Integrating multiple lines of evidence to assess the effects of maternal BMI on pregnancy and perinatal outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Higher maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is associated with adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. However, whether these associations are causal remains unclear. METHODS: We explored the relation of maternal pre-/early-pregnancy BMI with 20 pregnancy and perinatal outcomes by integrating evidence from three different approaches (i.e. multivariable regression, Mendelian randomisation, and paternal negative control analyses), including data from over 400,000 women. RESULTS: All three analytical approaches supported associations of higher maternal BMI with lower odds of maternal anaemia, delivering a small-for-gestational-age baby and initiating breastfeeding, but higher odds of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, pre-labour membrane rupture, induction of labour, caesarean section, large-for-gestational age, high birthweight, low Apgar score at 1 min, and neonatal intensive care unit admission. For example, higher maternal BMI was associated with higher risk of gestational hypertension in multivariable regression (OR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.63, 1.70 per standard unit in BMI) and Mendelian randomisation (OR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.38, 1.83), which was not seen for paternal BMI (OR = 1.01; 95% CI = 0.98, 1.04). Findings did not support a relation between maternal BMI and perinatal depression. For other outcomes, evidence was inconclusive due to inconsistencies across the applied approaches or substantial imprecision in effect estimates from Mendelian randomisation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support a causal role for maternal pre-/early-pregnancy BMI on 14 out of 20 adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Pre-conception interventions to support women maintaining a healthy BMI may reduce the burden of obstetric and neonatal complications. FUNDING: Medical Research Council, British Heart Foundation, European Research Council, National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Health Research, Research Council of Norway, Wellcome Trust.

Reproductive history of parous women and urinary incontinence in midlife: A National Birth Cohort follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate how reproductive history was associated with urinary incontinence in midlife. DESIGN: A follow-up study. SETTING: Denmark. POPULATION: A total of 39 977 mothers who participated in the Maternal Follow up (2013-2014) in the Danish National Birth Cohort. National registries provided their reproductive history. METHODS: How parity, mode of birth and obstetric tears associated with urinary incontinence were estimated with adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI using logistic regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported urinary incontinence including subtypes stress, urge and mixed urinary incontinence. RESULTS: At an average age of 44 years, the prevalence of any urinary incontinence was 32% (21% stress, 2% urge, and 8% mixed urinary incontinence). Women with two births more often had urinary incontinence than women with one birth (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.10-1.31). Compared with women with only spontaneous births, a history of only caesarean sections was associated with much lower odds of urinary incontinence (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.35-0.42) and a history of instrumental births with slightly lower odds (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86-0.98). Compared with no tear/first-degree tear as the largest tear, episiotomy was associated with less urinary incontinence (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.86-0.97) whereas third/fourth-degree tears were associated with more (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.04-1.25). Findings were mainly explained by similar associations with stress and mixed urinary incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: Vaginal birth was associated with a higher risk of long-term urinary incontinence, but our results indicate that this risk may be reduced by shortening the second stage of birth.

Urinary Incontinence in Midlife According to Weight Changes Across and After Childbearing Years.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to investigate how weight change across and after the childbearing years was associated with urinary incontinence (UI) in midlife. METHODS: Data were obtained from 35,645 women responding to the Maternal Follow-up questionnaire in the Danish National Birth Cohort in 2013-2014. Outcome was self-reported UI and its subtypes. Exposures were changes in body mass index (BMI) across and after the childbearing years. Adjusted odds ratios were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS: At follow-up, the mean age was 44 years and 32% experienced UI. Compared with stable weight, weight gain across the childbearing years of > 1 to 3, > 3 to 5 or > 5 BMI units increased the odds of any UI by 15%, 27%, and 41% respectively. For mixed UI, the odds increased by 23%, 41%, and 68% in these groups. Weight gain after childbearing showed the same pattern, but with a higher increase in the odds of mixed UI (25%, 60%, and 95% in the respective groups). Women with any weight loss during this period had 9% lower odds of any UI than women with a stable weight. CONCLUSIONS: Weight gain across and after childbearing increased the risk of UI in midlife, especially the subtype mixed UI. Weight loss after childbearing decreased the risk.

Adherence to different forms of plant-based diets and pregnancy outcomes in the Danish National Birth Cohort: A prospective observational study.

INTRODUCTION: The number of people adhering to plant-based diets has been increasing dramatically in recent years, fueled by both environmental and animal welfare concerns. Beneficial or possible adverse consequences of such diets, particularly the most restrictive forms during pregnancy, have been minimally explored. The aim of this prospective observational study was to examine associations between different forms of plant-based diets during pregnancy with birth outcomes and pregnancy complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Danish National Birth Cohort included 100 413 pregnancies to 91 381 women in 1996-2002. The population consisted of 66 738 pregnancies, about which sufficient dietary data were available and included in the study. Dietary and supplemental intake was assessed by Food Frequency Questionnaire in gestational week 25 and women were characterized as fish/poultry-vegetarians, lacto/ovo-vegetarians, vegans or omnivorous, based on their self-report in gestational week 30. Main outcome measures were pregnancy and birth complications, birthweight and small for gestational age. RESULTS: A total of 98.7% (n = 65 872) of participants were defined as omnivorous, whereas 1.0% (n = 666), 0.3% (n = 183) and 0.03% (n = 18) identified themselves as fish/poultry vegetarians, lacto/ovo-vegetarians or vegans, respectively. Protein intake was lower among lacto/ovo-vegetarians (13.3%) and vegans (10.4%) than among omnivorous participants (15.4%). Intake of micronutrients was also considerably lower among vegans, but when dietary supplements were taken into consideration, no major differences were observed. Compared with omnivorous mothers, vegans had a higher prevalence of preeclampsia and their offspring had on average -240 g (95% confidence interval -450 to -30) lower birthweight. CONCLUSIONS: The women reporting that they adhered to vegan diets during pregnancy had offspring with lower mean birthweight and higher risk of preeclampsia compared with omnivorous mothers. Low protein intake might be one plausible explanation for the observed association with birthweight.

Screening of substance use in pregnancy: A Danish cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: There is a paucity of objectively verified data on substance use among Danish pregnant women. We estimated the prevalence of substance use including alcohol and nicotine among the general population of Danish pregnant women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this anonymous, national, cross-sectional, descriptive study, pregnant women were invited when attending an ultrasound scan between November 2019 and December 2020 at nine Danish hospitals. Women submitted a urine sample and filled out a questionnaire. Urine samples were screened on-site with a qualitative urine dipstick for 15 substances including alcohol, nicotine, opioids, amphetamines, cannabis, and benzodiazepines. All screen-positive urine samples underwent secondary quantitative analyses with gold standard, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Results were compared to questionnaire information to analyze the validity of self-reporting and to examine possible cross-reactions. RESULTS: A total of 1903 of 2154 invited pregnant women participated (88.3%). The prevalence of dipstick-positive urine samples was 25.0%. 44.0% of these were confirmed positive, resulting in a total confirmed prevalence of 10.8%. The prevalence of nicotine use was 10.1%-and for all other substances, <0.5%. Nicotine use was more prevalent among younger pregnant women, while other substance use appeared evenly distributed over age groups. Self-reporting of use of nicotine products was high (71.1%), but low for cannabis and alcohol intake (0% and 33.3%, respectively). Prescription medication explained almost all cases of oxycodone, methylphenidate, and benzodiazepine use. CONCLUSIONS: Substance use among pregnant women consisted mainly of nicotine. Dipstick screening involved risks of false negatives and false positives. Except for alcohol intake and cannabis use, dipstick analyses did not seem to provide further information than self-reporting. LC-MS/MS analyses remain gold standard, and future role of dipstick screenings should be discussed.

Parity, mode of birth, and long-term gynecological health: A follow-up study of parous and nonparous women in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health cohort.

BACKGROUND: Although gynecological health issues are common and cause considerable distress, little is known about their causes. We examined how birth history is associated with urinary incontinence (UI), severe period pain, heavy periods, and endometriosis. METHODS: We studied 7700 women in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health with an average follow-up of 10.9 years after their last birth. Surveys every third year provided information about birth history and gynecological health. Logistic regression was used to estimate how parity, mode of birth, and vaginal tears were associated with gynecological health issues. Presented results are adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: UI was reported by 16%, heavy periods by 31%, severe period pain by 28%, and endometriosis by 4%. Compared with women with two children, nonparous women had less UI (OR 0.35 [0.26-0.47]) but tended to have more endometriosis (OR 1.70 [0.97-2.96]). Also, women with only one child had less UI (OR 0.77 [0.61-0.98]), but more severe period pain (OR 1.24 [1.01-1.51]). Women with 4+ children had more heavy periods (OR 1.42 [1.07-1.88]). Compared with women with vaginal birth(s) only, women with only cesarean sections or vaginal birth after cesarean section had less UI (ORs 0.44 [0.34-0.58] and 0.55 [0.40-0.76]), but more endometriosis (ORs 1.91 [1.16-3.16] and 2.31 [1.25-4.28]) and heavy periods (ORs 1.21 [1.00-1.46] and 1.35 [1.06-1.72]). Vaginal tear(s) did not increase UI after accounting for parity and birth mode. CONCLUSION: While women with vaginal childbirth(s) reported more urinary incontinence, they had less menstrual complaints and endometriosis.

Body mass index, waist circumference, and urinary incontinence in midlife: A follow-up of mothers in the Danish National Birth Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for urinary incontinence, yet few studies have investigated how waist circumference as compared to body mass index (BMI) influences the risk of urinary incontinence. OBJECTIVE: To estimate how BMI and waist circumference associates with risk of urinary incontinence in midlife and determine which of the two is the strongest predictor of urinary incontinence. METHODS: Cohort study among mothers in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Weight and waist circumference were self-reported 7 years after cohort entry. Symptoms of urinary incontinence in midlife were self-reported using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (ICIQ-FLUTS) and analyzed continuously and as presence or absence of any, stress (SUI), urgency (UUI), and mixed (MUI) urinary incontinence. Linear and log binomial regressions were used to calculate mean differences and risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Restricted cubic splines were generated to explore nonlinear relationships. RESULTS: Among 27 254 women at a mean age of 44.2 years, any urinary incontinence was reported by 32.1%, SUI by 20.9%, UUI by 2.4%, and MUI by 8.6%. For all outcomes, increases in risk were similar with higher BMI and waist circumference. The estimates of association were strongest for MUI (RR 1.10, 95% CI 1.08;1.12 and RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.10;1.14 for half a standard deviation increase in BMI and waist circumference, respectively). While increases in risk of the other outcomes were seen across the entire range of BMI and waist circumference, the risk of SUI rose until BMI 28 kg/m2 (waist circumference 95 cm), and then fell slightly. CONCLUSIONS: Symptoms of urinary incontinence and prevalence of any urinary incontinence, SUI, UUI, and MUI increased with higher BMI and waist circumference. Self-reported BMI and waist circumference were equally predictive of urinary incontinence.

Mode of birth and long-term maternal mental health: A follow-up study in the Danish National Birth Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Cesarean birth has been associated with increased risks of short-term mental health problems. Little is known about whether these associations persist in the long term. This study aimed to estimate the associations between mode of birth and maternal mental health in midlife while considering mental health before and during pregnancy. METHODS: Cohort study among mothers in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Birth mode for each woman's entire reproductive history was obtained from Danish national registries. Symptoms of depression and stress in midlife were self-reported using validated scales. Log binomial regression was used to calculate risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between birth mode and depressive symptoms. Linear regression was used to calculate mean difference in stress score by birth mode. RESULTS: Among 42,872 women, 15.5% reported depressive symptoms at follow-up, where they were, on average, 43.9 years and 11.2 years after their last birth. Compared with women who only ever had spontaneous vaginal births, women who only had cesarean births, or had both cesarean and vaginal births with the last birth by cesarean, reported slightly more symptoms of depression (RR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01;1.20) and stress (mean difference 0.68 on a 100-point scale, 95% CI 0.10;1.26). CONCLUSION: Whether due to the birth experience or underlying factors, depression and stress in midlife were more frequent in women with only cesarean births or whose last birth was by cesarean compared with women with vaginal births.

Cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus: a nationwide register-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and has maternal health implications reaching beyond the perinatal period. We aimed to investigate the incidence and severity of cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity in women with previous GDM in a Danish population and to study whether proxies of impaired beta cell function-insulin treatment during GDM pregnancy and development of subsequent manifest diabetes mellitus-influence incident risk of cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity. METHODS: A nationwide register-based cohort study was conducted on the complete cohort of 700,648 women delivering in Denmark during 1997-2018. The exposure variable was GDM and primary outcome was overall cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity. Secondary outcomes were major cardiovascular disease (ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and/or stroke/transient cerebral ischemia), hypertension, dyslipidemia, and venous thrombosis. Severity of morbidity was assessed using number of hospital contacts with diagnosis codes related to cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity and number of redemptions of prescribed medication related to cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity in women who developed cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity after pregnancy. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 10.2-11.9 years with a total range of 0-21.9 years. GDM was associated with increased risk of any cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity (adjusted HR 2.13 [95% CI 2.07-2.20]), major cardiovascular disease (adjusted HR 1.69 [95% CI 1.55-1.84]), hypertension (adjusted HR 1.89 [95% CI 1.82-1.96], dyslipidemia (adjusted HR 4.48 [95% CI 4.28-4.69]), and venous thrombosis (adjusted HR 1.32 [95% CI 1.16-1.50]). Insulin treatment during pregnancy and subsequent development of manifest diabetes exacerbated the risk estimates. Previous GDM was associated with more hospital contacts and more redeemed prescriptions in women developing cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Previous GDM was associated with significantly higher risk of cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity, especially incident dyslipidemia. Risks were exacerbated by proxies of beta cell impairment. Severity of morbidity was significantly worse if GDM preceded cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity.

Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and newborn epigenome-wide DNA methylation.

Maternal anxiety during pregnancy is associated with adverse foetal, neonatal, and child outcomes, but biological mechanisms remain unclear. Altered foetal DNA methylation (DNAm) has been proposed as a potential underlying mechanism. In the current study, we performed a meta-analysis to examine the associations between maternal anxiety, measured prospectively during pregnancy, and genome-wide DNAm from umbilical cord blood. Sixteen non-overlapping cohorts from 12 independent longitudinal studies of the Pregnancy And Childhood Epigenetics Consortium participated, resulting in a combined dataset of 7243 mother-child dyads. We examined prenatal anxiety in relation to genome-wide DNAm and differentially methylated regions. We observed no association between the general symptoms of anxiety during pregnancy or pregnancy-related anxiety, and DNAm at any of the CpG sites, after multiple-testing correction. Furthermore, we identify no differentially methylated regions associated with maternal anxiety. At the cohort-level, of the 21 associations observed in individual cohorts, none replicated consistently in the other cohorts. In conclusion, contrary to some previous studies proposing cord blood DNAm as a promising potential mechanism explaining the link between maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse outcomes in offspring, we found no consistent evidence for any robust associations between maternal anxiety and DNAm in cord blood. Larger studies and analysis of DNAm in other tissues may be needed to establish subtle or subgroup-specific associations between maternal anxiety and the foetal epigenome.

High Prevalence of Celiac Disease Among Danish Adolescents: A Population-based Study.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to establish an unselected cohort of Danish adolescents and estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed celiac disease (CeD). METHODS: The Glutenfunen cohort participants were recruited from an unselected subsample of the Danish National Birth Cohort, defined as participants living in the Island of Funen, Denmark. We invited all 7431 eligible participants in the age range of 15 to 21 years to a clinical visit. CeD diagnosis was based on screening with IgA transglutaminase antibodies (TG2-IgA) and if positive, was followed by duodenal biopsies compatible with CeD (Marsh 2-3). We calculated the prevalence of CeD in the Glutenfunen cohort as the number of CeD cases diagnosed before and during the study divided by the number of participants in the Glutenfunen cohort. RESULTS: We included 1266 participants in the Glutenfunen cohort (17%, 1266/7431). 1.1% (14 of 1266 participants) had CeD diagnosed before entering the cohort and based on the Danish National Patient Register, 0.2% of the nonparticipants (14 of 6165) had a diagnosis of CeD. In total, 2.6% (33 participants) had TG2 IgA above the upper limit of normal. Nineteen participants had duodenal biopsies compatible with CeD. The prevalence of CeD in the Glutenfunen cohort was 2.6% [(14 + 19)/1266]. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that CeD is much more common than expected among Danish adolescents, comparable to other European countries, and that the majority were asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic and were only found because of the screening procedure.

In utero exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and attention and executive function in the offspring: A study in the Danish National Birth Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the environment and accumulate in humans. PFAS are suspected to affect the neuropsychological function of children, but only few studies have evaluated the association with childhood attention and executive function. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between intrauterine exposure to PFAS and offspring attention and executive function. METHODS: A total of 1593 children from the Danish National Birth Cohort, born 1996-2003, were included. The levels of 16 PFAS were measured in maternal plasma during pregnancy. At 5 years of age, the Test of Everyday Attention for Children at Five (TEACh-5) and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) were performed. TEACh-5 scores were standardized to a mean of 0 and standard deviation (SD) of 1. BRIEF scores were standardized to a mean of 50 and a SD of 10. The associations between levels of seven PFAS and TEACh-5 and BRIEF were examined by multivariable linear regression adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) was associated with poorer selective attention [standardized mean difference (95% confidence interval) -0.5 (-0.7, -0.3), highest versus lowest quartile]. Other PFAS were not clearly associated with selective attention, and we found no clear associations between PFAS exposure and sustained attention. For parent rated executive function, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) was associated with poorer scores, standardized mean difference 3.8 (95% confidence interval 1.6, 6.0), highest versus lowest quartile. Regarding other PFAS, the associations were less clear. We found no clear associations between any PFAS and executive function rated by preschool teachers. CONCLUSION: Intrauterine exposure to PFOSA was associated with poorer selective attention, while PFOA was associated with poorer executive function. Given the widespread nature of PFAS exposure, these findings may have public health implications, warranting further investigation.

How do reproductive history and anthropometry in midlife relate to later risk of pelvic organ prolapse? A prospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to examine the association between reproductive and anthropometric factors and later risk of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). METHODS: We carried out a prospective cohort study including 11,114 female nurses > 44 years from the Danish Nurse Cohort. In 1993, the study population was recruited through the Danish Nurse Organization and self-reported data on age, height, weight, age at menarche, age at first birth and number of childbirths were obtained. POP diagnosis was obtained from the National Patient Registry. Risk of POP was estimated using COX regression and presented as hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Overall, 10% of the women received a diagnosis of POP within a median follow-up of 22 years. A 4% increase in risk of POP was seen for each increasing BMI (kg/m2) unit at baseline. Compared to women of normal weight, higher risks of POP were seen in overweight (HR 1.18: 1.02-1.36) and obese women (HR 1.33: 1.02-1.74), while underweight had a lower risk (HR 0.51: 0.27-0.95). Compared to women with one childbirth, women with no childbirths had a reduced risk of 57% while increased risks of 46%, 78% and 137% were observed in women with two, three and four childbirths. Women with menarche before the age of 12 tended to have a higher risk of POP as did women who were 30-33 years at their first childbirth. CONCLUSIONS: POP is a common health problem in women, and BMI and number of childbirths are strong predictors.

The COVIDPregDK Study: A national survey on pregnancy during the early COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark.

AIM: We aimed to describe the aim, data collection and content from a survey completed among pregnant women during the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark. METHODS: The declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 challenged pregnant women's mental well-being due to a concern for their unborn child and their need for healthcare services through pregnancy and birth. To explore how the COVID-19 pandemic and the intensified measures such as the lockdown of Denmark impacted pregnant women's well-being and mental health, we conducted a questionnaire survey in the spring of 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic was at its first peak, and the consequences for pregnant women and the unborn child were very uncertain. All women residing in Denmark and registered with an ongoing pregnancy on 24 April 2020 were invited to participate. The questionnaire included background information, variables on COVID-19 symptoms and validated batteries of questions on loneliness, anxiety, stress, quality of life, meditation and prayers. Additional questions were included to examine concerns related to pregnancy and childbirth during the pandemic. COHORT CHARACTERISTICS: Almost 18,000 women answered the questionnaire, which represents 60% of all invited women who experienced a national lockdown for the first time. Their median age was 30 years, and they were more likely to be multiparous. CONCLUSIONS: Data from the COVIDPregDK Study will enable us to gain valuable knowledge on how the pandemic, the intensified measures from the health authorities and the national lockdown affected pregnant women's mental health and their concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Maternal weight change from prepregnancy to 18 months postpartum and subsequent risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in Danish women: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: One-fourth of women experience substantially higher weight years after childbirth. We examined weight change from prepregnancy to 18 months postpartum according to subsequent maternal risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a cohort study of 47,966 women with a live-born singleton within the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC; 1997-2002). Interviews during pregnancy and 6 and 18 months postpartum provided information on height, gestational weight gain (GWG), postpartum weights, and maternal characteristics. Information on pregnancy complications, incident hypertension, and CVD was obtained from the National Patient Register. Using Cox regression, we estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs; 95% confidence interval [CI]) for hypertension and CVD through 16 years of follow-up. During this period, 2,011 women were diagnosed at the hospital with hypertension and 1,321 with CVD. The women were on average 32.3 years old (range 18.0-49.2) at start of follow-up, 73% had a prepregnancy BMI <25, and 27% a prepregnancy BMI ≥25. Compared with a stable weight (±1 BMI unit), weight gains from prepregnancy to 18 months postpartum of >1-2 and >2 BMI units were associated with 25% (10%-42%), P = 0.001 and 31% (14%-52%), P < 0.001 higher risks of hypertension, respectively. These risks were similar whether weight gain presented postpartum weight retention or a new gain from 6 months to 18 months postpartum and whether GWG was below, within, or above the recommendations. For CVD, findings differed according to prepregnancy BMI. In women with normal-/underweight, weight gain >2 BMI units and weight loss >1 BMI unit were associated with 48% (17%-87%), P = 0.001 and 28% (6%-55%), P = 0.01 higher risks of CVD, respectively. Further, weight loss >1 BMI unit combined with a GWG below recommended was associated with a 70% (24%-135%), P = 0.001 higher risk of CVD. No such increased risks were observed among women with overweight/obesity (interaction by prepregnancy BMI, P = 0.01, 0.03, and 0.03, respectively). The limitations of this observational study include potential confounding by prepregnancy metabolic health and self-reported maternal weights, which may lead to some misclassification. CONCLUSIONS: Postpartum weight retention/new gain in all mothers and postpartum weight loss in mothers with normal-/underweight may be associated with later adverse cardiovascular health.

Do genetic risk scores for childhood adiposity operate independent of BMI of their mothers?

OBJECTIVES: Genetic predisposition and maternal body mass index (BMI) are risk factors for childhood adiposity, defined by either BMI or overweight. We aimed to investigate whether childhood-specific genetic risk scores (GRSs) for adiposity-related traits are associated with childhood adiposity independent of maternal BMI, or whether the associations are modified by maternal BMI. METHODS: We constructed a weighted 26-SNP child BMI-GRS and a weighted 17-SNP child obesity-GRS in overall 1674 genotyped children within the Danish National Birth Cohort. We applied a case-cohort (N = 1261) and exposure-based cohort (N = 912) sampling design. Using logistic regression models we estimated associations of the GRSs and child overweight at age 7 years and examined if the GRSs influence child adiposity independent of maternal BMI (per standard deviation units). RESULTS: In the case-cohort design analysis, maternal BMI and the child GRSs were associated with increased odds for childhood overweight [OR for maternal BMI: 2.01 (95% CI: 1.86; 2.17), OR for child BMI-GRS: 1.56 (95% CI: 1.47; 1.66), and OR for child obesity-GRS 1.46 (95% CI: 1.37; 1.54)]. Adjustment for maternal BMI did not change the results, and there were no significant interactions between the GRSs and maternal BMI. However, in the exposure-based cohort design analysis, significant interactions between the child GRSs and maternal BMI on child overweight were observed, suggesting 0.85-0.87-fold attenuation on ORs of child overweight at higher values of maternal BMI and child GRS. CONCLUSION: GRSs for childhood adiposity are strongly associated with childhood adiposity even when adjusted for maternal BMI, suggesting that the child-specific GRSs and maternal BMI contribute to childhood overweight independent of each other. However, high maternal BMI may attenuate the effects of child GRSs in children.

Menstrual pain and sexual health in mothers-A cross-sectional study in the Danish National Birth Cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Prevalence and consequences of menstrual pain have mainly been studied in younger women. We aimed to describe the prevalence of menstrual pain in mothers and its association with sexual problems. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study using questionnaire data from the Maternal Follow Up (2013-2014) in the Danish National Birth Cohort (1996-2002). Of 82 569 eligible mothers, 43 639 (53%) completed the follow up. Of these, 24 000 women had a partner, and answered the questions on menstrual pain. Log binomial regression was used to calculate prevalence proportion ratios (PPR) with 95% CI for the association between menstrual pain and specific sexual problems. RESULTS: Menstrual pain was reported by 16 464 women (69%), and severe menstrual pain by 19%. Treatment had previously been requested by 19% of women with menstrual pain. The most common treatment was oral contraceptives, but for 18% of women seeking treatment, no treatment was given. Women with menstrual pain were more likely to report reduced sexual desire (PPR 1.22, 95% CI 1.15-1.29), vaginismus (PPR 1.31, 95% CI 0.96-1.78), and dyspareunia (PPR 1.63, 95% CI 1.47-1.81), in particular deep dyspareunia (PPR 1.92, 95% CI 1.67-2.20). CONCLUSIONS: A majority of Danish mothers in mid-life experienced menstrual pain, and these women more often reported reduced sexual desire, vaginismus, and deep dyspareunia. Few women sought and received treatment for menstrual pain. Healthcare practitioners should be aware that menstrual pain can affect parous women and co-occurs with sexual problems. Future studies should identify barriers to seeking and receiving adequate treatment for menstrual pain.

Concerns about transmission, changed services and place of birth in the early COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey among Danish pregnant women. The COVIDPregDK study.

BACKGROUND: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused great uncertainty about causes, treatment and mortality of the new virus. Constant updates of recommendations and restrictions from national authorities may have caused great concern for pregnant women. Reports suggested an increased number of pregnant women choosing to give birth at home, some even unassisted ('freebirth') due to concerns of transmission in hospital or reduction in birthplace options. During April and May 2020, we aimed to investigate i) the level of concern about coronavirus transmission in Danish pregnant women, ii) the level of concern related to changes in maternity services due to the pandemic, and iii) implications for choice of place of birth. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional online survey study, inviting all registered pregnant women in Denmark (n = 30,009) in April and May 2020. RESULTS: The response rate was 60% (n = 17,995). Concerns of transmission during pregnancy and birth were considerable; 63% worried about getting severely ill whilst pregnant, and 55% worried that virus would be transmitted to their child. Thirtyeight percent worried about contracting the virus at the hospital. The most predominant concern related to changes in maternity services during the pandemic was restrictions on partners' attendance at birth (81%). Especially nulliparous women were concerned about whether cancelled antenatal classes or fewer physical midwifery consultations would affect their ability to give birth or care for their child postpartum.. The proportion of women who considered a home birth was equivalent to pre-pandemic home birth rates in Denmark (3%). During the temporary discontinue of public home birth services, 18% of this group considered a home birth assisted by a private midwife (n = 125), and 6% considered a home birth with no midwifery assistance at all (n = 41). CONCLUSION: Danish pregnant womens' concerns about virus transmission to the unborn child and worries about contracting the virus during hospital appointments were considerable during the early pandemic. Home birth rates may not be affected by the pandemic, but restrictions in home birth services may impose decisions to freebirth for a small proportion of the population.

Associations between work environment, health status and sick leave among pregnant employees.

Aims: To study the associations between and timing of psychosocial and physical work factors and health status on sick leave among Danish pregnant employees. Methods: A total of 910 pregnant women completed a questionnaire in gestational weeks 12 (baseline) and 27 (follow-up). Information about psychosocial and physical work factors and health status was obtained at baseline. Associations with sick leave ⩾14 days were estimated using logistic regression. Further, the impact of timing and duration of exposure on sick leave were examined. Results: A total of 133 women (14.6%) reported ⩾14 days of sick leave at follow-up (27 weeks of gestation). Work-related risk factors for sick leave were high work pace, low influence, low recognition, low job satisfaction, conflict in work-family balance, standing/walking, heavy lifting, and shift work/night shift. Health-related risk factors were burnout, stress, possibility of depression, low work ability, previous sick leave, and poor self-rated health. Being exposed to work-related risk factors during the first 27 weeks of pregnancy or at follow-up increased the risk of sick leave compared with those not exposed at any time or only exposed at baseline. Poor health status increased the risk if women were exposed in the first 27 weeks of pregnancy; however, high possibility of depression was also a risk factor when experienced in early pregnancy. Conclusions: Psychosocial and physical work-related risk factors and poor health status were associated with more sick leave in pregnant employees. Early adjustment of work-related risk factors at the workplace is needed to reduce sick leave.

Trisomy 21 - incidence, diagnostics and pregnancy terminations 1999-2018. / Trisomi 21 ­ insidens, diagnostikk og svangerskapsavbrudd 1999­2018.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesised that the examinations offered to pregnant women at fetal medicine centres differ from those offered to other pregnant women in Norway. We therefore wanted to investigate the incidence, prenatal diagnostics and pregnancy terminations in cases of trisomy 21. We also wanted to compare the figures from the National Center for Fetal Medicine, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, with national figures for Norway. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We analysed figures for the period 1999-2018 retrospectively. National data were compared with an unselected population whose local hospital is St Olav's Hospital. National figures were retrieved from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway and local figures were from the quality registry at the National Center for Fetal Medicine. RESULTS: The national incidence of trisomy 21 was 0.20 %, varying from 0.14 % to 0.23 %, and showed a significant increase over time (p < 0.01). The increasing incidence showed an association with increasing age in the women (p < 0.01). The incidence of live births was stable, even though the proportion of pregnancy terminations increased. In the local population, the incidence of trisomy 21 was 0.19 %. A total of 68.2 % of the local population were diagnosed prenatally, and 87.7 % of these pregnant women terminated the pregnancy. There was a significantly higher proportion of pregnancy terminations in the local population than in the remainder of the national population (p < 0.01). INTERPRETATION: The difference in the proportion of pregnancy terminations may be associated with variation in access to prenatal diagnostics.