Birth weight and risk of childhood solid tumors in Brazil: a record linkage between population-based data sets.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between the development of childhood solid tumors and 1) birth weight and 2) fetal growth, using two Brazilian population-based data sets. METHODS: A case-cohort study was performed using two population-based data sets, and linkage between the Live Birth Information System (Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos, SINASC) and 14 population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) was established. Four controls per case were chosen randomly from the SINASC data set. Tumors were classified as central nervous system (CNS), non-CNS embryonal, and other tumors ("miscellaneous"). Adjustments were made for potential confounders (maternal age, mode of delivery, maternal education, birth order, gestational age, sex, and geographic region). Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using unconditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In a trend analysis, for every 500 g of additional birth weight, the crude OR was 1.12 (CI: 1.00-1.24) and the adjusted OR was 1.02 (CI: 0.90-1.16) for all tumors. For every 1 000 g of additional birth weight, the crude OR was 1.25 (CI: 1.00-1.55) and the adjusted OR was 1.04 (CI: 0.82-1.34) for all tumors. Among children diagnosed after reaching the age of 3 years, in the miscellaneous tumor category, the OR was significantly increased for every additional 500 g and 1 000 g of birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: The study data suggested that increased birth weight was associated with childhood solid tumor development, especially among children more than 3 years old with "miscellaneous" tumors.

Early childhood leukemia incidence trends in Brazil.

Incidence rates of childhood leukemia vary between different regions of the world. The objective of this study was to test possible trends in incidence rate of early childhood leukemia (children <5 years old at the diagnosis) in Brazil. Data from 18 population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) were analyzed (period 1999-2010). The analysis consisted of frequencies, age-adjusted incidence rates, and joinpoint regression results, including annual average percent change (AAPC) in incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The median age-adjusted incidence rate (AAIR) of overall early childhood leukemia was 61 per million. The AAIR for acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) was 44 per million and nonlymphoid acute leukemia (NLAL) was 14 per million. The median ALL/NLAL ratio was 3.0, suggesting higher incidence rate of NLAL in these settings. The joinpoint analysis demonstrated increased leukemia incidence rate in João Pessoa (AAPC = 20; 95% CI: 3.5, 39.4) and Salvador (AAPC = 8.68; 95% CI: 1.0, 16.9), respectively, whereas incidence rate in São Paulo PBCR decreased (AAPC = -4.02%; 95% CI: -6.1%, -1.9%). Correlation between ALL AAIR and selected variables of socioeconomic (SES) factors was not observed. Increased AAIR regionally overtime was observed. However, the interpretation for such phenomenon should be cautious because it might reflect the access to health care, diagnosis procedures, and improvement of PBCR´s quality. The observed trend supports the necessity of further ecological studies.

Cancer Incidence in Mato Grosso state, Brazil: analysis of population-based registries (2007 a 2011).

OBJECTIVE: To analyze five types of cancer health region in the state of Mato Grosso according to sex. METHODS: A descriptive ecological study of the health regions of Mato Grosso state using two data sets on the incidence of population-based cancer registries in Mato Grosso - inland and Cuiabá. Age-adjusted annual incidence rates were calculated for the world population in 1960, according to sex, for the period comprising 2007 to 2011. RESULTS: Although we are still facing problems related to data completeness and quality, the most common cancer types were prostate, female breast, cervix, lung, colorectal and stomach cancer in the state of Mato Grosso from 2007 to 2011. The most frequent types among men were prostate and lung cancer. Among women, breast and cervix cancer were the most frequent ones. The highest incidence rates of cancer per 100,000 inhabitants were found in health regions Tangará da Serra, Sinop, Rondonópolis, and Porto Alegre do Norte. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying the main types of cancer is important for the improvement of cancer prevention and control actions, as well as to understand its magnitude and impact on society. We must continue to improve the quality of information available in population-based cancer records in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Trend analysis of lung cancer incidence and mortality in Grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2000 to 2016.

OBJECTIVE: To analyses lung cancer incidence and mortality trends to gender and age group in Grande Cuiabá between 2000 to 2016. METHODS: Study of times series applying incidence data from the Population-Based Cancer Registry of Cuiabá, and mortality data from Mortality Information System. Annual Percentage Change and the Average Annual Percentage Change were calculated in the incidence and mortality rate through the Joinpoint regression. RESULTS: It was observed between men a decrease of -2,2% in the overall incidence of lung cancer during the term of 2000-2016 and by age range: 40 to 49 years (-4,2%), 60 to 69 years (-2,0%) and 70 to 79 years (-9,4%), in this last age group it was between 2000-2009. The general mortality was stable on historical series, nonetheless, a decline between men of 50 to 59 years (-3,5%) among 2006 to 2016 and of 70 to 79 years among 2002-20011 (-6,3%) were observed. The incidence trends among female individuals maintained stable whereas the overall mortality trends had an increase of 7,2% between 2000-2012 and decrease of -34,1% between 2012-2016. Amid women from 50 to 79 years, there was a raise, ranging from 3,5% to 3,9% between 2000-2016. CONCLUSIONS: There is an evident disparity between the trends analysis of incidence and mortality of lung cancer among men and women, that can be explained by changes in smoking over time, for example, the adherence or not of the smoking withdraw program besides social, cultural, economics differences and even biological.

Cervical cancer specific survival in Grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate specific five-year survival in women diagnosed with cervical cancer living in the municipalities of Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study with information from the Cuiabá Population-based Cancer Registry and the Mortality Information System. To estimate the probability of specific survival in five years, the Kaplan-Meier estimator and the log-rank test were used aiming at verifying if there were statistical differences in the lifetime per groups. To verify the proportionality of the failure rates, the Schoenfeld residual test was used according to the statistical significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: Specific five-year survival and median time were 90.0% and 50.3 months, respectively, for cervical cancer. When analyzing by age, the highest specific survival was among women aged 20 to 49 years (91.7%) and median time was 53.3 months. For the histological type, the highest specific survival was among women with adenocarcinoma (92.3%) and the mean survival time was 53.5 months. CONCLUSION: This study showed that specific survival after five years of diagnosis remained about 90% in patients with cervical cancer. Patients aged 20 to 49 years had higher specific survival and there was statistically significant difference only between age groups.

Estimativa de Incidência de Câncer no Brasil, 2023-2025 / Estimated Cancer Incidence in Brazil, 2023-2025 / Incidencia Estimada de Cáncer en Brasil, 2023-2025

O câncer é um problema de saúde pública mundial. Na última década, houve um aumento de 20% na incidência e espera-se que, para 2030, ocorram mais de 25 milhões de casos novos. Estimativas do número de casos novos de câncer são uma ferramenta poderosa para fundamentar políticas públicas e alocação racional de recursos para o combate ao câncer. A vigilância do câncer é um elemento crucial para planejamento, monitoramento e avaliação das ações de controle do câncer. Objetivo: Estimar e descrever a incidência de câncer no país, Regiões geográficas, Unidades da Federação, Distrito Federal e capitais, por sexo, para o triênio 2023-2025. Método: As informações foram extraídas do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade e dos Registros de Câncer de Base Populacional. Foram estimados os casos novos e suas respectivas taxas de incidência pelos modelos de predição tempo-linear ou pela razão de incidência e mortalidade. Resultados: São esperados 704 mil casos novos de câncer para o triênio 2023-2025. Excetuando o câncer de pele não melanoma, ocorrerão 483 mil casos novos. O câncer de mama feminina e o de próstata foram os mais incidentes com 73 mil e 71 mil casos novos, respectivamente. Em seguida, o câncer de cólon e reto (45 mil), pulmão (32 mil), estômago (21 mil) e o câncer do colo do útero (17 mil). Conclusão: No Brasil, por suas dimensões continentais e heterogeneidade, em termos de território e população, o perfil da incidência reflete a diversidade das Regiões geográficas, coexistindo padrões semelhantes ao de países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento

Cancer is a worldwide public health problem, in the last decade there was an increase of 20% of the incidence and more than 25 million new cases are expected by 2030. Estimates of the number of new cancer cases are a powerful tool to support public policies and rational allocation of resources to fight cancer. Cancer surveillance is paramount for planning, monitoring and evaluating cancer control programs. Objective: To estimate and to describe the incidence of cancer in the country, geographic regions, states, Federal District and capitals, by sex, for the 2023-2025 period. Method: Cancer mortality and incidence information were extracted from the Mortality Information System and from Population-Based Cancer Registries. The number of new cases and their respective incidence rates were estimated by time-linear prediction models or by the incidence and mortality ratio. Results: 704,000 new cases of cancer are expected for the triennium 2023-2025. Except for nonmelanoma skin cancer, 483,000 new cases will occur. Female breast cancer and prostate cancer were the most frequent with 73,000 and 71,000 new cases, respectively, followed by colorectal cancer (45,000), lung (32,000) and stomach (21,000), and cervical cancer (17,000). Conclusion: In Brazil, due to its continental dimensions and heterogeneity both in terms of population and territory, the incidence profile reflects the diversity of geographic regions, and patterns similar to developed and developing countries.

Introducción: El cáncer es un problema de salud pública mundial, en la última década, hubo un incremento de un 20% en la incidencia y se espera, para 2030, más de 25 millones de nuevos casos. Estimaciones del número de nuevos casos de cáncer son una herramienta poderosa para fundamentar políticas públicas y la asignación racional de recursos para el combate contra el cáncer. La vigilancia es un elemento crucial para la planificación, monitoreo y evaluación de las acciones de control del cáncer. Objetivo: Estimar y describir la incidencia de cáncer en el país, regiones geográficas, Unidades de la Federación, Distrito Federal y capitales, por género, para el trienio 2023-2025. Método: Las informaciones fueron extraídas del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad y de los Registros de Cáncer de Base Poblacional. Fueron estimados los nuevos casos y sus respectivas tasas de incidencia mediante los modelos de predicción tiempo-lineal o por la razón de incidencia y mortalidad. Resultados: Se prevén 704 mil nuevos casos de cáncer para el trienio 2023-2025. Exceptuando el cáncer de piel no-melanoma, ocurrirán 483 mil nuevos casos. El cáncer de mama femenino y el de próstata fueron los que tuvieron mayor incidencia con 73 mil y 71 mil nuevos casos, respectivamente. Les siguen el cáncer de colon y recto (45 mil), pulmón (32 mil), estómago (21 mil) y el cáncer del cuello uterino (17 mil). Conclusión: En el Brasil, por sus dimensiones continentales y heterogeneidad, en términos de territorio y población, el perfil de la incidencia refleja la diversidad de las regiones geográficas, coexistiendo estándares similares al de los países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo

Cancer Incidence in Mato Grosso state, Brazil: analysis of population-based registries (2007 a 2011) / Incidência de câncer em Mato Grosso: análise dos registros de base populacional (2007 a 2011)

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze five types of cancer health region in the state of Mato Grosso according to sex. Methods: A descriptive ecological study of the health regions of Mato Grosso state using two data sets on the incidence of population-based cancer registries in Mato Grosso - inland and Cuiabá. Age-adjusted annual incidence rates were calculated for the world population in 1960, according to sex, for the period comprising 2007 to 2011. Results: Although we are still facing problems related to data completeness and quality, the most common cancer types were prostate, female breast, cervix, lung, colorectal and stomach cancer in the state of Mato Grosso from 2007 to 2011. The most frequent types among men were prostate and lung cancer. Among women, breast and cervix cancer were the most frequent ones. The highest incidence rates of cancer per 100,000 inhabitants were found in health regions Tangará da Serra, Sinop, Rondonópolis, and Porto Alegre do Norte. Conclusions: Identifying the main types of cancer is important for the improvement of cancer prevention and control actions, as well as to understand its magnitude and impact on society. We must continue to improve the quality of information available in population-based cancer records in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever os cinco principais tipos de câncer por região de saúde no Estado de Mato Grosso e por sexo. Métodos: Estudo ecológico descritivo das regiões de saúde do Estado de Mato Grosso, com as informações da incidência de câncer dos Registros de Câncer de Base Populacional do Mato Grosso — Interior e Cuiabá. Foram calculadas taxas médias anuais de incidência ajustadas por idade pela população mundial de 1960, desagregadas por sexo, para o período de 2007 a 2011. Resultados: Apesar de problemas de completude e qualidade dos dados, os principais cânceres do Estado de Mato Grosso (capital e interior) entre 2007 e 2011 foram próstata, mama feminina, colo do útero, pulmão, cólon e reto e estômago. Os cânceres mais frequentes para os homens foram os de próstata e pulmão. Entre as mulheres, foram os de mama e colo do útero. As maiores taxas de incidência de neoplasia por 100 mil habitantes por região de saúde foram: Tangará da Serra, Sinop, Rondonópolis e Porto Alegre do Norte. Conclusão: A identificação dos cânceres mais incidentes constitui fator fundamental para o aprimoramento das ações de prevenção e controle do câncer, assim como para a compreensão dessa magnitude e seu impacto na sociedade. Para isso, é necessária a continuidade na melhoria da qualidade das informações disponíveis nos Registros de Câncer de Base Populacional do Estado de Mato Grosso.

Mother and child characteristics at birth and early age leukemia: a case-cohort population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: The population-based cancer registries (PBCR) and the Information System on Live Births in Brazil (Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos [SINASC]) have information that enables the test for risk factors associated with leukemia at an early age. The aim of this study was to identify maternal and birth characteristics associated with early-age acute leukemia (EAL) in Brazil. METHODS: A case-cohort study was performed using secondary dataset information of PBCR and SINASC. The risk association variables were grouped into (i) characteristics of the child at birth and (ii) characteristics of maternal exposure during pregnancy. The case-control ratio was 1:4. Linkage was performed using R software; odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by logistic regression models. RESULTS: EAL was associated with maternal occupational exposure to chemicals (agricultural, chemical, and petrochemical industry; adjOR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.16-4.10) and with birth defects (adjOR: 3.62, 95% CI: 1.19-11.00). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study, with the identification of EAL risk factors in population-based case-cohort study, strengthen the knowledge and improve databases, contributing to investigations on risk factors associated with childhood leukemia worldwide.

Cervical cancer specific survival in Grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil / Sobrevida específica do câncer do colo do útero na Grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil

ABSTRACT: Objective: To estimate specific five-year survival in women diagnosed with cervical cancer living in the municipalities of Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study with information from the Cuiabá Population-based Cancer Registry and the Mortality Information System. To estimate the probability of specific survival in five years, the Kaplan-Meier estimator and the log-rank test were used aiming at verifying if there were statistical differences in the lifetime per groups. To verify the proportionality of the failure rates, the Schoenfeld residual test was used according to the statistical significance level of 0.05. Results: Specific five-year survival and median time were 90.0% and 50.3 months, respectively, for cervical cancer. When analyzing by age, the highest specific survival was among women aged 20 to 49 years (91.7%) and median time was 53.3 months. For the histological type, the highest specific survival was among women with adenocarcinoma (92.3%) and the mean survival time was 53.5 months. Conclusion: This study showed that specific survival after five years of diagnosis remained about 90% in patients with cervical cancer. Patients aged 20 to 49 years had higher specific survival and there was statistically significant difference only between age groups.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a sobrevida específica em cinco anos de mulheres diagnosticadas com câncer do colo do útero que residem nos municípios de Cuiabá e Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva com informações provenientes do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional de Cuiabá e do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Para estimar a probabilidade de sobrevivência específica em cinco anos, foram utilizados o estimador de Kaplan-Meier e o teste de log-rank. Para verificar a proporcionalidade das taxas de falhas, usou-se o teste de resíduos de Schoenfeld, conforme o nível de significância estatística de 0,05. Resultados: A sobrevida específica em cinco anos e o tempo mediano de sobrevida foram de 90% e 50,3 meses, respectivamente, para o câncer do colo do útero. Quando se analisa por idade, a maior sobrevida específica foi entre as mulheres de 20 a 49 anos (91,7%) e o tempo mediano de sobrevida foi de 53,3 meses. Para o tipo histológico, a maior sobrevida específica foi entre as mulheres com adenocarcinoma (92,3%) e o tempo mediano de sobrevida foi de 53,5 meses. Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou que a sobrevida específica após cinco anos do diagnóstico se manteve em torno de 90% em pacientes com câncer de colo do útero. As pacientes entre 20 e 49 anos tiveram maiores sobrevidas específicas e houve diferença estatisticamente significativa somente entre as faixas etárias.

Trend analysis of lung cancer incidence and mortality in Grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2000 to 2016 / Análise de tendência da incidência e da mortalidade por câncer de pulmão na Grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil, 2000 a 2016

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyses lung cancer incidence and mortality trends to gender and age group in Grande Cuiabá between 2000 to 2016. Methods: Study of times series applying incidence data from the Population-Based Cancer Registry of Cuiabá, and mortality data from Mortality Information System. Annual Percentage Change and the Average Annual Percentage Change were calculated in the incidence and mortality rate through the Joinpoint regression. Results: It was observed between men a decrease of -2,2% in the overall incidence of lung cancer during the term of 2000-2016 and by age range: 40 to 49 years (-4,2%), 60 to 69 years (-2,0%) and 70 to 79 years (-9,4%), in this last age group it was between 2000-2009. The general mortality was stable on historical series, nonetheless, a decline between men of 50 to 59 years (-3,5%) among 2006 to 2016 and of 70 to 79 years among 2002-20011 (-6,3%) were observed. The incidence trends among female individuals maintained stable whereas the overall mortality trends had an increase of 7,2% between 2000-2012 and decrease of -34,1% between 2012-2016. Amid women from 50 to 79 years, there was a raise, ranging from 3,5% to 3,9% between 2000-2016. Conclusions: There is an evident disparity between the trends analysis of incidence and mortality of lung cancer among men and women, that can be explained by changes in smoking over time, for example, the adherence or not of the smoking withdraw program besides social, cultural, economics differences and even biological.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar as tendências de incidência e de mortalidade por câncer de pulmão por sexo e faixa etária, na Grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, entre 2000 e 2016. Métodos: Estudo de séries temporais utilizando informações de incidência do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional Cuiabá e de mortalidade do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Foram calculadas a variação percentual anual e a variação percentual média anual das taxas de incidência e de mortalidade, pela regressão por joinpoint. Resultados: Observou-se entre homens decréscimo de -2,2% na incidência geral de câncer de pulmão entre 2000-2016 e por faixa etária: 40 a 49 anos (-4,2%), 60 a 69 anos (-2%) e 70 a 79 anos (-9,4%), sendo nesta última faixa entre 2000-2009. A mortalidade geral foi estável na série histórica, porém verificou-se decréscimo entre os homens de 50 a 59 anos (-3,5%) entre 2006-2016 e de 70 a 79 anos entre 2002-2011 (-6,3%). Para as mulheres, as tendências de incidência mantiveram-se estáveis, enquanto nas tendências de mortalidade geral houve aumento de 7,2% entre 2000-2012 e decréscimo de -34,1% entre 2012-2016. Entre mulheres de 50 a 79 anos, houve aumento, variando de 3,5 a 3,9% entre 2000-2016. Conclusão: Existe evidente disparidade nas análises de tendências de incidência e de mortalidade de câncer de pulmão entre homens e mulheres, que pode ser explicada por mudanças do tabagismo ao longo do tempo, por exemplo, adesão ou não ao programa de abandono do tabagismo, além de diferenças sociais, culturais, econômicas e até mesmo biológicas.

Maternal and Birth Characteristics and Childhood Embryonal Solid Tumors: A Population-Based Report from Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Several maternal and birth characteristics have been reported to be associated with an increased risk of many childhood cancers. Our goal was to evaluate the risk of childhood embryonal solid tumors in relation to pre- and perinatal characteristics. METHODS: A case-cohort study was performed using two population-based datasets, which were linked through R software. Tumors were classified as central nervous system (CNS) or non-CNS-embryonal (retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, renal tumors, germ cell tumors, hepatoblastoma and soft tissue sarcoma). Children aged <6 years were selected. Adjustments were made for potential confounders. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed by unconditional logistic regression analysis using SPSS. RESULTS: Males, high maternal education level, and birth anomalies were independent risk factors. Among children diagnosed older than 24 months of age, cesarean section (CS) was a significant risk factor. Five-minute Apgar ≤8 was an independent risk factor for renal tumors. A decreasing risk with increasing birth order was observed for all tumor types except for retinoblastoma. Among children with neuroblastoma, the risk decreased with increasing birth order (OR = 0.82 (95% CI 0.67-1.01)). Children delivered by CS had a marginally significantly increased OR for all tumors except retinoblastoma. High maternal education level showed a significant increase in the odds for all tumors together, CNS tumors, and neuroblastoma. CONCLUSION: This evidence suggests that male gender, high maternal education level, and birth anomalies are risk factors for childhood tumors irrespective of the age at diagnosis. Cesarean section, birth order, and 5-minute Apgar score were risk factors for some tumor subtypes.

COVID-19 and Cancer: Updating Epidemiological Issues / Covid-19 e Câncer: Atualização de Aspectos Epidemiológicos / Covid-19 y Cáncer: Actualización de Aspectos Epidemiológicos

Introduction: The disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) is currently a global public health issue. Advanced age, male gender, history of tobacco addiction and presence of comorbidities, among them cancer, were reported in the literature as factors associated to the worse prognosis of the disease. Objectives: To review the literature about the new coronavirus infection in individuals with malignant neoplasms and to update the epidemiological aspects of the disease in oncologic patients. Method: Literature review on articles published in scientific journals that addressed the epidemiologic aspects of the infection by coronavirus in oncologic patients using the terms of the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and of the Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCs) in the MEDLINE/PubMed database. Results: Patients with cancer have worse clinical results when compared to the general population. Conclusion: Elderly oncologic patients with lung cancer or patients who have submitted to recent cancer surgery or chemotherapy when diagnosed with COVID-19 were more susceptible to the development of severe infection.

Introdução: A doença causada pelo novo coronavírus (Covid-19) é atualmente um problema mundial de saúde pública. A idade avançada, sexo masculino, histórico de tabagismo e presença de comorbidades, entre as quais, o câncer, foram relatados na literatura como fatores associados ao pior prognóstico da doença. Objetivos: Revisar a literatura acerca da infecção pelo novo coronavírus em indivíduos portadores de neoplasias malignas e atualizar os aspectos epidemiológicos da doença em pacientes oncológicos. Método: Revisão de trabalhos publicados em periódicos científicos que abordavam os aspectos epidemiológicos da infecção por coronavírus em pacientes oncológicos por meio de termos do Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) e dos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCs) na base de dados MEDLINE/PubMed. Resultados: Pacientes com câncer apresentam piores resultados clínicos quando comparados à população geral. Conclusão: Pacientes oncológicos idosos, portadores de câncer de pulmão, ou que se submeteram à cirurgia oncológica ou à quimioterapia recentes ao diagnóstico de Covid-19 apresentaram maior suscetibilidade ao desenvolvimento da infecção grave

Introducción: La enfermedad causada por coronavirus (Covid-19) es actualmente un problema de salud pública. Las personas con enfermedades crónicas como el cáncer, el sexo masculino, los pacientes con antecedentes de tabaquismo y los ancianos tienen un mayor riesgo de adquirir formas graves, desarrollar complicaciones y morir por la enfermedad. Objetivos: Revisar la literatura sobre la infección con el nuevo coronavirus en individuos con neoplasias malignas y sintetizar los aspectos epidemiológicos de la enfermedad en pacientes con cáncer. Método: Revisión de la literatura como artículos publicados en revistas científicas utilizando los términos médicos (MeSH) y Descriptores en Ciencia de la Salud (DeCs) en la base de datos MEDLINE/PubMed. Resultados: Los pacientes con cáncer tienen peores resultados clínicos en comparación con la población general. Conclusiones: Pacientes oncológicos ancianos, portadores de cáncer de pulmón, o que se sometieron a cirugía de cáncer o a quimioterapia reciente al diagnóstico de Covid-19 fueron más susceptibles al desarrollo de infección severa.

Childhood cancer mortality trends in Brazil, 1979-2008.

OBJECTIVES: Childhood cancer mortality has substantially declined worldwide as a result of significant advances in global cancer care. Because limited information is available in Brazil, we analyzed trends in childhood cancer mortality in five Brazilian regions over 29 years. METHODS: Data from children 0-14 years old were extracted from the Health Mortality Information System for 1979 through 2008. Age-adjusted mortality rates, crude mortality rates, and age-specific mortality rates by geographic region of Brazil and for the entire country were analyzed for all cancers and leukemia. Mortality trends were evaluated for all childhood cancers and leukemia using joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Mortality declined significantly for the entire period (1979-2008) for children with leukemia. Childhood cancer mortality rates declined in the South and Southeast, remained stable in the Middle West, and increased in the North and Northeast. Although the mortality rates did not unilaterally decrease in all regions, the age-adjusted mortality rates were relatively similar among the five Brazilian regions from 2006-2008. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood cancer mortality declined 1.2 to 1.6% per year in the South and Southeast regions.

Lymphoma subtype incidence rates in children and adolescents: first report from Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Lymphoma is the third most common pediatric malignancy. The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence rates of lymphoma in children and adolescents in Brazil. METHODS: All cases of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and Burkitt lymphoma (BL) were extracted from 14 population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) from 2000 to 2005, and included children and adolescents 0-19 years old. Analyses included age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIRs) and age-specific incidence rates (ASIRs) by each PBCR. A social exclusion index (SEI) was built and used as proxy for socioeconomic status (SES) levels. Correlations between SES and incidence rates were investigated using Spearman's test. RESULTS: The median incidence of lymphoma was 22.7/million. AAIRs of lymphomas varied from 12.9 (Salvador) to 34.5 per million (São Paulo). Median AAIR was 8.8/million, 9.8/million, and 2.9/million for NHL, HL, and BL, respectively. In all PBCRs except that of Recife, AAIR was slightly higher in males than females. The median ASIR was highest for HL (18.5/million) at 15-19 years for both genders. For NHL there were two peaks for ASIR: 11.1/million (1-4 years of age) and 13.2/million (15-19 years of age). The median ASIR for BL was highest among children aged 1-4 years (4.7/million) and in males. Higher SEI correlated with higher incidence of HL (P = 0.06), whereas rates of NHL and BL did not correlate with SEI. Borderline different incidence rates were observed in HL correlated with cities with higher SEIs. CONCLUSION: Incidence rates of lymphomas in Brazil do not differ compared to rates reported worldwide, although SES differences deserve further investigation.

Mother and child characteristics at birth and early age leukemia: a case-cohort population-based study / Características mãe-filho ao nascer e leucemias na primeira infância: um estudo de caso-coorte de base populacional no Brasil

Abstract Objective: The population-based cancer registries (PBCR) and the Information System on Live Births in Brazil (Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos [SINASC]) have information that enables the test for risk factors associated with leukemia at an early age. The aim of this study was to identify maternal and birth characteristics associated with early-age acute leukemia (EAL) in Brazil. Methods: A case-cohort study was performed using secondary dataset information of PBCR and SINASC. The risk association variables were grouped into (i) characteristics of the child at birth and (ii) characteristics of maternal exposure during pregnancy. The case-control ratio was 1:4. Linkage was performed using R software; odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by logistic regression models. Results: EAL was associated with maternal occupational exposure to chemicals (agricultural, chemical, and petrochemical industry; adjOR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.16-4.10) and with birth defects (adjOR: 3.62, 95% CI: 1.19-11.00). Conclusions: The results of this study, with the identification of EAL risk factors in population-based case-cohort study, strengthen the knowledge and improve databases, contributing to investigations on risk factors associated with childhood leukemia worldwide.

Resumo Objetivos: Os registros de câncer de base populacional (RCBP) e o Sistema Nacional de Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) possuem informações que possibilitam testar hipóteses sobre fatores de riscos associados às leucemias. O objetivo principal deste projeto é identificar quais as características ao nascimento das crianças que estariam associadas ao risco de desenvolver Leucemia Aguda (LA) na primeira infância. Métodos: Foram utilizadas informações de 12 RCBP e do Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos das mesmas localidades. Foram elegíveis 272 casos e 1.088 controles no período de 1996 a 2010. As associações de riscos de LA foram agrupadas em, (i) características da criança ao nascer, e (ii) características de exposição materna durante a gestação da criança. A relação de casos e controles foi de 1:4. As análises para padronização, estruturação do banco de dados e análises estatísticas foram realizadas através dos aplicativos Excel, R-Studio e SPSS 21. Resultados: Houve associação entre anomalias congênitas (RC 3,62, IC95% 1,19-11,00) e exposição ocupacional materna a produtos químicos (OR 2,18, p 0,002) com o risco do desenvolvimento de LA. Conclusão: A utilização de banco de dados secundários populacionais para a identificação de fatores de risco para LA fortaleceu o intercâmbio de conhecimentos e melhoria das bases de dados, e contribuiu para investigações sobre as associações de riscos nas leucemias agudas em contexto mundial.

Birth weight and risk of childhood solid tumors in Brazil: a record linkage between population-based data sets / El peso al nacer y el riesgo de formación de tumores sólidos en la niñez en el Brasil: vinculación de registros entre conjuntos de datos poblacionales

Objective. To analyze the relationship between the development of childhood solid tumors and 1) birth weight and 2) fetal growth, using two Brazilian population-based data sets. Methods. A case–cohort study was performed using two population-based data sets, and linkage between the Live Birth Information System (Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos, SINASC) and 14 population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) was established. Four controls per case were chosen randomly from the SINASC data set. Tumors were classified as central nervous system (CNS), non-CNS embryonal, and other tumors (“miscellaneous”). Adjustments were made for potential confounders (maternal age, mode of delivery, maternal education, birth order, gestational age, sex, and geographic region). Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results. In a trend analysis, for every 500 g of additional birth weight, the crude OR was 1.12 (CI: 1.00–1.24) and the adjusted OR was 1.02 (CI: 0.90–1.16) for all tumors. For every 1 000 g of additional birth weight, the crude OR was 1.25 (CI: 1.00–1.55) and the adjusted OR was 1.04 (CI: 0.82–1.34) for all tumors. Among children diagnosed after reaching the age of 3 years, in the miscellaneous tumor category, the OR was significantly increased for every additional 500 g and 1 000 g of birth weight. Conclusions. The study data suggested that increased birth weight was associated with childhood solid tumor development, especially among children more than 3 years old with “miscellaneous” tumors.

Objetivo. Analizar la relación entre la aparición de tumores sólidos en la niñez y 1) el peso al nacer y 2) el crecimiento fetal, a partir de dos conjuntos de datos poblacionales del Brasil. Métodos. Se efectuó un estudio de casos en una cohorte a partir de dos conjuntos de datos poblacionales y se vinculó el sistema de información de nacidos vivos (Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos, SINASC) con 14 registros oncológicos poblacionales. Se eligieron al azar cuatro controles por caso del conjunto de datos del SINASC. Los tumores se clasificaron en tres tipos: del sistema nervioso central (SNC), embrionarios ajenos al SNC y otros (“misceláneos”). Se hicieron ajustes en función de los posibles factores de confusión (edad materna, modalidad de parto, educación materna, orden de nacimiento, edad gestacional, sexo y región geográfica) y se calcularon las razones de posibilidad (OR) con un intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95 % mediante análisis de la regresión logística incondicional. Resultados. En el análisis de las tendencias, se observó que, en todos los tumores, cada 500 g adicionales de peso al nacer la OR bruta fue de 1,12 (IC: 1,00-1,24) y la OR ajustada, de 1,02 (IC: 0,90-1,16), mientras que, cada 1 000 g adicionales, la OR bruta fue de 1,25 (IC: 1,00-1,55) y la OR ajustada, de 1,04 (IC: 0,82-1,34). En cuanto a los niños diagnosticados después de los 3 años de edad, en la categoría de tumores misceláneos, la OR fue significativamente más alta con cada 500 g y 1 000 g adicionales de peso al nacer. Conclusiones. Los datos del estudio indican que el peso alto al nacer está asociado a la aparición de tumores sólidos en la niñez, especialmente de la categoría “misceláneos” y en los niños mayores de 3 años de edad.

Birth weight and risk of childhood solid tumors in Brazil: a record linkage between population-based data sets / El peso al nacer y el riesgo de formación de tumores sólidos en la niñez en el Brasil: vinculación de registros entre conjuntos de datos poblacionales

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the relationship between the development of childhood solid tumors and 1) birth weight and 2) fetal growth, using two Brazilian population-based data sets. Methods A case–cohort study was performed using two population-based data sets, and linkage between the Live Birth Information System (Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos, SINASC) and 14 population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) was established. Four controls per case were chosen randomly from the SINASC data set. Tumors were classified as central nervous system (CNS), non-CNS embryonal, and other tumors (“miscellaneous”). Adjustments were made for potential confounders (maternal age, mode of delivery, maternal education, birth order, gestational age, sex, and geographic region). Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results In a trend analysis, for every 500 g of additional birth weight, the crude OR was 1.12 (CI: 1.00–1.24) and the adjusted OR was 1.02 (CI: 0.90–1.16) for all tumors. For every 1 000 g of additional birth weight, the crude OR was 1.25 (CI: 1.00–1.55) and the adjusted OR was 1.04 (CI: 0.82–1.34) for all tumors. Among children diagnosed after reaching the age of 3 years, in the miscellaneous tumor category, the OR was significantly increased for every additional 500 g and 1 000 g of birth weight. Conclusions The study data suggested that increased birth weight was associated with childhood solid tumor development, especially among children more than 3 years old with “miscellaneous” tumors.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la relación entre la aparición de tumores sólidos en la niñez y 1) el peso al nacer y 2) el crecimiento fetal, a partir de dos conjuntos de datos poblacionales del Brasil. Métodos Se efectuó un estudio de casos en una cohorte a partir de dos conjuntos de datos poblacionales y se vinculó el sistema de información de nacidos vivos (Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos, SINASC) con 14 registros oncológicos poblacionales. Se eligieron al azar cuatro controles por caso del conjunto de datos del SINASC. Los tumores se clasificaron en tres tipos: del sistema nervioso central (SNC), embrionarios ajenos al SNC y otros (“misceláneos”). Se hicieron ajustes en función de los posibles factores de confusión (edad materna, modalidad de parto, educación materna, orden de nacimiento, edad gestacional, sexo y región geográfica) y se calcularon las razones de posibilidad (OR) con un intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95 % mediante análisis de la regresión logística incondicional. Resultados En el análisis de las tendencias, se observó que, en todos los tumores, cada 500 g adicionales de peso al nacer la OR bruta fue de 1,12 (IC: 1,00-1,24) y la OR ajustada, de 1,02 (IC: 0,90-1,16), mientras que, cada 1 000 g adicionales, la OR bruta fue de 1,25 (IC: 1,00-1,55) y la OR ajustada, de 1,04 (IC: 0,82-1,34). En cuanto a los niños diagnosticados después de los 3 años de edad, en la categoría de tumores misceláneos, la OR fue significativamente más alta con cada 500 g y 1 000 g adicionales de peso al nacer. Conclusiones Los datos del estudio indican que el peso alto al nacer está asociado a la aparición de tumores sólidos en la niñez, especialmente de la categoría “misceláneos” y en los niños mayores de 3 años de edad.

Childhood cancer mortality trends in Brazil, 1979-2008

OBJECTIVES: Childhood cancer mortality has substantially declined worldwide as a result of significant advances in global cancer care. Because limited information is available in Brazil, we analyzed trends in childhood cancer mortality in five Brazilian regions over 29 years. METHODS: Data from children 0-14 years old were extracted from the Health Mortality Information System for 1979 through 2008. Age-adjusted mortality rates, crude mortality rates, and age-specific mortality rates by geographic region of Brazil and for the entire country were analyzed for all cancers and leukemia. Mortality trends were evaluated for all childhood cancers and leukemia using joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Mortality declined significantly for the entire period (1979-2008) for children with leukemia. Childhood cancer mortality rates declined in the South and Southeast, remained stable in the Middle West, and increased in the North and Northeast. Although the mortality rates did not unilaterally decrease in all regions, the age-adjusted mortality rates were relatively similar among the five Brazilian regions from 2006-2008. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood cancer mortality declined 1.2 to 1.6% per year in the South and Southeast regions.

Diferenças de gênero na tendência de mortalidade por câncer de pulmão nas macrorregiões brasileiras / Gender differences in lung cancer mortality trends in Brazilian macro regions

O câncer de pulmão é a primeira causa de óbito por câncer entre homens e a segunda entre mulheres no Brasil. Em países desenvolvidos, a mortalidade por este tipo de câncer vem declinando entre homens, mas não entre as mulheres. Este estudo analisou as tendências de mortalidade por câncer de pulmão no Brasil para homens e mulheres durante o período de 1979 a 2003 em todo o país e nas cinco macrorregiões. Foram calculadas taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por idade e específicas para os grupos etários de 40-59 e 60 anos e mais. As variações percentuais anuais estimadas (Estimated Annual Percent Change - EAPC) foram avaliadas para os períodos: 1979-1987, 1988-1995, 1996-2003. A mortalidade por câncer de pulmão em todo o período (1979-2003) aumentou em 29 por cento entre homens e em 86 por cento entre mulheres. Desagregando-se os dados, observou-se uma tendência inversa evidente na região Sudeste entre 1996 e 2003 para o grupo etário mais jovem com diminuição para homens (EAPC = - 2,1) e aumento para mulheres (EAPC = 3,2). Merece destaque a grande variação positiva nas tendências para mulheres na região Norte e Nordeste a partir de 1988 nos dois grupos etários estudados. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de dar continuidade às ações de controle do tabagismo para os homens e de aperfeiçoar as estratégias voltadas para as mulheres.

Câncer de estômago: tendência da incidência e da mortalidade no município de Fortaleza, Ceará / Gastric cancer: incidence and mortality trends in Fortaleza city, Brazil

Este estudo analisou a tendência da incidência (1990?2002) e da mortalidade (1980?2007) por câncer de estômago no município de Fortaleza (CE). As informações da incidência foram obtidas no Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional, e as de mortalidade no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Foram determinadas taxas de incidência, de mortalidade e sua variação percentual anual. Foram estimadas as tendências da incidência e mortalidade a partir de modelos de regressão linear. A taxa média de incidência ajustada por idade para o câncer de estômago no período de 1990 a 2002 foi de 21,78 por 100.000 homens e de 8,57 por 100.000 mulheres. Para a mortalidade, as taxas ajustadas para o período de 1980 a 2007 foram de 17,64 por 100.000 homens e de 7,37 por 100.000 mulheres. Não foi possível observar uma tendência decrescente para a incidência de câncer de estômago em Fortaleza, diferentemente do relatado em outros países. Em contrapartida, a mortalidade apontou uma tendência decrescente estatisticamente significativa, em ambos os sexos, com variação percentual anual de 2,1% em homens e 2,6% em mulheres. Ao fazer a análise por período, observou-se um decréscimo de 4,0% em homens (1997?2004) e de 4,8% em mulheres (1990?2004), ambos estatisticamente significativos.