Efficacy and Safety of Allopurinol and Febuxostat in Patients With Gout and CKD: Subgroup Analysis of the STOP Gout Trial.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: We conducted a prespecified examination of the efficacy and safety of allopurinol and febuxostat administered using a treat-to-target strategy in trial participants with chronic kidney disease (CKD). STUDY DESIGN: Prespecified subcohort analysis of a randomized controlled trial. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: A substudy of the STOP Gout Trial in participants with CKD. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 30-59mL/min/1.73m2 at baseline. EXPOSURE: Trial participants with CKD and gout and serum urate (SUA) concentration of≥6.8mg/dL were randomized 1:1 to receive allopurinol or febuxostat. Urate-lowering therapy (ULT) was titrated during weeks 0-24 to achieve a goal SUA of<6.0mg/dL (<5.0mg/dL with tophi) (phase 1) and maintained during weeks 25-48 (phase 2). Gout flare was assessed between weeks 49-72 (phase 3). OUTCOME: Gout flare between weeks 49-72 (phase 3) was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included SUA goal achievement and ULT dosing at end of phase 2, and serious adverse events. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Outcomes between treatment groups were compared using logistic regression models for binary outcomes, and Poisson regression for flare rates. Multivariable models were subsequently used, adjusting for factors identified to be imbalanced by treatment arm. RESULTS: CKD was present in 351 of 940 participants; 277 were assessed for the primary outcome. Fewer patients randomized to allopurinol had a flare during phase 3 (32% vs 45%; P=0.02) despite similar attainment of the SUA goal (79% vs 81%; P=0.6) by the end of phase 2. Acute kidney injury was more common in participants with stage 3 CKD randomized to allopurinol compared with febuxostat. LIMITATIONS: Limited power to assess infrequent safety events, largely male, older population. CONCLUSIONS: Allopurinol and febuxostat are similarly efficacious and well-tolerated in the treatment of gout in people with CKD when used in a treat-to-target regimen with lower incidence of gout flares in participants randomized to allopurinol. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY: The STOP Gout Trial was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, noninferiority, comparative effectiveness trial, which found that allopurinol was noninferior to febuxostat in gout flare prevention and that both medications were similarly efficacious in reaching a serum urate goal when used as part of a treat-to-target approach. A significant proportion of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are afflicted by gout, yet there is a lack of high-quality comparative effectiveness data comparing allopurinol and febuxostat in these patients. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of allopurinol and febuxostat in the subgroup of STOP Gout Trial participants with stage 3 CKD and found that allopurinol and febuxostat are similarly efficacious and well-tolerated in the treatment of gout in people with CKD when used in a treat-to-target regimen, with lower incidence of gout flares in participants randomized to allopurinol.

Frequent use of prescription NSAIDs among people with knee or hip osteoarthritis despite contraindications to or precautions with NSAIDs.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), opioids, and physiotherapy (PT) among persons with newly diagnosed knee or hip osteoarthritis (OA) with and without NSAID contraindications or precautions. DESIGN: We used population-based register data to identify adults aged ≥35 as of January 1, 2014, residing in Skåne region (Sweden) between 2004 and 2013, without a previous knee or hip OA diagnosis. Among this cohort, we identified people with incident knee or hip OA diagnosis between 2014 and 2018 and the presence of contraindications to or precautions for oral NSAIDs at the time of OA diagnosis. We estimated the risk of 1) regular oral NSAID use, 2) regular opioid use, and 3) PT during the first year after diagnosis among those with vs. without contraindications or precautions using confounder-adjusted logistic regression with standardization. RESULTS: We identified 35,173 persons with newly diagnosed OA, of whom 3257 and 8351 had ≥1 contraindication to oral NSAIDs and ≥1 precaution, respectively. Overall, 27% of individuals used oral NSAIDs (with or without opioids or PT), 10% used opioids, and 57% attended PT. Among patients with contraindications, 21% used oral NSAIDs compared to 31% without (absolute adjusted difference -0.06 (95% CIs: -0.08, -0.05)), 53% vs 59% used PT (adjusted difference -0.03 (-0.05, -0.01)), while 14% vs. 8% had prescribed dispensed opioids (adjusted difference 0.02 (0.01, 0.03)). Similar results were observed for those with precautions. CONCLUSIONS: We highlight the need for safer treatment options. People with OA and contraindications/precautions to NSAIDs have a higher risk of opioid use, slightly lower risk of PT use, and continue to be prescribed NSAIDs.

Prevalence of preexisting articular bone pathology in patients with osteoarthritis screened for fasinumab clinical trials identified by X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of preexisting articular bone pathology in patients with hip or knee pain due to osteoarthritis (OA) screened for fasinumab clinical trials. METHOD: This post-hoc analysis included patients with OA screened for three phase 3 fasinumab studies (NCT02683239, NCT03161093, NCT03304379). During screening, participants who met other clinical inclusion/exclusion criteria underwent radiography of knees, hips, and shoulders. Those with Kellgren-Lawrence grade (KLG) ≥ 2 for index joint and without an exclusionary finding proceeded to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of index, contralateral, and KLG ≥ 3 joints. Exclusionary findings included bone fragmentation/collapse, bone loss/resorption, osteonecrosis, and fracture, by either X-ray or MRI. Participants with extensive subchondral cysts were also excluded. Prevalence of abnormalities on radiographs and MRIs are reported. RESULTS: Of 27,633 participants screened, 21,997 proceeded to imaging. Of these, 1203 (5.5%) were excluded due to the presence of ≥ 1 joint with severe articular bone pathology (X-ray or MRI): bone fragmentation/collapse (2.60%), subchondral insufficiency fracture (SIF; 1.67%), osteonecrosis (1.11%), and significant bone loss (0.32%). Additionally, 3.13% screen-failed due to extensive subchondral cysts. More than half of the exclusions due to bone fragmentation/collapse (386/572), osteonecrosis (141/245) and significant bone loss (59/71), and approximately one third of SIF (133/367) and extensive subchondral cysts (229/689) were evident on X-rays. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one in 20 participants with OA who met the clinical screening criteria for fasinumab phase 3 trials were later excluded due to preexisting severe articular bone pathology findings by X-ray or MRI.

Hand osteoarthritis phenotypes based on a biopsychosocial approach, and their associations with cross-sectional and longitudinal pain.

OBJECTIVE: Hand osteoarthritis (OA) pain is characterized as heterogeneous and multifactorial. Differences in pain may be explained by underlying phenotypes, which have not been previously explored DESIGN: Latent class analysis determined classes of participants with hand OA from the Nor-Hand study baseline examination (2016-17) based on a biopsychosocial framework. Outcomes were hand and overall bodily pain intensity (Numeric Rating Scale, 0-10) at baseline and follow-up (2019-21), The relations of the classes to pain outcomes at baseline, follow-up, and change over time were analysed in separate models by linear regression, using the overall healthiest class as reference. RESULTS: Five classes differing in radiographic hand OA burden and OA burden in the lower extremities by ultrasound, demographic factors, psychosocial burden and pain sensitization was identified. Persons with the least severe OA but higher burden of biopsychosocial factors reported the most hand pain (beta 3.65, 95% CI 2.53, 4.75). Pain was less pronounced in persons with the most severe hand OA but low burden of biopsychosocial factors (beta 1.03, 95% CI 0.41, 1.65). Results were similar for overall bodily pain and at follow-up. Changes in pain were small, but the association between a separate class defined by higher levels of biopsychosocial burden and pain changes was significant. CONCLUSION: The five hand OA phenotypes were associated with pain at baseline and 3.5 years later. The phenotype with the least OA severity, but higher burden of biopsychosocial factors reported more pain than the phenotype with the most severe OA, reflecting the symptom-structure discordance of the hand OA pain experience.

Exploring different models of pain phenotypes and their association with pain worsening in people with early knee osteoarthritis: The MOST cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine i) pain phenotypes (PP) in people with early-stage knee osteoarthritis (EKOA); ii) the longitudinal association between the phenotypes and pain worsening at two years. DESIGN: We studied participants with EKOA from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study defined as pain intensity ≤3/10, Kellgren and Lawrence grade ≤2, intermittent pain none to sometimes, and no constant pain. Two models of PP were explored. Model A included pressure pain thresholds, temporal summation, conditioned pain modulation, pain catastrophizing, sleep quality, depression, and widespread pain (WSP). In Model B, gait characteristics, quadriceps strength, comorbidities, and magnetic resonance imaging features were added to Model A. Latent Class Analysis was used to create phenotypes, and logistic regression was used to determine their association with pain worsening. RESULTS: 750 individuals (60% females), mean age [standard deviation (SD)]: 60.3 (9.4) were included in Model A and 333 individuals (60% females), mean age (SD): 59.4 (8.1) in Model B. 3-class and 4-class solutions were chosen for Model A and Model B. In Model A, the most "severe" phenotype was dominated by psychosocial factors, WSP, and measures of nervous system sensitization. Similarly in Model B, the Model A phenotype plus gait variables, quadriceps strength, and comorbidities were dominant. Surprisingly, none of the phenotypes in either model had a significant relationship with pain worsening. CONCLUSION: Phenotypes based upon various factors thought to be important for the pain experience were identified in those with EKOA but were not significantly related to pain worsening. These phenotypes require validation with clinically relevant endpoints.

Associations of pain sensitivity and conditioned pain modulation with physical activity: findings from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST).

OBJECTIVE: Individuals with chronic pain due to knee osteoarthritis (OA) are insufficiently physically active, and alterations of facilitatory and inhibitory nociceptive signaling are common in this population. Our objective was to examine the association of these alterations in nociceptive signaling with objective accelerometer-based measures of physical activity in a large observational cohort. DESIGN: We used data from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study. Measures of peripheral and central pain sensitivity included pressure pain threshold at the knee and mechanical temporal summation at the wrist, respectively. The presence of descending pain inhibition was assessed by conditioned pain modulation (CPM). Physical activity was quantitatively assessed over 7 days using a lower back-worn activity monitor. Summary metrics included steps/day, activity intensity, and sedentary time. Linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the association of pain sensitivity and the presence of descending pain inhibition with physical activity measures. RESULTS: Data from 1873 participants was analyzed (55.9% female, age = 62.8 ± 10.0 years). People having greater peripheral and central sensitivity showed lower step counts. CPM was not significantly related to any of the physical activity measures, and none of the exposures were significantly related to sedentary time. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, greater peripheral and central sensitivity were associated with reduced levels of objectively-assessed daily step counts. Further research may investigate ways to modify or treat heightened pain sensitivity as a means to increase physical activity in older adults with knee OA.

A Remote Behaviorally Designed Intervention to Promote Physical Activity in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: Results of a Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated a behaviorally designed intervention utilizing gamification and social support to improve physical activity and reduce symptoms in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee (KOA). METHODS: Veterans with KOA, aged 40-80 years, were enrolled in this randomized controlled trial. Participants received a Fitbit and completed a 2- to 4-week baseline period. A Web-based platform administered biweekly surveys after randomization and tracked physical activity. Participants selected a daily step goal that was 33%, 40%, or 50% above their baseline. The intervention arm received game playing aspects and a social support partner to advance weekly step performance while the control arm only received weekly updates. The primary outcome was the change in steps per day averaged over 2-week intervals. We used mixed effects regression, adjusting for baseline step count. Secondary outcomes assessed the change in KOOS (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) over 32 weeks. RESULTS: Thirty-one participants were included in the final analysis. Most participants were male (90.3%), Black (70.96%), had a mean (SD) age of 60 (13) years, and body mass index of 33.7 (5.9) kg/m2. Participants that received the intervention walked a total of 1119 (95% confidence interval: -562, 2799) more steps per day (p = 0.19). The effect was greatest in the first 6 months (1491 [-272, 3254], p = 0.10). Compared with controls, those that received the intervention had improvement over time in total KOOS (mean 2-week change +0.62 [0.031, 1.20] vs -0.38 [-1.04, 0.28], p = 0.02) and several subscales. CONCLUSIONS: This intervention demonstrated promise for promoting greater physical activity and improving symptoms in patients with KOA.

The 2023 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease.

OBJECTIVE: Calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) disease is prevalent and has diverse presentations, but there are no validated classification criteria for this symptomatic arthritis. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and EULAR have developed the first-ever validated classification criteria for symptomatic CPPD disease. METHODS: Supported by the ACR and EULAR, a multinational group of investigators followed established methodology to develop these disease classification criteria. The group generated lists of candidate items and refined their definitions, collected de-identified patient profiles, evaluated strengths of associations between candidate items and CPPD disease, developed a classification criteria framework, and used multi-criterion decision analysis to define criteria weights and a classification threshold score. The criteria were validated in an independent cohort. RESULTS: Among patients with joint pain, swelling, or tenderness (entry criterion) whose symptoms are not fully explained by an alternative disease (exclusion criterion), the presence of crowned dens syndrome or calcium pyrophosphate crystals in synovial fluid are sufficient to classify a patient as having CPPD disease. In the absence of these findings, a score>56 points using weighted criteria, comprising clinical features, associated metabolic disorders, and results of laboratory and imaging investigations, can be used to classify as CPPD disease. These criteria had a sensitivity of 92.2% and specificity of 87.9% in the derivation cohort (190 CPPD cases, 148 mimickers), whereas sensitivity was 99.2% and specificity was 92.5% in the validation cohort (251 CPPD cases, 162 mimickers). CONCLUSION: The 2023 ACR/EULAR CPPD disease classification criteria have excellent performance characteristics and will facilitate research in this field.

Associations between pain sensitization and measures of physical function in people with hand osteoarthritis: Results from the Nor-Hand study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether pain sensitization is associated with hand and lower extremity function in people with hand osteoarthritis (OA) in the Nor-Hand study. DESIGN: Pain sensitization was assessed by pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) and temporal summation (TS). Hand function was assessed by Australian/Canadian Osteoarthritis Hand Index (AUSCAN) (range: 0-36), grip strength and Moberg pick-up test, and lower extremity function was assessed by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (range: 0-68), 30-s chair stand test, and 40-m walk test. We examined whether sex-standardized PPT and TS values were cross-sectionally associated with measures of physical function using linear regression analyses. Beta coefficients were presented per sex-specific standard deviation of PPT and TS. The mediating effect of pain was examined by causal-inference based mediation analysis. RESULTS: In 206 participants, higher PPTs at/near the hand, indicative of less peripheral and/or central pain sensitization, were associated with greater grip strength and better self-reported hand function (beta for PPT at finger joint on AUSCAN function: -1.41, 95% CI -2.40, -0.42). Higher PPTs at/near the hand, near the knee and at trapezius were associated with lower extremity function, although not statistically significant for all outcomes. Self-reported pain severity mediated the effect of PPT on self-reported function. TS was not associated with hand or lower extremity function. CONCLUSION: Peripheral sensitization, and possibly central sensitization, was associated with impaired function. Effects of PPTs on self-reported function were mediated by self-reported pain, whereas there might be a direct effect of sensitization or effects through other mediators on performance-based function.

A scoping review of how early-stage knee osteoarthritis has been defined.

BACKGROUND: Early-stage knee osteoarthritis (KOA) classification criteria will enable consistent identification and trial recruitment of individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA) at an earlier stage of the disease when interventions may be more effective. Toward this goal, we identified how early-stage KOA has been defined in the literature. METHODS: We performed a scoping literature review in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science, including human studies where early-stage KOA was included as a study population or outcome. Extracted data included demographics, symptoms/history, examination, laboratory, imaging, performance-based measures, gross inspection/histopathologic domains, and the components of composite early-stage KOA definitions. RESULTS: Of 6142 articles identified, 211 were included in data synthesis. An early-stage KOA definition was used for study inclusion in 194 studies, to define study outcomes in 11 studies, and in the context of new criteria development or validation in six studies. The element most often used to define early-stage KOA was Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade (151 studies, 72%), followed by symptoms (118 studies, 56%), and demographic characteristics (73 studies, 35%); 14 studies (6%) used previously developed early-stage KOA composite criteria. Among studies defining early-stage KOA radiographically, 52 studies defined early-stage KOA by KL grade alone; of these 52, 44 (85%) studies included individuals with KL grade 2 or higher in their definitions. CONCLUSION: Early-stage KOA is variably defined in the published literature. Most studies included KL grades of 2 or higher within their definitions, which reflects established or later-stage OA. These findings underscore the need to develop and validate classification criteria for early-stage KOA.

Predicting Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis With the Fibromyalgia Survey Questionnaire: Does the Severity of Fibromyalgia Symptoms Matter?

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the degree of baseline fibromyalgia (FM) symptoms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as indicated by the Fibromyalgia Survey Questionnaire (FSQ) score, predicts RA disease activity after initiation or change of a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD). METHODS: One hundred ninety-two participants with active RA were followed for 12 weeks after initiation or change of DMARD therapy. Participants completed the FSQ at the initial visit. The Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) was measured at baseline and follow-up to assess RA disease activity. We evaluated the association between baseline FSQ score and follow-up DAS28-CRP. As a secondary analysis, we examined the relationship between the 2 components of the FSQ, the Widespread Pain Index (WPI) and Symptom Severity Scale (SSS), with follow-up DAS28-CRP. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed, adjusting for clinical and demographic variables. RESULTS: In multiple linear regression models, FSQ score was independently associated with elevated DAS28-CRP scores 12 weeks after DMARD initiation (B = 0.04, P = 0.01). In secondary analyses, the WPI was significantly associated with increased follow-up DAS28-CRP scores (B = 0.08, P = 0.001), whereas the SSS was not (B = -0.03, P = 0.43). CONCLUSION: Higher levels of FM symptoms weakly predicted worse disease activity after treatment. The primary factor that informed the FSQ's prediction of disease activity was the spatial extent of pain, as measured by the WPI.

Allopurinol Initiation and All-Cause Mortality Among Patients With Gout and Concurrent Chronic Kidney Disease : A Population-Based Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Two recent randomized clinical trials of escalating doses of allopurinol for the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) reported no benefits but potentially increased risk for death. Whether the risk could occur in patients with gout and concurrent CKD remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation of allopurinol initiation, allopurinol dose escalation, and achieving target serum urate (SU) level after allopurinol initiation to all-cause mortality in patients with both gout and CKD. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: The Health Improvement Network U.K. primary care database (2000 to 2019). PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 40 years or older who had gout and concurrent moderate-to-severe CKD. MEASUREMENTS: The association between allopurinol initiation and all-cause mortality over 5-year follow-up in propensity score (PS)-matched cohorts was examined. Analysis of hypothetical trials were emulated: achieving target SU level (<0.36 mmol/L) versus not achieving target SU level and dose escalation versus no dose escalation for mortality over 5-year follow-up in allopurinol initiators. RESULTS: Mortality was 4.9 and 5.8 per 100 person-years in 5277 allopurinol initiators and 5277 PS-matched noninitiators, respectively (hazard ratio [HR], 0.85 [95% CI, 0.77 to 0.93]). In the target trial emulation analysis, the HR of mortality for the achieving target SU level group compared with the not achieving target SU level group was 0.87 (CI, 0.75 to 1.01); the HR of mortality for allopurinol in the dose escalation group versus the no dose escalation group was 0.88 (CI, 0.73 to 1.07). LIMITATION: Residual confounding cannot be ruled out. CONCLUSION: In this population-based data, neither allopurinol initiation, nor achieving target SU level with allopurinol, nor allopurinol dose escalation was associated with increased mortality in patients with gout and concurrent CKD. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Project Program of National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders.

A clinician's perspective on the role of imaging in knee osteoarthritis in clinical practice.

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent and disabling disease. Most persons age 45 and over with chronic knee pain have OA and with characteristic history and physical findings, diagnostic imaging is usually not necessary. Further, treatment of chronic knee pain with or without evidence of OA is similar, so imaging does not usually alter therapy. The exception is atypical presentations, such as sudden onset of pain perhaps after trauma or evidence of arthritis in atypical locations elsewhere in the body. Imaging is also unnecessary to follow patients. Given the absence of treatments that slow progression, there is little rationale for acquiring repeated imaging. However, ultrasound or other knee imaging may be helpful in locating the joint when carrying out intraarticular corticosteroid injections. There is controversy as to whether imaging should be acquired before these injections, but recent studies suggest no increased risk of disease progression for most persons receiving these injections. While guidelines currently discourage imaging in the diagnosis or management of most persons with OA, this may change for individuals with identifiable correctible lesions, when effective treatments that alter progression emerge or when imaging is used to identify subtypes of disease that may respond to specific treatments.

Delayed timing of physical therapy initiation increases the risk of future opioid use in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a real-world cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed whether late versus early initiation of physical therapy (PT) was related to greater risk of future opioid use in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA) who receive PT. METHODS: We used Commercial and Medicare Advantage claims data from 1999 to 2018 from American adults with incident knee OA referred for PT within 1 year of diagnosis. We categorised people as opioid naïve or opioid experienced based on prior prescriptions. We examined the association of timing of PT initiation with any and chronic opioid use over 1 year. RESULTS: Of the 67 245 individuals with incident knee OA, 35 899 were opioid naïve and 31 346 were opioid experienced. In the opioid naïve group, compared with PT within 1 month, PT 1 to <3, 3 to <6, 6 to <9, 9-12 months from diagnosis was associated with adjusted risk ratio (aRR (95% CIs)) for any opioid use of 1.18 (1.10 to 1.28), 1.49 (1.37 to 1.61), 1.73 (1.58 to 1.89) and 1.93 (1.76 to 2.12), respectively; aRRs (95% CIs) for chronic opioid use were 1.25 (1.01 to 1.54), 1.83 (1.48 to 2.26), 2.29 (1.82 to 2.89) and 2.50 (1.96 to 3.19). Results were similar among opioid experienced; aRRs (95% CIs) for any opioid use were 1.19 (1.14 to 1.24), 1.32 (1.26 to 1.37), 1.39 (1.32 to 1.45) and 1.54 (1.46 to 1.61); aRRs (95% CIs) for chronic opioid use were 1.25 (1.17 to1.34), 1.43 (1.33 to 1.54), 1.53 (1.41 to 1.66) and 1.65 (1.51 to 1.80). CONCLUSION: Compared with PT initiation within 1 month, delayed PT initiation was associated with higher risk of opioid use in people with incident knee OA. The longer the delay in PT initiation, the greater was the risk.

Update on gout management: what is old and what is new.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The global burden of gout is rising, as are the prevalence of associated comorbidities, all-cause mortality and societal costs. In this review, we discuss recent advances in epidemiology and treatment strategies for gout. RECENT FINDINGS: Genetic factors and obesity are prominent contributors to hyperuricemia and gout, while dietary factors contribute to less variance in serum urate, though can still have some contribution to population attributable risk. A consensus statement by the Gout, Hyperuricemia and Crystal-Associated Disease Network outlined appropriate terminology regarding gout, which will aid in communication about various aspects of the disease. The 2020 American College of Rheumatology gout guideline offers comprehensive evidence-based recommendations for the management of hyperuricemia using urate-lowering therapy, prophylaxis when initiating urate-lowering therapy, treatment of gout flare and adjunctive management strategies. There is improved understanding of risk factors for allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome and well tolerated use of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease. Trial data have provided new insights regarding cardiovascular risk with febuxostat. Several new drug therapies are being tested for both urate-lowering efficacy and gout flare management. SUMMARY: Although there have been significant advances in understanding of risk factors and treatment approaches, gout remains suboptimally managed. There is substantial need for improving gout management efforts and gout education among patients and clinicians.

Associations between joint pathologies and central sensitization in persons with hand osteoarthritis: results from the Nor-Hand study.

OBJECTIVE: Pain sensitization is associated with pain severity in persons with hand OA. What contributes to pain sensitization is unclear. This study explores whether hand OA pathologies and symptom duration are related to central sensitization. METHOD: Participants with hand OA in the Nor-Hand study underwent bilateral hand radiography and US examination. Central sensitization was assessed with pressure pain thresholds (PPT) at remote sites (wrist, trapezius and tibialis anterior muscles) and temporal summation. We examined whether hand OA pathologies, independent of each other, including structural severity (Kellgren-Lawrence sum score, presence of erosive hand OA), inflammatory severity (greyscale synovitis and power Doppler activity sum scores) and symptom duration, were related to central sensitization, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, comorbidities and OA-severity of knee/hip. RESULTS: In 291 participants (88% women, median age 61 years, interquartile range 57-66 years) Kellgren-Lawrence, greyscale synovitis and power Doppler activity sum scores were not associated with lower PPTs at remote sites. Persons with erosive hand OA had lower PPTs at the wrist (adjusted beta -0.75, 95% CI -1.32, -0.19) and tibialis anterior (adjusted beta -0.82, 95% CI -1.54, -0.09) and had greater temporal summation (adjusted beta 0.56, 95% CI 0.12, 1.01) compared with persons with non-erosive disease. No associations were found for symptom duration. CONCLUSIONS: A person's overall amount of structural or inflammatory hand OA pathologies was not associated with central sensitization. Although persons with erosive hand OA showed greater signs of central sensitization, the small differences suggest that central sensitization is mainly explained by factors other than joint pathologies.

Fibromyalgianess and glucocorticoid persistence among patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: Over one-third of patients with RA exhibit evidence of fibromyalgianess, which is associated with higher rates of disability and inadequate responsiveness to RA treatment. Patients with RA often remain on glucocorticoids long-term, despite the known risk of dose-dependent morbidity. We undertook this study to examine the relationship between fibromyalgianess and glucocorticoid persistence among RA patients. METHODS: We followed participants with active RA on oral prednisone for ∼3 months after initiating a new DMARD. Fibromyalgianess was measured using the Fibromyalgia Survey Questionnaire (FSQ), previously shown to correlate with key FM features often superimposed upon RA. Severity of fibromyalgianess was stratified as follows: FSQ <8 low, FSQ 8-10 moderate and FSQ >10 high/very high. The association between baseline fibromyalgianess and glucocorticoid persistence, defined as prednisone use at 3-month follow-up visit after DMARD initiation, was assessed using multiple logistic regression adjusted for baseline demographics, RA duration, serostatus and inflammatory activity assessed using swollen joint count and CRP. RESULTS: Of the 97 participants on prednisone at baseline, 65% were still taking prednisone at follow-up. Fifty-seven percent of participants with low baseline fibromyalgianess had persistent glucocorticoid use, compared with 84% of participants with high or very high fibromyalgianess. After adjustment for non-inflammatory factors and inflammatory activity, participants with high/very high baseline fibromyalgianess were more likely to be taking prednisone at follow-up relative to those with low fibromyalgianess [odds ratio 4.99 (95% CI 1.20, 20.73)]. CONCLUSION: High fibromyalgianess is associated with persistent glucocorticoid use, independent of inflammatory activity.

The Value of Total Knee Replacement in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis and a Body Mass Index of 40 kg/m2 or Greater : A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Total knee replacement (TKR) is an effective and cost-effective strategy for treating end-stage knee osteoarthritis. Greater risk for complications among TKR recipients with a body mass index (BMI) of 40 kg/m2 or greater has raised concerns about the value of TKR in this population. OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of TKR in recipients with a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or greater using a cost-effectiveness analysis. DESIGN: Osteoarthritis Policy Model to assess long-term clinical benefits, costs, and cost-effectiveness of TKR in patients with a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or greater. DATA SOURCES: Total knee replacement parameters from longitudinal studies and published literature, and costs from Medicare Physician Fee Schedules, the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, and published data. TARGET POPULATION: Recipients of TKR with a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or greater in the United States. TIME HORIZON: Lifetime. PERSPECTIVE: Health care sector. INTERVENTION: Total knee replacement. OUTCOME MEASURES: Cost, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), discounted at 3% annually. RESULTS OF BASE-CASE ANALYSIS: Total knee replacement increased QALYs by 0.71 year and lifetime medical costs by $25 200 among patients aged 50 to 65 years with a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or greater, resulting in an ICER of $35 200. Total knee replacement in patients older than 65 years with a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or greater increased QALYs by 0.39 year and costs by $21 100, resulting in an ICER of $54 100. RESULTS OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: In TKR recipients with a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or greater and diabetes and cardiovascular disease, ICERs were below $75 000 per QALY. Results were most sensitive to complication rates and preoperative pain levels. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, at a $55 000-per-QALY willingness-to-pay threshold, TKR had a 100% and 90% likelihood of being a cost-effective strategy for patients aged 50 to 65 years and patients older than 65 years, respectively. LIMITATION: Data are derived from several sources. CONCLUSION: From a cost-effectiveness perspective, TKR offers good value in patients with a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or greater, including those with multiple comorbidities. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health.

The Effect of IL-6 Inhibitors on Mortality Among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of interleukin-6 inhibitors (IL-6i) in ameliorating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains uncertain. METHODS: We analyzed data for patients aged ≥18 years admitted with a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 polymerase chain reaction test at 4 safety-net hospital systems with diverse populations and high rates of medical comorbidities in 3 US regions. We used inverse probability of treatment weighting via machine learning for confounding adjustment by demographics, comorbidities, and disease severity markers. We estimated the average treatment effect, the odds of IL-6i effect on in-hospital mortality from COVID-19, using a logistic marginal structural model. RESULTS: Of 516 patients, 104 (20.1%) received IL-6i. Estimate of the average treatment effect adjusted for confounders suggested a 37% reduction in odds of in-hospital mortality in those who received IL-6i compared with those who did not, although the confidence interval included the null value of 1 (odds ratio = 0.63; 95% confidence interval, .29-1.38). A sensitivity analysis suggested that potential unmeasured confounding would require a minimum odds ratio of 2.55 to nullify our estimated IL-6i effect size. CONCLUSIONS: Despite low precision, our findings suggested a relatively large effect size of IL-6i in reducing the odds of COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality.

Warfarin use and risk of knee and hip replacements.

BACKGROUND: Identification of modifiable risk factors and treatments for osteoarthritis (OA) are needed. Warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist, causes fetal and animal model skeletal abnormalities. Vitamin K insufficiency has been associated with OA, but whether warfarin is also detrimental to OA is not known. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study using a UK general practitioner electronic medical records database. We identified cases of knee or hip replacement (KR or HR) from among adults with atrial fibrillation newly prescribed either warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Cases were matched with four controls by age and sex. We assessed the relation of warfarin compared with DOAC use to risk of joint replacement using conditional logistic regression. We also evaluated different durations of warfarin use. RESULTS: We identified 857 subjects with KR or HR (cases), of whom 64.6% were warfarin users, and 3428 matched controls, of whom 56.1% were warfarin users (mean age 75, 47% female). Warfarin users had a 1.59 times higher risk of joint replacement than DOAC users (adjusted OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.92). Longer duration of warfarin use was associated with higher risk of joint replacement in comparison with <1 year of warfarin use. CONCLUSION: Warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist, was associated with greater risk of KR and HR (an indicator for end-stage knee OA) than DOAC use, supporting the importance of adequate vitamin K functioning in limiting OA progression.