Health Inequity and Time From Pediatric Stroke Onset to Arrival.

BACKGROUND: Time from stroke onset to hospital arrival determines treatment and impacts outcome. Structural, socioeconomic, and environmental factors are associated with health inequity and onset-to-arrival in adult stroke. We aimed to assess the association between health inequity and onset-to-arrival in a pediatric comprehensive stroke center. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted on a consecutive cohort of children (>28 days-18 years) diagnosed with acute arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) between 2004 and 2019. Neighborhood-level material deprivation was derived from residential postal codes and used as a proxy measure for health inequity. Patients were stratified by level of neighborhood-level material deprivation, and onset-to-arrival was categorized into 3 groups: <6, 6 to 24, and >24 hours. Association between neighborhood-level material deprivation and onset-to-arrival was assessed in multivariable ordinal logistic regression analyses adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-nine children were included (61% male; median age [interquartile range] at stroke diagnosis 5.8-years [1.1-11.3]). Over the 16-year study period, there was an increase in proportion of children diagnosed with AIS living in the most deprived neighborhoods and arriving at the emergency room within 6 hours (P=0.01). Among Asian patients, a higher proportion lived in the most deprived neighborhoods (P=0.02) and level of material deprivation was associated with AIS risk factors (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests an increase in pediatric stroke in deprived neighborhoods and certain communities, and earlier arrival times to the emergency room over time. However, whether these changes are due to an increase in incidence of childhood AIS or increased awareness and diagnosis is yet to be determined. The association between AIS risk factors and material deprivation highlights the intersectionality of clinical factors and social determinants of health. Finally, whether material deprivation impacts onset-to-arrival is likely complex and requires further examination.

Salvage Therapy for Childhood Medulloblastoma: A Single Center Experience.

INTRODUCTION: Children diagnosed with medulloblastoma (MB) who are refractory to upfront therapy or experience recurrence have very poor prognoses. Although phase I and phase II trials exist, these treatments bear significant treatment-related morbidity and mortality. METHODS: A retrospective review of children diagnosed with a recurrence of MB from 2002 to 2015 at McMaster University was undertaken. RESULTS: Recurrent disease in 10 patients involved leptomeningeal dissemination, with 3 experiencing local recurrence. In three recurrent patients the disease significantly progressed, and the children were palliated. The remaining 10 children underwent some form of salvage therapy, including surgical re-resection, radiation, and chemotherapy, either in isolation or in varying combinations. Of the 13 children experiencing treatment-refractory or recurrent disease, 4 are currently alive with a median follow-up of 38.5 months (75.5 months). Of the eight patients with molecular subgrouping data, none of the Wnt MB experienced recurrence. CONCLUSION: Recurrent MB carried a poor prognosis with a 5-year overall survival (OS) of 18.2% despite the administration of salvage therapy. The upfront therapy received, available treatment, and tolerability of the proposed salvage therapy resulted in significant heterogeneity in the treatment of our recurrent cohort.

Traitement de sauvetage dans le cas du médulloblastome chez l'enfant : une expérience menée au sein d'un établissement hospitalier. Introduction: Les enfants chez qui l'on a diagnostiqué un médulloblastome réfractaire à un traitement initial ou qui sont victimes d'une récidive présentent d'habitude des pronostics de guérison vraiment défavorables. Bien qu'il existe des traitements basés sur des essais cliniques de phases I et II, ces traitements ont tendance à produire des taux notables de morbidité et de mortalité. Méthodes: Nous avons ainsi mené à l'Université McMaster une analyse rétrospective des dossiers d'enfants chez qui l'on avait diagnostiqué entre 2002 et 2015 une récidive de médulloblastome. Résultats: La réapparition de cette maladie chez 10 patients a provoqué un phénomène de diffusion leptoméningée, trois d'entre eux étant victimes d'une récidive locale. Sur ces 10 jeunes patients, la maladie a progressé de façon importante : ces enfants ont alors été transférés aux soins palliatifs. Quant aux autres 10 enfants, ils ont subi un certain type de traitement de sauvetage (des résections chirurgicales, de la radiothérapie, de la chimiothérapie), que ce soit de façon exclusive ou en variant les combinaisons possibles. Sur les 13 enfants réfractaires à un traitement initial ou victimes d'une récidive, 4 sont toujours en vie, leur suivi médian ayant été de 38,5 mois (75,5 mois). Sur les 8 patients pour qui on a pu obtenir des données moléculaires, aucun de ceux qui étaient atteints d'un médulloblastome du sous-type Wnt n'a connu de récidive. Conclusion: Les médulloblastomes qui réapparaissent après une période de guérison complète présentent un pronostic de guérison défavorable. Leur taux de survie globale est en effet de 18,2 % au cours d'une période de 5 ans, et ce, même après avoir bénéficié d'un traitement de sauvetage. Ajoutons aussi que le type de traitement initial reçu, la disponibilité des traitements ainsi que la tolérance à l'égard des traitements de sauvetage proposés a entraîné une grande hétérogénéité dans le traitement de ces jeunes patients victimes d'une récidive.

A Review of Recent Advances in Endovascular Therapy for Intracranial Aneurysms.

Despite the advances in neuro-interventional techniques and expertise to treat intracranial aneurysms (IAs), there remains a subset of IAs that are considered to be a significant treatment challenge. Working closely with the neuro-interventional community, bioengineers have harnessed their knowledge of anatomy, physiology, biophysics, and new materials to develop novel therapeutic adjuncts for the successful endovascular treatment of simple and complex IAs. This review describes the biological challenges, the landscape of neuro-interventional management of IAs, and the factors pertinent to which therapeutic modality is recommended. Finally, recent technological advances that have emerged over the last decade are discussed, taking the reader through the devices' objectives, utility, and safety profiles. The goal of this review is to (i) provide physicians treating IAs with the pertinent information to facilitate evidence-based clinical decision thereby minimizing morbidity and mortality and (ii) facilitate professionals in the biomedical engineering field with the clinical background and summarize current endovascular IA treatment options available, with the intent to inspire future IA device development and innovation.