RESUMEN
Six new crotofolane diterpenoids (1-6) and 13 known compounds (7-19) were isolated from the MeOH-CH2Cl2 (1:1, v/v) extracts of the leaves and stem bark of Croton kilwae. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. The structure of crotokilwaepoxide A (1) was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, allowing for the determination of its absolute configuration. The crude extracts and the isolated compounds were investigated for antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus type-2 (HRV-2) in HEp-2 and HeLa cells, respectively, for antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and the Gram-negative Escherichia coli, and for antimalarial activity against the Plasmodium falciparum Dd2 strain. ent-3ß,19-Dihydroxykaur-16-ene (7) and ayanin (16) displayed anti-RSV activities with IC50 values of 10.2 and 6.1 µM, respectively, while exhibiting only modest cytotoxic effects on HEp-2 cells that resulted in selectivity indices of 4.9 and 16.4. Compounds 2 and 5 exhibited modest anti-HRV-2 activity (IC50 of 44.6 µM for both compounds), while compound 16 inhibited HRV-2 with an IC50 value of 1.8 µM. Compounds 1-3 showed promising antiplasmodial activities (80-100% inhibition) at a 50 µM concentration.
Asunto(s)
Antimaláricos , Croton , Diterpenos , Humanos , Antimaláricos/farmacología , Croton/química , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Diterpenos/química , Células HeLa , Estructura Molecular , Extractos Vegetales/químicaRESUMEN
The leaf extract of Suregada zanzibariensis gave two new modified ent-abietane diterpenoids, zanzibariolides A (1) and B (2), and two known triterpenoids, simiarenol (3) and ß-amyrin (4). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on NMR and MS data analysis. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to establish the absolute configurations of compounds 1 and 2. The crude leaf extract inhibited the infectivity of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2, IC50 11.5 µg/mL) and showed toxicity on African green monkey kidney (GMK AH1) cells at CC50 52 µg/mL. The isolated compounds 1-3 showed no anti-HSV-2 activity and exhibited insignificant toxicity against GMK AH1 cells at ≥100 µM.
Asunto(s)
Abietanos , Antivirales , Suregada , Triterpenos , Abietanos/química , Abietanos/aislamiento & purificación , Abietanos/farmacología , Animales , Antivirales/química , Antivirales/aislamiento & purificación , Antivirales/farmacología , Chlorocebus aethiops , Herpesvirus Humano 2/efectos de los fármacos , Estructura Molecular , Extractos Vegetales/química , Suregada/química , Triterpenos/química , Triterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Triterpenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Five new cyclohexene derivatives, dipandensin A and B (1 and 2) and pandensenols A-C (3-5), and 16 known secondary metabolites (6-21) were isolated from the methanol-soluble extracts of the stem and root barks of Uvaria pandensis. The structures were characterized by NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses, and that of 6-methoxyzeylenol (6) was further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, which also established its absolute configuration. The isolated metabolites were evaluated for antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis and the Gram-negative bacteria Enterococcus raffinosus, Escherichia coli, Paraburkholderia caledonica, Pectobacterium carotovorum, and Pseudomonas putida, as well as for cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. A mixture of uvaretin (20) and isouvaretin (21) exhibited significant antibacterial activity against B. subtilis (EC50 8.7 µM) and S. epidermidis (IC50 7.9 µM). (8'α,9'ß-Dihydroxy)-3-farnesylindole (12) showed strong inhibitory activity (EC50 9.8 µM) against B. subtilis, comparable to the clinical reference ampicillin (EC50 17.9 µM). None of the compounds showed relevant cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line.
Asunto(s)
Ciclohexenos/química , Oxígeno/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Raíces de Plantas/química , Tallos de la Planta/química , Uvaria/química , Cristalografía por Rayos X/métodos , Ciclohexenos/farmacología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Extractos Vegetales/químicaRESUMEN
Two new biflavanones (1 and 2), three new bichalconoids (3-5), and 11 known flavonoid analogues (6-16) were isolated from the stem bark extract (CH3OH-CH2Cl2, 7:3, v/v) of Ochna holstii. The structures of the isolated metabolites were elucidated by NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses. The crude extract and the isolated metabolites were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) as well as for cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. The crude extract and holstiinone A (1) exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against B. subtilis with MIC values of 9.1 µg/mL and 14 µM, respectively. The crude extract and lophirone F (14) showed cytotoxicity against MCF-7 with EC50 values of 11 µg/mL and 24 µM, respectively. The other isolated metabolites showed no significant antibacterial activities (MIC > 250 µM) and cytotoxicities (EC50 ≥ 350 µM).
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Chalconas/farmacología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Ochnaceae/química , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Bacillus subtilis/efectos de los fármacos , Chalconas/aislamiento & purificación , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Flavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Fitoquímicos/aislamiento & purificación , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Corteza de la Planta/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , TanzaníaRESUMEN
A new meroisoprenoid (1), two heptenolides (2 and 3), two C-benzylated flavonoids (4 and 5), and 11 known compounds (6-16) were isolated from leaf, stem bark, and root bark extracts of Sphaerocoryne gracilis ssp. gracilis by chromatographic separation. The structures of the new metabolites 1-5 were established by NMR, IR, and UV spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data analysis. (Z)-Sphaerodiol (7), (Z)-acetylmelodorinol (8), 7-hydroxy-6-hydromelodienone (10), and dichamanetin (15) inhibited the proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum (3D7, Dd2) with IC50 values of 1.4-10.5 µM, although these compounds also showed cytotoxicity against human embryonic kidney HEK-293 cells. None of the compounds exhibited significant disruption in protein translation when assayed in vitro.
Asunto(s)
Antimaláricos/farmacología , Flavanonas/farmacología , Flavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Plasmodium falciparum/efectos de los fármacos , Annonaceae/química , Antimaláricos/química , Flavanonas/química , Flavonoides/química , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Extractos Vegetales/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Plasmodium berghei/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The new 2,3-secoiridoids morisecoiridoic acids A (1) and B (2), the new iridoid 8-acetoxyepishanzilactone (3), and four additional known iridoids (4-7) were isolated from the leaf and stem bark methanol extracts of Morinda asteroscepa using chromatographic methods. The structure of shanzilactone (4) was revised. The purified metabolites were identified using NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric techniques, with the absolute configuration of 1 having been established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crude leaf extract (10 µg/mL) and compounds 1-3 and 5 (10 µM) showed mild antiplasmodial activities against the chloroquine-sensitive malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (3D7).
Asunto(s)
Iridoides/química , Morinda/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Antimaláricos/farmacología , Iridoides/farmacología , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Espectrometría de Masas , Estructura Molecular , Corteza de la Planta/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Hojas de la Planta/química , Plasmodium falciparum/efectos de los fármacos , Difracción de Rayos XRESUMEN
Three new oxygenated cyclohexene derivatives, trichocarpeols A (1), B (2), and C (3), along with nine known secondary metabolites, were isolated from the methanolic root extract of Monanthotaxis trichocarpa. They were identified by NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses, and the structure of trichocarpeol A (1) was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Out of the 12 isolated natural products, uvaretin (4) showed activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis with a MIC value of 18 µM. None of the isolated metabolites was active against the Gram-negative Escherichia coli at a â¼5 mM (2000 µg/mL) concentration. Whereas 4 showed cytotoxicity at EC50 10.2 µM against the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line, the other compounds were inactive or not tested.
Asunto(s)
Annonaceae/química , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Bacillus subtilis/química , Ciclohexenos/aislamiento & purificación , Oxígeno/química , Raíces de Plantas/química , Antibacterianos/química , Ciclohexenos/química , Humanos , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
Phytochemical investigations of ethanol root bark and stem bark extracts of Cleistochlamys kirkii (Benth.) Oliv. (Annonaceae) yielded a new benzopyranyl cadinane-type sesquiterpene (cleistonol, 1) alongside 12 known compounds (2-13). The structures of the isolated compounds were established from NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses. Structures of compounds 5 and 10 were further confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallographic analyses, which also established their absolute stereochemical configuration. The ethanolic crude extract of C. kirkii root bark gave 72% inhibition against the chloroquine-sensitive 3D7-strain malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum at 0.01 µg/mL. The isolated metabolites dichamanetin, (E)-acetylmelodorinol, and cleistenolide showed IC50 = 9.3, 7.6 and 15.2 µM, respectively, against P. falciparum 3D7. Both the crude extract and the isolated compounds exhibited cytotoxicity against the triple-negative, aggressive breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, with IC50 = 42.0 µg/mL (crude extract) and 9.6-30.7 µM (isolated compounds). Our findings demonstrate the potential applicability of C. kirkii as a source of antimalarial and anticancer agents.
Asunto(s)
Annonaceae/química , Antimaláricos/química , Antimaláricos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos/química , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos/farmacología , Annonaceae/metabolismo , Humanos , Malaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Conformación Molecular , Estructura Molecular , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Parasitaria , Análisis EspectralRESUMEN
Clinical applications of many small molecules are limited due to poor solubility and lack of controlled release besides lack of other desirable properties. Experimental and computational studies have reported on the therapeutic potential of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers as solubility enhancers in pre-clinical and clinical settings. Besides formulation strategies, factors such as pH, PAMAM dendrimer generation, PAMAM dendrimer concentration, nature of the PAMAM core, special ligand and surface modifications of PAMAM dendrimer have an influence on drug solubility and other recommendable pharmacological properties. This review, therefore, compiles the recently reported applications of PAMAM dendrimers in pre-clinical and clinical uses as enhancers of solubility and other desirable properties such as sustained and controlled release, bioavailability, bio-distribution, toxicity reduction or enhancement, and targeted delivery of small molecules with emphasis on cancer treatment.
Asunto(s)
Biología Computacional/métodos , Poliaminas/farmacología , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/farmacología , Dendrímeros/química , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Poliaminas/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/química , SolubilidadRESUMEN
Prenylated and O-methylflavonoids including one new pterocarpan (1), three new isoflavones (2-4), and nineteen known natural products (5-23) were isolated and identified from the root, stem bark, and leaf extracts of Erythrina schliebenii. The crude extracts and their constituents were evaluated for antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv strain), showing MICs of 32-64 µg mL-1 and 36.9-101.8 µM, respectively. Evaluation of their toxicity against the aggressive human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 indicated EC50 values of 13.0-290.6 µM (pure compounds) and 38.3 to >100 µg mL-1 (crude extracts).
Asunto(s)
Antituberculosos/aislamiento & purificación , Erythrina/clasificación , Flavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Antituberculosos/química , Antituberculosos/farmacología , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/farmacología , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Estructura Molecular , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Corteza de la Planta/química , Raíces de Plantas/química , TanzaníaRESUMEN
Thirteen new metabolites, including the polyoxygenated cyclohexene derivatives cleistodiendiol (1), cleistodienol B (3), cleistenechlorohydrins A (4) and B (5), cleistenediols A-F (6-11), cleistenonal (12), and the butenolide cleistanolate (13), 2,5-dihydroxybenzyl benzoate (cleistophenolide, 14), and eight known compounds (2, 15-21) were isolated from a MeOH extract of the leaves of Cleistochlamys kirkii. The purified metabolites were identified by NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses, whereas the absolute configurations of compounds 1, 17, and 19 were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The configuration of the exocyclic double bond of compound 2 was revised based on comparison of its NMR spectroscopic features and optical rotation to those of 1, for which the configuration was determined by X-ray diffraction. Observation of the co-occurrence of cyclohexenoids and heptenolides in C. kirkii is of biogenetic and chemotaxonomic significance. Some of the isolated compounds showed activity against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7, Dd2), with IC50 values of 0.2-40 µM, and against HEK293 mammalian cells (IC50 2.7-3.6 µM). While the crude extract was inactive at 100 µg/mL against the MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell line, some of its isolated constituents demonstrated cytotoxic activity with IC50 values ranging from 0.03-8.2 µM. Compound 1 showed the most potent antiplasmodial (IC50 0.2 µM) and cytotoxic (IC50 0.03 µM, MDA-MB-231 cell line) activities. None of the compounds investigated exhibited translational inhibitory activity in vitro at 20 µM.
Asunto(s)
Antimaláricos/aislamiento & purificación , Antimaláricos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Neoplasias de la Mama/química , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Ciclohexenos/aislamiento & purificación , Ciclohexenos/farmacología , Células HEK293/patología , Hojas de la Planta/química , Plasmodium falciparum/efectos de los fármacos , Antimaláricos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/química , Ciclohexenos/química , Células HEK293/química , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Estructura Molecular , Difracción de Rayos XRESUMEN
Chitosan (CS, molecular weight 20.2 kDa, degree of deacylation (DD) 73.31%) was successfully obtained by deacetylation of chitin extracted from shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) shell wastes. The encapsulation of the bioactive natural product, panchovillin (PANV), isolated from Erythrina schliebenii, on a chitosan-tripolyphosphate (CS/TPP) nano-framework was achieved by ionotropic gelation. Characterization of pure CS, CS/TPP and PANV-CS/TPP nanocomposites was performed by FTIR, SEM and XRD. The molecular weight of chitosan and the thermal stability of the materials were determined by MALDI-TOF-MS and simultaneous thermal analyzer (STA)/DTG, respectively. The respective encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of the PANV were found to be 70% and 0.36%. The in vitro release studies showed an initial burst of 42% of PANV in the first six hours. This was followed by a slow and sustained release up to 72 h. The in vivo antimycobacterial activities of both PANV and PANV-CS/TPP nanocomposite against Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) using Galleria mellonella larvae as an in vivo infection model are reported in this paper.
RESUMEN
Seven N-cinnamoyltetraketides (1-7), including the new Z-toussaintine E (2), toussaintine F (6), and toussaintine G (7), were isolated from the methanol extract of the leaves of Toussaintia orientalis using column chromatography and HPLC. The configurations of E-toussaintine E (1) and toussaintines A (3) and D (5) are revised based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction data from racemic crystals. Both the crude methanol extract and the isolated constituents exhibit antimycobacterial activities (MIC 83.3-107.7 µM) against the H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Compounds 1, 3, 4, and 5 are cytotoxic (ED50 15.3-105.7 µM) against the MDA-MB-231 triple negative aggressive breast cancer cell line.
Asunto(s)
Annonaceae/química , Antituberculosos/aislamiento & purificación , Cinamatos/aislamiento & purificación , Ciclohexanonas/aislamiento & purificación , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Antituberculosos/química , Antituberculosos/farmacología , Cinamatos/química , Cinamatos/farmacología , Ciclohexanonas/química , Ciclohexanonas/farmacología , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Femenino , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Estructura Molecular , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Hojas de la Planta/química , TanzaníaRESUMEN
This article reviews the geographical distribution, ethnomedicinal applications, and phytochemistry of the genus Monanthotaxis Baill, tribe Uvariae of the family Annonaceae. The reviewed works of literature were collected from various electronic databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, The International Plant Names Index (IPNI), and Research Gate. During this review, ninety-eight species of the genus Monanthotaxis were found to be widely distributed in tropical Africa. Some of those species are used in folkloric medicine by various communities to manage diseases and disease conditions such as fever, vomiting, headache, stomach-ache, malaria, helminthiasis, and hysteria. In the past 44 years (1979 to 2023), one hundred and nineteen secondary metabolites with different biomedical potentials have been reported from this genus. The reported compounds are categorised into flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, polyoxygenated cyclohexane, and cyclohexene derivatives, benzyl derivatives, cinnamic acid derivatives, and stilbenoids. Most of the reported compounds showed an array of bioactivities corroborating the use of some members of the genus in folkloric medicine.
RESUMEN
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder resulting from the loss of dopaminergic neurons over time. While there is no cure for PD, available conventional therapies aid to manage the motor symptoms. Natural products (NPs) derived from plants are among the most potent alternative therapies for PD. This study explored the neuroprotective potential of selected cinnamoyl derivatives namely toussaintine A (1), E-toussaintine E (2), asperphenamate (3) and julocrotine (4) against PD indicators using rotenone-challenged Drosophila melanogaster and in silico models. The compounds were first assessed for their toxicity preceding treatment experiments. Adult flies (aged 1-4 days) were exposed to varying concentrations of the compounds for 7 days. During the experiment, the mortality of flies was observed, and the lethal concentration (LC50) of each tested compound was determined. The LC50 values were found to be 50.1, 55.6, 513.5, and 101.0 µM for compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. For seven days, we exposed flies to 500 µM of rotenone and co-fed with a chosen dose of 40 µM of each test compound in the diet. Using a negative geotaxis test, rotenone-challenged flies exhibited compromised climbing ability in comparison to control flies, the condition that was reversed by the action of studied compounds. Rotenone exposure also elevated malondialdehyde levels in the brain tissues, as measured by lipid peroxidation, when compared to control flies. In flies exposed to rotenone and co-fed with the compounds, this effect was lessened. In flies exposed to rotenone, mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase were raised but were normalized in flies treated with the investigated compounds. Moreover, in-silico studies examined the inhibitory ability of compounds 1-4 against selected PD molecular targets, revealing the strong power of toussaintine A (1) against Adenosine receptor 2 (A2AR) and monoamine oxidase B. Thus, our findings suggest that cinnamoyl derivatives have neuroprotective potential via reducing the oxidative burden and improving locomotor ability after toxin invectives. In particular, compound 1 at lower doses can simultaneously be a potential inhibitor of A2AR and an anti-oxidative mediator in the development of anti-PD agents.
Asunto(s)
Fármacos Neuroprotectores , Enfermedad de Parkinson , Animales , Drosophila melanogaster , Enfermedad de Parkinson/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Parkinson/prevención & control , Rotenona/toxicidad , Estrés Oxidativo , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/uso terapéutico , Simulación por Computador , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
Three new oxygenated cyclohexene derivatives, pandensenol D - F (1-3), two new flavanoids, pandensone A and B (4-5), and seven known compounds (6-12) were isolated from the methanol extract of the leaves of Uvaria pandensis Verdc. (Annonaceae). The structures were characterized by NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses. The isolated metabolites were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis, the Gram-negative bacteria Enterococcus raffinosus, Escherichia coli, Paraburkholderia caledonica, Pectobacterium carotovorum and Pseudomonas putida, and for cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. Out of the tested compounds, pandensenol D (1) and (6',7'-dihydro-8'α,9'ß-dihydroxy)-3-farnesylindole (12) showed weak activity, whereas (8'α,9'ß-dihydroxy)-3-farnesylindole (11) strong activity against B. subtilis. Four of the isolated compounds (1, 4, 11 and 12) showed moderate cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells (EC50 > 100 µM).
Asunto(s)
Uvaria , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacillus subtilis , Ciclohexenos , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/farmacología , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Hojas de la Planta/química , Uvaria/químicaRESUMEN
Luteolin is a flavonoid obtained from different plant species. It is known for its versatile biological activities. However, the beneficial effects of luteolin have been limited to small concentrations as a result of poor water solubility. This study aimed at investigating the hydrophobic interaction and hydration of luteolin towards the improvement of its solubility when used as a drug. We report the aggregation properties of luteolin in water by varying the number of monomers using atomistic molecular dynamics simulation. Results show that the equilibrium structure of luteolin occurs in an aggregated state with different structural arrangements. As the monomers size increase, the antiparallel flipped conformation dominates over T-shaped antiparallel, T-shaped parallel, and antiparallel conformations. The formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding of 0.19 nm between the keto-enol groups results in hydrophobic characteristics. A larger cluster exhibits slow hydrogen bond dynamics for luteolin-luteolin than luteolin-water interaction. Water structure at large cluster size exhibited slow dynamics and low self-diffusion of luteolin. The existence of hydrophobic π-π and hydrogen bonds between luteolin molecules drives strong self-aggregation resulting in poor water solubility. Breakage of these established interactions would result in increased solubility of luteolin in water.
Asunto(s)
Luteolina , Agua , Enlace de Hidrógeno , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
The new isoflavonoid kirkinone A (1) and biflavonoid kirkinone B (2) along with six known compounds (3-8) were isolated from the methanolic extract of the root bark of Ochna kirkii. The compounds were identified by NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses. Out of the eight isolated natural products, calodenin B (4) and lophirone A (6) showed significant antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis with MIC values of 2.2 and 28 µM, and cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line with EC50 values of 219.3 and 19.2 µM, respectively. The methanolic crude extract of the root bark exhibited cytotoxicity at EC50 8.4 µg/mL. The isolated secondary metabolites and the crude extract were generally inactive against the Gram-negative Escherichia coli (MIC ≥400 µg/mL). Isolation of biflavonoids and related secondary metabolites from O. kirkii demonstrates their chemotaxonomic significance to the genus Ochna and to other members of the family Ochnaceae.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Biflavonoides/farmacología , Ochnaceae/química , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Bacillus subtilis/efectos de los fármacos , Biflavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Estructura Molecular , Fitoquímicos/aislamiento & purificación , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Corteza de la Planta/química , Raíces de Plantas/química , TanzaníaRESUMEN
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder associated with the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons (DA). PD treatment remains unsatisfactory as the current synthetic drugs in clinical use relies on managing only motor symptoms. This study investigated antioxidant potentials of selected compounds namely, 5,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone (1), 6-hydroxy-2,3,4,4'-tetramethoxychalcone (2), 6-methoxyhamiltone A (3), diosquinone (4) and toussantine D (5) against rotenone (6) induced PD in Drosophila melanogaster. Toxicity of these compounds was conducted by monitoring flies' survival for seven days and determining the lethal concentrations (LC50). Whereas compound 1 had LC50 value of 91.3 µM within three days, compounds 2, 3, 4, and 5 had LC50 values of 87.2, 58.0, 64.0 and > 1000 µM, respectively on the seventh day of the experiment. We exposed flies (1-4 days old) to 500 µM rotenone and co-treated with different doses of the test compounds in the diet for seven days at final concentrations of 11.0, 43.6 and 87.2 µM for compounds 2 and 3. The concentrations used for compound 4 were 8.0, 32.0 and 64.0 µM, while 250, 500 and 1000 µM were used for compound 5. Rotenone fed flies showed impaired climbing ability compared to control flies, the phenotype that was rescued by the treatment of tested phytochemicals. Rotenone toxicity also increased malondialdehyde levels assayed by lipid peroxidation in the brain tissues relative to control flies. This effect was reduced in flies exposed to rotenone and co-treated with the phytochemicals. Moreover, expression levels of mRNA of antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase and catalase were elevated in flies exposed to rotenone and normalized in flies that were co-treated with tested compounds. Besides compound 1, this study provides overall evidence that the tested flavonoids and polyketides ameliorated the rotenone provoked neurotoxicity in D. melanogaster by battling the induced oxidative stress in brain cells including DA neurons and hence rescue the locomotor behaviour deficits.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antiparkinsonianos/farmacología , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Flavonoides/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/prevención & control , Policétidos/farmacología , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patología , Catalasa/genética , Catalasa/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Locomoción/efectos de los fármacos , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/inducido químicamente , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/metabolismo , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/patología , Rotenona , Superóxido Dismutasa/genética , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
The stem bark and root bark extracts of Croton dictyophlebodes (Euphorbiaceae) yielded seven undescribed ent-clerodanes: 15,16-epoxy-17,12(S)-olide-ent-cleroda-1,3,13(16),14-tetraen-18-oic acid methyl ester (crotodictyo A), 3ß,4ß:15,16-diepoxy-ent-cleroda-13(16),14-dien-20-al (crotodictyo B), 3ß,4ß:15,16-diepoxy-ent-cleroda-13(16),14-dien-19,20-dioic acid (crotodictyo C), 3ß,4ß:15,16-diepoxy-ent-cleroda-13(16),14-dien-20,19-olide (crotodictyo D), 3ß,4ß:15,16-diepoxy-20,12(R)-olide ent-cleroda-13(16),14-dien-19-oic acid methyl ester (crotodictyo E), 15,16-epoxy-ent-cleroda-3,13(16),14-trien-12-oxo-18-oic acid (crotodictyo F) and 15,16-epoxy-ent-cleroda-1,3,13(16),14-tetraen-12-oxo-18-oic acid (crotodictyo G), in addition to 15,16-epoxy- ent-cleroda-3,13(16),14-trien-12-oxo-18-oic acid methyl ester (crotodictyo H), reported previously as a synthetic derivative, and acetyl aleuritolic acid. The root extract yielded two ent-trachylobanes, ent-trachylobane-18,19-diol, the undescribed ent-trachylobane-2α,19-diol, along with ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid and 2-methoxybenzyl benzoate. Compounds were evaluated against the NCI 60 panel of human tumour cell lines at a single dose of 10-5 M, but showed no significant activity.