 55,000 compounds. Hit compounds were further screened against secondary HTS assays for the inhibition of antioxidant activity induced by additional canonical and noncanonical mechanisms. This pipeline identified 14 compounds that suppress the response, dependent on the inducer, with 50% inhibitory concentrations below 5 µM and selectivity index values greater than 10. Notably, several of the identified compounds specifically inhibit mVP24-induced Nrf2 activity.