Assessing the Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Mangiferin in Murine Model for Myocarditis: Perspectives and Challenges.

Myocarditis is a major cause of heart failure and death, particularly in young individuals. Current treatments are mainly symptomatic, but emerging therapies focus on targeting inflammation and fibrosis pathways. Natural bioactive compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids show promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Corticosteroids are frequently employed in the treatment of autoimmune myocarditis and appear to lower mortality rates compared to conventional therapies for heart failure. This study aims to explore the effects of Mangiferin on pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, nitro-oxidative stress markers, histopathological alterations, and cardiac function in experimental myosin-induced autoimmune myocarditis. The effects were compared to Prednisone, used as a reference anti-inflammatory compound, and Trolox, used as a reference antioxidant. The study involved 30 male Wistar-Bratislava rats, which were randomly divided into five groups: a negative control group (C-), a positive control group with induced myocarditis using a porcine myosin solution (C+), three groups with induced myocarditis receiving Mangiferin (M), Prednisone (P), or Trolox (T) as treatment. Cardiac function was evaluated using echocardiography. Biochemical measurements of nitro-oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were conducted. Finally, histopathological changes were assessed. At echocardiography, the evaluation of the untreated myocarditis group showed a trend toward decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) but was not statistically significant, while all treated groups showed some improvement in LVEF and left ventricular fraction shortening (LVFS). Significant changes were seen in the Mangiferin group, with lower end-diastolic left ventricular posterior wall (LVPWd) by day 21 compared to the Trolox group (p < 0.001). In the first week of the experiment, levels of interleukins (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were significantly higher in the myosin group compared to the negative control group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.01), indicating the progression of inflammation in this group. Treatment with Mangiferin, Prednisone, and Trolox caused a significant reduction in IL-1ß compared to the positive control group (p < 0.001). Notably, Mangiferin resulted in a superior reduction in IL-1ß compared to Prednisone (p < 0.05) and Trolox (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Mangiferin treatment led to a statistically significant increase in total oxidative capacity (TAC) (p < 0.001) and a significant reduction in nitric oxide (NOx) levels (p < 0.001) compared to the negative control group. Furthermore, when compared to the Prednisone-treated group, Mangiferin significantly reduced NOx levels (p < 0.001) and increased TAC levels (p < 0.001). Mangiferin treatment significantly lowered creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels on day 7 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively) and reduced CK levels on day 21 (p < 0.01) compared to the untreated group. In the nontreated group, the histological findings at the end of the experiment were consistent with myocarditis. In the group treated with Mangiferin, only one case exhibited mild inflammatory infiltrates, represented by mononucleated leukocytes admixed with few neutrophils, with the severity graded as mild. Statistically significant correlations between the grades (0 vs. 1-2) and the study groups have been highlighted (p < 0.005). This study demonstrated Mangiferin's cardioprotective effects in autoimmune myocarditis, showing reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. Mangiferin appears promising as a treatment for acute myocarditis, but further research is needed to compare its efficacy with other treatments like Trolox and Prednisone.

The Unseen Side of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility of Electrocardiography and Holter Monitoring.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common heart disease in cats, characterized by regional or diffuse hypertrophy of the left ventricular walls, with an uncertain etiology and heterogenous natural history. Several types of rhythm disturbances are often associated with the disease. This study conducts a comprehensive review of the current literature, in order to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic effectiveness of electrocardiography and Holter monitoring in the management of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The main subjects of discussion will include general information about HCM and its connection to arrhythmias. We will explore the rhythm disturbances documented in the current literature on Holter monitoring, as well as the techniques used for Holter monitoring. Additionally, the review will cover classical electrocardiography (ECG) and its diagnostic utility. Prognostic indicators and anti-arrhythmic therapy will also be discussed in detail. The findings highlight the importance of understanding arrhythmias in feline HCM for accurate diagnosis, risk assessment, and therapeutic intervention. ECG and Holter monitoring may offer valuable insights into managing feline HCM.

Left-to-Left Acquired Cardiac Shunt: Aorto-Left Atrial Fistula Due to Aortic Infective Endocarditis in a Dog.

Infective endocarditis is a severe but rarely diagnosed disease, characterized by the presence of bacterial infection at the level of the cardiac valves. Although the incidence of the disease is very low, the consequences are severe and the prognosis is very poor, outlining a high mortality rate among cases. The present report highlights the case of a 7-year-old dog presented with abrupt changes in the respiratory pattern, obtunded and in lateral recumbency. The physical examination of the patient revealed fever and a IV/VI systolic heart murmur, with the point of maximal intensity on the left hemithorax. Echocardiography identified hyperechoic and cavitary changes beneath the aortic valves and a retrograde turbulent jet originating in the left ventricle outflow tract communicating with the left atrium through a rupture in the aortomitral intervalvular wall. Because of very unstable hemodynamic changes, the dog suddenly died despite the initiation of intensive care supportive treatment, and the postmortem evaluation of the heart confirms the suspicion of infective aortic endocarditis with the development of a paravalvular abscess and an aorto-left atrial fistula.