Energy yield analysis of textured perovskite silicon tandem solar cells and modules.

Perovskite silicon tandem solar cells combine potentially low production costs with the ability to surpass the efficiency limit of silicon single junction solar cells. Optical modeling and optimization are crucial to achieve this ambitious goal in the near future. The optimization should seek to maximize the energy yield based on realistic environmental conditions. This work analyzes the energy yield of perovskite silicon tandem solar cells and modules based on realistic experimental data, with a special focus on the investigation of surface textures at the front and rear side of the solar cell and its implication for reflection as well as parasitic absorption properties. The investigation reveals a 7.3%rel higher energy yield for an encapsulated tandem cell with a textured front side compared with an encapsulated high efficiency single junction solar cell with 24.3% harvesting efficiency for irradiance data of the year 2014 in Freiburg/Germany.

New-onset focal epilepsy in adults: Antiepileptic drug treatment.

Focal epilepsy, non-syndromic, is by far the most prevalent epilepsy in adults. Antiepileptic drug (AED) prescription in patients with new-onset focal epilepsy is often challenging. The factors that determine AED of choice depends both on the patient-specific and AED-specific variables. Monotherapy should the initial strategy. Failure to monotherapy can be due to lack of efficacy, severe adverse events, or a hypersensitivity reaction. In such patients, the next strategy should be alternate monotherapy trials. In patients who fail up to three monotherapy trials, duotherapy with drugs having different primary mechanisms of action should be the next step. Multiple duotherapy should be tried before considering adding polytherapy. In spite of such pragmatic strategies, about 25% of patients may never become seizure free for any complete year throughout follow-up. Patients in this group should be evaluated for non-pharmacological treatment options, particularly epilepsy surgery.

Comparison of Graphoanalysis with House Method in Prediction of Complete Denture Patient's Mental Attitude: A Prospective Comparative Study.

To compare and evaluate House classification and graphoanalysis for the assessment of emotional status of complete denture patients. Fifty complete denture patients were included in the study. These patients were classified according to House classification as philosophical, exacting, indifferent and hysterical based on their behaviour during the course of the complete denture fabrication. Handwriting samples of these patients were obtained independently and the patient's emotional status was again classified by graphoanalysis. Statistical analyses like Chi-square, Spearman rank correlation, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to assess the expediency of both the methods in classifying complete denture patients. A significant correlation was found between results of graphoanalysis and those of clinical experience. Chances of observing highly difficult patients like hysterical were more from graphoanalysis than by clinical experience. Graphoanalysis is a useful tool for identification of difficult patients. Classification or categorization of patients by graphoanalysis and by clinical experience of patients differs significantly and graphoanalysis when coupled with clinical experience is more helpful in identification of difficult patients than merely by clinical experience alone.

Diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice multidetector computed tomography in evaluation of post-coronary artery bypass grafts in correlation with invasive coronary angiography.

64-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) allows more reliable and non-invasive evaluation of the coronary artery bypass grafts for occlusion or stenosis both in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and also progression of disease in native coronary vessels.

Global oral health inequalities: challenges in the prevention and management of orofacial clefts and potential solutions.

The birth prevalence of orofacial clefts, one of the most common congenital anomalies, is approximately one in 700 live births, but varies with geography, ethnicity, and socio-economic status. There is a variation in infant mortality and access to care both between and within countries, so some clefts remain unrepaired into adulthood. Quality of care also varies, and even among repaired clefts there is residual deformity and morbidity that significantly affects some children. The two major issues in attempts to address these inequalities are (a) etiology/possibilities for prevention and (b) management and quality of care. For prevention, collaborative research efforts are required in developing countries, in line with the WHO approach to implement the recommendations of the 2008 Millennium Development Goals (www.un.org/millenniumgoals). This includes the "common risk factor" approach, which analyzes biological and social determinants of health alongside other chronic health problems such as diabetes and obesity, as outlined in the Marmot Health inequalities review (2008) (www.ucl.ac.uk/gheg/marmotreview). Simultaneously, orofacial cleft research should involve clinical researchers to identify inequalities in access to treatment and identify the best interventions for minimizing mortality and residual deformity. The future research agenda also requires engagement with implementation science to get research findings into practice.

Bioactivity-guided isolation of mosquitocidal constituents from the rhizomes of Plumbago capensis Thunb.

A bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical examination of chloroform extract of Plumbago capensis roots resulted in isolation and characterization of two new napthaquinone derivatives (4, 8) along with six known compounds (1-3, 5-7). Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic (IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR) data analysis and by comparison with the literature data. All the compounds were tested for their mosquito larvicidal activity against fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti, and compared with that of rotenone. Among the tested compounds, isoshinanolone (3) and plumbagin (1) showed excellent toxicity with LC(50) values of 1.26 and 5.43 microg/mL. New compound (8) displayed moderate toxicity against the tested mosquito species.

Tuberculous meningitis: the challenges.

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a serious meningitic infection commonly found to occur in the developing countries endemic to tuberculosis. Based on the clinical features alone, the diagnosis of TBM can neither be made nor excluded with certainty. Unfortunately there is still no single diagnostic method that is both sufficiently rapid and sensitive. Most factors found to correlate with poor outcome can be directly traced to the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis. The only way to reduce the mortality and morbidity is by early diagnosis and timely recognition of complications and institution of the appropriate treatment strategies.

Neurological complication of dengue infection.

Dengue infection is endemic in more than 100 countries, mostly in the developing world. Recent observations indicate that the clinical profile of dengue is changing, and that neurological manifestations are being reported more frequently. The exact incidence of various neurological complications is uncertain. The pathogenesis of neurological manifestations is multiple and includes: neurotrophic effect of the dengue virus, related to the systemic effects of dengue infection, and immune mediated. In countries endemic to dengue, it will be prudent to investigate for dengue infection in patients with fever and acute neurological manifestations. There is need for understanding of the pathogenesis of various neurological manifestations.

Author Correction: Interface-induced spontaneous positive and conventional negative exchange bias effects in bilayer La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/Eu0.45 Sr0.55 MnO3 heterostructures.

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.

Fungal infections of the central nervous system: the clinical syndromes.

Fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are being increasingly diagnosed both in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Sinocranial aspergillosis is more frequently described from countries with temperate climates, more often in otherwise immunocompetent individuals. The clinical syndromes with which fungal infections of the CNS can present are protean and can involve most part of the neuroaxis. Certain clinical syndromes are specific for certain fungal infections. The rhinocerebral form is the most common presenting syndrome with zygomycosis and skull-base syndromes are often the presenting clinical syndromes in patients with sinocranial aspergillosis. Subacute and chronic meningitis in patients with HIV infection is more likely to be due to cryptococcal infection. Early recognition of the clinical syndromes in an appropriate clinical setting is the first step towards achieving total cure in some of these infections.