Screening for sickle cell disease: focus on newborn investigations.

Drepanocytosis is a genetic disease relevant for its epidemiological, clinical and socio-economic aspects. In our country the prevalence is highly uneven with peaks in former malaria areas, but migration flows in recent years have led to significant changes. In this document we review the screening programs currently existing in Italy with particular emphasis on newborn screening, which in other countries around the world, including within Europe, is at most universal and mandatory. The essential laboratory issues are reviewed, from sampling aspects (cord blood or peripheral), to the analytical (analytical methods dedicated to neonatal screening and adult carrier detection) and post analytical (reporting, informative) ones. An economic analysis based on data collected in the province of Modena is also proposed, clearly showing that neonatal screening is also beneficial from an economic point of view.

Mosquito management strategies in European rice fields: Environmental and public health perspectives.

Rice is a crucial food source and an important economic activity globally. Rice fields provide habitats for birds and other organisms but also serve as ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes, including potential vectors such as Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles. There is an urgent need to manage mosquitoes associated with rice crops, as they are important pests and vectors of diverse pathogens. Effective management should rely on cost-effective, legislative, and environmentally sustainable approaches. We gathered information from various sources on surveillance, phenology, mosquito nuisance, vector-borne diseases and control measures in the main rice paddies of the five major rice-producing regions in Europe: Italy, Spain, Greece, Portugal, and France. Mosquito problems in rice paddies are prevalent across most analyzed regions, with entomological and virological surveillance efforts varying in intensity and timing. Aedes caspius mosquitoes significantly contribute to nuisance levels, while recent West Nile virus (WNV) circulation poses the most serious threat, as these habitats support high densities of mosquito vectors such as Culex pipiens, Culex modestus, and Culex perexiguus. Different mosquito control strategies are applied, ranging from centralized programs to localized interventions funded by public entities and implemented by public or private companies. Biological larviciding with Bacillus thuringiensis serovar. israelensis is the primary method used, supplemented by adulticiding during epidemic outbreaks in nearby urban areas. These management approaches reflect diverse regional contexts and highlight the importance of adaptive strategies in addressing mosquito-related challenges across rice paddies in Europe.

Progressive Thinning of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer/Ganglion Cell Layer (RNFL/GCL) as Biomarker and Pharmacological Target of Diabetic Retinopathy.

Diabetes-driven retinal neurodegeneration has recently been shown to be involved in the initial phases of diabetic retinopathy, raising the possibility of setting up a preventive strategy based on early retinal neuroprotection. To make this possible, it is crucial to identify a biomarker for early retinal neurodegeneration. To this end, in this study, we verified and confirmed that, in the Akita mouse model of diabetes, the thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer/ganglion cell layer (the RNFL/GCL-the layer that contains the retinal ganglion cells) precedes the death of these same cells, suggesting that this dysfunction is a possible biomarker of retinal neurodegeneration. We then confirmed the validity of this assumption by starting a neuroprotective treatment (based on nerve growth factor eye drops) in concert with the first demonstration of RNFL/GCL thinning. In this way, it was possible not only to avoid the loss of retinal ganglion cells but also to prevent the subsequent development of the microvascular stage of diabetic retinopathy. In conclusion, in the case of diabetes, the thinning of the RNFL/GCL appears to be both a valid biomarker and a pharmacological target of diabetic retinopathy; it precedes the development of vascular dysfunctions and represents the ideal starting point for prevention.

Modified prepubic urethrostomy with body wall tunneling: Description of technique and long-term outcome in eight male cats.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the procedure, complications, and long-term outcome of cats that underwent a modified prepubic urethrostomy (mPPU) technique for the management of proximal urethral obstructions. ANIMALS: Eight male cats. STUDY DESIGN: Short case series. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed for signalment, diagnostic investigation, details of the surgical procedure, and complications of cats that underwent mPPU. RESULTS: mPPU was well tolerated by all patients, and no intraoperative complications were reported. The duration of follow-up ranged from 13 to 84 months (median 19 months). Early postoperative skin scalding around the stoma associated with mild urinary incontinence during recumbency occurred and was self-limiting in all patients. Two cats required surgical revision at 5 and 6 months, respectively, due to a progressive weight gain and accumulation of abdominal fat around the stoma, causing a partial stomal obstruction. Resolution of clinical signs was reported in both patients. CONCLUSIONS: mPPU was easy to perform and offered favorable outcomes in this cohort of cats.

Possible role of fructosamine 3-kinase genotyping for the management of diabetic patients.

Diabetes mellitus is a global pandemic and continues to increase in numbers and significance. Several pathogenic processes are involved in the development of such disease and these mechanisms could be influenced by genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Non-enzymatic glycation reactions of proteins have been strongly related to pathogenesis of chronic diabetic complications. The identification of fructosamine 3-kinase (FN3K), an enzyme involved in protein deglycation, a new form of protein repair, is of great interest. FN3K phosphorylates fructosamines on the third carbon of their sugar moiety, making them unstable and causing them to detach from proteins, suggesting a protective role of this enzyme. Moreover, the variability in FN3K activity has been associated with some polymorphisms in the FN3K gene. Here we argue about genetic studies and evidence of FN3K involvement in diabetes, together with results of our analysis of the FN3K gene on a Caucasian cohort of diabetic patients. Present knowledge suggests that FN3K could act in concert with other molecular mechanisms and may impact on gene expression and activity of other enzymes involved in deglycation process.

Distribution and abundance of Aedes caspius (Pallas, 1771) and Aedes vexans (Meigen, 1830) in the Po Plain (northern Italy).

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the distribution and abundance of disease-causing mosquito vectors is fundamental for assessing the risk of disease circulation and introduction. Aedes caspius (Pallas, 1771) and Aedes vexans (Meigen, 1830) have been implicated, to different extents, in the circulation of several arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). These two mosquitoes are vectors of Tahyna virus in Europe and are considered potential vectors of Rift Valley fever virus, a virus not present but at risk of introduction on the continent. METHODS: In this work, we analysed abundance data collected during West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance in northern Italy (Po Plain) via 292 CO2-baited traps to evaluate the distribution and density of these two non-target mosquitoes. We modelled the distribution and abundance of these two mosquito species in the surveyed area using two distinct spatial analysis approaches (geostatistical and machine learning), which yielded congruent results. RESULTS: Both species are more abundant close to the Po River than elsewhere, but Ae. caspius is present in the eastern and western parts of the plain, linked with the occurrence of rice fields and wetlands, while Ae. vexans is observed in the middle area of the plain. CONCLUSIONS: Presence and abundance data at the municipality level were obtained and made available through this work. This work demonstrates the importance of maintaining and improving entomological surveillance programs with an adequate sampling effort.

Glycemic control in the clinical management of diabetic patients.

In clinical practice, glycemic control is generally assessed by measuring and interpreting glycated hemoglobin levels, however, this test should be run under standardized conditions. We focus here on the crucial steps to ensure IFCC standardized HbA1c results, pointing out several residual weak points, mostly relating to the laboratory end-user (calibration, quality control materials, and EQAS). We also review the use of HbA1c for diagnosing diabetes and the various indicators useful for assessing glucose variability because in some cases they seem to represent a patient's glucose profile more accurately than one-off HbA1c assays. Finally, the potential utility of glycated albumin and the glycation gap, the costs involved and the laboratory management issues are briefly discussed.

Glucose meters - fit for clinical purpose.

Glucose meters have improved considerably since they were first introduced in 1960, but many questions are being asked about their accuracy and reliability in certain clinical situations. These questions have arisen because of the widespread use of these meters into clinical areas they have not been designed for such as critical care. The lack of understanding by some health professionals on factors that affect glucose results, such as sample type, glucose test strip methodologic limitations, calibration to recognized reference methods, and interferences, leads to misleading results that may affect patient care. Much debate continues on the quality specifications for glucose meters. Because there is an extensive use of these meters in different clinical scenarios, the setting of quality specifications will remain a challenge for regulatory and professional organizations. In this article, we have attempted to collect and provide relevant information addressing the limitations above. Pivotal to obtaining the best quality of results is education, particularly for diabetic patients monitoring their glucose. The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine through its Point-of-Care Testing Task Force and its Working Group on Glucose Point-of-Care Testing is actively working toward improving the quality of glucose results by improving education and working with the industry to improve strip performance and work toward the better standardization of strips.

Clinical features, MRI findings and outcome of a primary extranodal B-cell lymphoma affecting the tympanic bulla treated with chemotherapy alone.

Case summary: A 2-year-old neutered female feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)-negative domestic shorthair cat was referred with an acute onset of vestibular signs. A clinical examination identified evidence of otitis externa of the right ear and enlargement of the right mandibular lymph node. MRI revealed predominantly T2 and FLAIR hyperintense and contrast-enhancing lesions affecting the right external ear canal, tympanic bulla and nasopharyngeal regions with intracranial extension. Cytology and culture and sensitivity samples collected from the middle ear via myringotomy revealed a population of intermediate to large lymphocytes consistent with lymphoma and mixed Staphylococcus chromogenes and Pasteurella species infection. PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements on the ear cytology was consistent with a B-cell rearrangement. A primary extranodal B-cell lymphoma affecting the tympanic bulla and other sites with secondary septic otitis media and interna was diagnosed. After the improvement of clinical conditions after corticosteroid, antibiotic and chemotherapy treatment, the cat was alive 22 months after diagnosis without recurrence of clinical signs. Relevance and novel information: This is the first report of a primary extranodal B-cell lymphoma affecting the tympanic bulla with suspected involvement of the nasopharynx and cranial vault treated with chemotherapy alone in the veterinary literature. Although very rare, B-cell lymphoma should be included in the differentials for diseases affecting the inner and/or middle ear and extending intracranially in cats. Chemotherapy represents a non-invasive treatment modality with a survival of up to 22 months appearing possible.

Development of microsatellite markers for the invasive mosquito Aedes koreicus.

BACKGROUND: Aedes koreicus is a mosquito species native to East Asia which has recently invaded several countries in Europe. In Italy, this mosquito was first detected in the North-East in 2011 and is now widely distributed in the entire northern part of the country. The development of specific genetic markers, such as microsatellites, is necessary to uncover the dispersal routes of this mosquito from its native areas and, eventually, to plan future control interventions. METHODS: Available raw sequences of genomic DNA of Ae. koreicus were screened in silico using BLASTn to identify possible microsatellite-containing sequences. Specific primer pairs were then designed, and their efficiency was determined through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on 32 individuals of Ae. koreicus collected in Italy. PCR conditions were optimised in three multiplex reactions. Genotyping of individual mosquitoes was performed on both single and multiplex PCR reactions. Finally, analysis of intra-population variation was performed to assess the level of polymorphism of the markers. RESULTS: Mosquito genotyping provided consistent results in both single and multiplex reactions. Out of the 31 microsatellite markers identified in the Ae. koreicus genome raw sequences, 11 were polymorphic in the examined mosquito samples. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the 11 microsatellite markers developed here hold potential for investigating the genetic structure of Ae. koreicus populations. These markers could thus represent a novel and useful tool to infer the routes of invasion of this mosquito species into Europe and other non-native areas.

Reference intervals for glycated albumin during physiological pregnancy of Europid women: Evidences from a prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Glycated albumin (GA) may assess glycometabolic control over a short period of time respect to HbA1c, and its use to screen for gestational diabetes in pregnancy has been suggested. To this regard few data on reference intervals (RI) for GA on Europid women have been collected, only from cross-sectional investigations. Aim of this work has been to collect trimester-specific RI for GA in physiological pregnancies, following a longitudinal prospective study. METHODS: Forty-five healthy pregnant Europid women have been enrolled for whom a GDM screening test was scheduled at 24-28 weeks, in 5 different Italian centers. Only those negative to the OGTT were included. The women had 4 successive visits at 6-10 weeks of gestation, at 16-18 weeks, at 24-28 weeks and at the end of pregnancy. ALT, AST, total bilirubin, C-reactive protein, cholinesterase, creatinine, GGT, glycated albumin, iron, total serum proteins, transferrin were measured in duplicate on aliquots of serum samples by a central laboratory. RESULTS: The RI (2.5-97.5 percentiles) for GA were 11.1-14.8 % (I visit), 10.9-15.6 % (II visit), 10.6-14.1 % (III visit) and 10.7-14.3 % (IV visit). The RI of other biomarkers confirmed previously published data. The RI for serum cholinesterase we present are novel, and were 5049-9906 U/L (Iv), 4212-8965 U/L (IIv), 3518-8470 U/L (IIIv) and 3945-8727 U/L (IVv). CONCLUSIONS: Trimester-specific RI are important for using GA and serum cholinesterase in pregnancy. However, considering the high inter-individual variability of both markers, the use of longitudinal interpretations of the individual variations of both proteins during pregnancy should be preferred.

Analysis of annual distributions of hemoglobin A2 values as a method to test for HbA2 standardization.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The monitoring of yearly distributions of HbA2 measured has been indicated as a reliable indicator of worldwide standardization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Measurements/year of HbA2 have been collected over three consecutive years in 15 Italian laboratories each using the same analytical method over three years period. HbA2 distributions, cleaned of replicated measurements, were compared by the overlapping area of the raw probability density functions expressed by coefficient eta (η), and by comparing the reference intervals for the central part of each distribution estimated by the indirect method refineR using the R package "refineR". RESULTS: According to the overlapping areas analysis the distributions/year of the data provided by 4 centers able to perform at least 1000 measurements/year were similar in 2 consecutive years. Moreover, the reference intervals provided by 2 centers using the same analytical methods in two separate locations over the three consecutive years, were very similar. The highest overlap (99.7 %) was observed in one center over two consecutive years. The overlapping areas were very high (93.6-95.7%) in 8 out of 9 inter-comparisons. CONCLUSION: Despite the limitations of this study the yearly distribution of the HbA2 measured in various centers appears a reliable tool to test HbA2 standardization over different centers using different analytical methods.

The first case of Hb G-Honolulu [α30(B11)Glu→Gln (GAG>CAG); HBA2:c.91G>A] observed in association with Hb S [ß6(A3)Glu→Val, GAG>GTG] in a healthy Italian child.

We report the first observation of Hb G-Honolulu [α30(B11)Glu→Gln (GAG>CAG); HBA2:c.91G>A] in a Caucasian family and the first case of this variant to be found in association with Hb S [ß6(A3)Glu→Val, GAG>GTG]. The proband was a healthy 4-year-old Italian boy. His chromatographic hemoglobin (Hb) pattern showed an abnormal peak having the typical retention time of Hb S (25.6% ), a second abnormal peak eluted soon after (13.6%) and a third minor peak eluted at the end of the run (6.5%). Identification of Hb variants were performed by peptide mapping using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Two abnormal peptides at m/z 765.1 and 922 were found, corresponding to the αT-4 and ßT-1 peptides characteristic for Hb G-Honolulu and Hb S, respectively. The third minor abnormal peak presumably corresponded to the hybrid molecule (α(G-Honolulu)/ß(S)). The concomitant presence of Hb G-Honolulu and Hb S does not seem to produce any relevant clinical manifestation.

First report of two Asian invasive mosquito species, Aedes japonicus and Aedes koreicus, in Piedmont, northwest Italy.

INTRODUCTION: Aedes japonicus japonicus and Aedes koreicus are two invasive mosquitoes recently reported in various parts of Europe, including areas very close to Piedmont where, since 2012, specific tools have been implemented to allow the early detection of invasive mosquitoes, through the surveillance of the main points of entry. RESULTS: Thanks to the regional surveillance system, Ae. j. japonicus was intercepted in Piedmont for the first time in 2019, in the northernmost part of the region and now it is reported in six provinces. Ae. koreicus was intercepted for the first time in 2012 in three provinces. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The spread of these two invasive mosquitoes in Europe is still ongoing. Where Aedes albopictus is abundant, probably their presence goes undetected, therefore, it is crucial to begin surveillance early in the season. Due to their competence for several arboviruses and tolerance to the cold temperatures Ae. j. japonicus and Ae. koreicus represent a further concern for Public Health. A longer seasonal period for surveillance and response to mosquito-borne diseases, as well as a shift up of these activities to previously uncovered altitudes are indeed needed.

Re-thinking diabetic nephropathy: Microalbuminuria is just a piece of the diagnostic puzzle.

The decline of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the presence of albuminuria are the typical hallmarks of kidney disease arising as one of the most frequent diabetic complications over a long period of time, generally known as diabetic nephropathy or diabetes kidney disease (DKD). However, a decline in the renal function may occur in diabetic patients for other reasons unrelated to glycemic control, and this condition is known as non-diabetic kidney disease (NDKD). In this opinion paper we will review these conditions, and we outline the importance of other investigations, such as kidney biopsy and the measurement of novel biomarkers, in order to identify the disease progression early, and to allow a timely intervention. We will also focus on the actual limits of the quantitative measurements of albumin in urine, especially with regards to potential interferences due to the treatment of patients with statins.

Assessing the distribution of invasive Asian mosquitoes in Northern Italy and modelling the potential spread of Aedes koreicus in Europe.

In the last decade, Aedes koreicus and Aedes japonicus japonicus mosquitoes, which are competent vectors for various arboviruses of public health relevance, colonised Italy and other European countries. Nevertheless, information about their current and potential distribution is partial. Accordingly, in this study four regions of Northern Italy (Lombardy, Liguria, Piedmont and Aosta Valley) were surveyed during 2021 for the presence of eggs, larvae and pupae of these two invasive species. We found evidence for a widespread presence of Ae. koreicus in pre-Alpine territories of Lombardy and Piedmont. Larvae from the invasive subspecies of Ae. j. japonicus were also collected in the same geographic areas, though they were less frequent. Occurrence data from this study and results from previous monitoring campaigns were used to generate a Maxent model for the prediction of habitat suitability for Ae. koreicus mosquitoes in Northern Italy and the rest of Europe. Peri-urban areas located in proximity to forests, pastures and vineyards were revealed as highly suitable environments for colonisation by this invasive species. Maps of the potential distribution also suggest the presence of further suitable areas in currently uncolonized countries. We conclude that this invasive mosquito species has the potential for a broad expansion at the European level in the coming decades.

Topical nerve growth factor prevents neurodegenerative and vascular stages of diabetic retinopathy.

Specific and effective preventive treatment for diabetic retinopathy (DR) is presently unavailable, mostly because the early stages of the complication have been, until recently, poorly understood. The recent demonstration that the vascular phase of DR is preceded and possibly caused by the neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells suggests that DR could, at least theoretically, be prevented through an early neuroprotective approach. The aims of our study were to clarify the natural history of diabetes-driven retinal neurodegeneration and to verify the possibility to prevent DR using topical nerve growth factor (NGF). The results of the study show that retinal neurodegeneration, characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells represents a relatively early phenomenon of diabetes (between 5 and 16 weeks of age), which tends to be self-limiting in the long run. Neurodegeneration is followed by the development of DR-related vascular dysfunctions, as confirmed by the development of acellular capillaries and the loss of retinal pericytes. Both retinal neurodegeneration and subsequent vascular dysfunction can be successfully prevented by topical NGF administration. These findings suggest that: 1) The first stage of DR consists in a self-limiting retinal neurodegeneration 2) The demonstrated effectiveness of topical NGF in the prevention of DR could be rapidly translated into clinical practice.

Genetic variability of the fructosamine 3-kinase gene in diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND: Nonenzymatic glycation appears to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Fructosamine 3-kinase (FN3K), initially identified in erythrocytes, appears to be responsible for the removal of fructosamine from proteins, suggesting a protective role in nonenzymatic glycation. Recently, genetic variants in the FN3K gene have been studied in diabetic patients. The aim of our study was the molecular characterization of the FN3K gene in a representative group of Italian patients with type 1 (T1DM) and 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus and in a cohort of healthy controls. METHODS: Seventy diabetic subjects (35 type 1 and 35 type 2) with stable glycemic control and 33 healthy control subjects were evaluated using PCR and direct sequencing of the FN3K gene. Denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) was used in controls for screening for the presence of the genetic variants previously found in diabetic patients. RESULTS: Seven different genetic variants were identified, five of them already reported and two new: the p.R187X and p.Y239C mutations identified in two females affected by T2DM. No significant association was found between certain polymorphisms and diabetes conditions. Preliminary haplotype studies are also reported. With respect to genotypes, we noted that some were not present in all the investigated cohort, and some were found related to higher glycated hemoglobin compared to others, although not at a significant level, probably because of the small number of subjects investigated. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this study identified two new mutations and additional variants within the FN3K gene. This is the first study on FN3K in Italy. Future work is needed to achieve a better understanding of the FN3K enzyme and its possible clinical utility in the management of diabetic patients.

Expression of Phosphorylated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 and its Prognostic Significance in Canine Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma.

Prognostication in canine anal sac adenocarcinomas (ASACs) is difficult due to conflicting evidence regarding metastatic rates and median survival times (MSTs). The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a prognostic predictor in several human cancers. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess STAT3 expression in ASACs and to explore its association with clinical presentation and outcome. We hypothesized that STAT3 expression would distinguish tumours with early versus late metastasis. Records from The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, UK, were searched for dogs diagnosed with ASAC from 2008 to 2019. Immunohistochemical expression of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) was assessed in primary tumours (n = 57) and metastatic lymph nodes (n = 30) and MSTs were calculated for cases with low and high pSTAT3 expression. Of the 57 cases assessed, 27 presented with primary tumours but no metastasis and 30 with both primary and local metastatic disease. Most cases (50/57) expressed nuclear pSTAT3 within neoplastic cells in both primary tumour and metastatic lymph nodes. pSTAT3 expression was predominantly observed in neoplastic cells at the edges of neoplastic lobules, suggesting a potential role in invasion. There was no significant difference in pSTAT3 expression between cases metastatic at presentation and those that did not have detectable metastasis at presentation. There was no significant difference between the MSTs in cases with high and low pSTAT3 expression. Cases that presented with metastatic disease had shorter MSTs (395 days) than those with primary tumours alone (623 days). Although pSTAT3 is variably expressed in primary and metastatic ASAC cells, pSTAT3 did not provide prognostic information for canine ASAC.

A roadmap for the standardization of hemoglobin A2.

BACKGROUND: Standardization of laboratory tests can be a long process, and this is the case with regards to the methods used to measure hemoglobin A2 (HbA2), an important marker for beta-thalassemia and other thalassemic conditions. The IFCC standardization project started in 2004, and it took at least 15 years before developing a reference measurement procedure, defining and producing calibrators and certified reference materials. METHODS: A series of steps have to be undertaken in order to promote the standardization in the field, a process involving a number of stakeholders (manufacturers, scientific societies, national health bodies, laboratory professionals, clinicians). In this work we describe some possible process indicators, in order to assure that the standardization will have internal and external validity and be effective for a long time. These indicators concern the inter-method studies, elaboration of External Quality Assessment Schemes, and the evaluation of the yearly distributions of HbA2 measurements collected in selected laboratories. RESULTS: Preliminary results are reported concerning the yearly distributions of HbA2, collected in two different locations, and using different analytical methods. Median yearly values were found very constant over the years, but different between methods. On the other side, results obtained on the same specimens using two different techniques, proved that results by capillary electrophoresis in 2 out of the 3 years of observation, were significantly lower than those by HPLC. CONCLUSION: In this document we report what has been done so far, and what has to be done to achieve the standardization of the measurement of HbA2 worldwide.