Bioconversion of retinol and its cell barrier function in human immortalized keratinocytes cells and artificial epidermis-dermis skin.

The current study aimed to characterize cellular uptake and bioconversion of retinol in fully differentiated human immortalized keratinocytes cells (HaCaT) and artificial skin by measuring the cell integrity of skin barriers, time-dependent transport of retinol, and bioconversion to its metabolites. The expression of epidermal differentiation related genes including Keratin 1 (KRT1), Keratin 10 (KRT10), and Involucrin (IVL) significantly increased in differentiated HaCaT. TEER of HaCaT did not decrease after incubating retinol compared to control (p > 0.05), indicating that retinol tends to maintain strength and integrity of epidermal barrier. TEER of artificial skin decreased treatment of retinol for 2 h, but it was recovered after 4 h. During retinol transport, metabolite was eluted at 13.37 and 13.82 min of basal medium of both keratinocytes and artificial skin, which was identified as retinoic acid by product ion of m/z 283.47. Retinol appeared to be accumulated in keratinocytes, but its uptake tends to be reduced in a time-dependent manner. Retinoic acid converted from retinol in keratinocytes was time dependently transported. In case of artificial skin, retinol was mostly found in apical at initial incubation time, but it was reduced during incubation for 24 h. Retinoic acid was time-dependently found in a basal, which was converted via epidermis-dermis. Results from the current study suggest that topical application of retinol to human skin optimal concentration and time exposure could maintain epidermal barrier function and promote skin function due to its remarkable bioconversion to retinoic acid in the epidermis-dermis.

Is There a Difference in the Distribution of Mechanoreceptors among the Three Sections of the Anterior Talofibular Ligament?

BACKGROUND: We investigated whether the distribution of mechanoreceptors in three sections of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) differed. METHODS: The ATFL was obtained from 29 ankles of 21 fresh-frozen cadavers and divided into fibular attachment, mid-ligament, and talar attachment parts. Histologically, mechanoreceptors were classified as Ruffini (type I), Vater-Pacini (type II), Golgi-Mazzoni (type III), and free nerve ending corpuscles (type IV); the presence of these mechanoreceptors was compared among the three ATFL sections. RESULTS: Type I mechanoreceptors were significantly more numerous than the other receptor types. Comparing the three sections of the ATFL, the number of type I mechanoreceptors differed significantly between the mid-ligament and fibular attachment (p = 0.006), while the number of type III mechanoreceptors differed significantly between the talar and fibular attachments (p = 0.005) and between the mid-ligament and talar attachment (p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: The four types of mechanoreceptors were distributed differently among the three sections of the ATFL. Type I mechanoreceptors were more numerous in all sections compared to the other receptors.

Radiographic predictive findings of neck pain in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between neck pain and radiological findings in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. METHODS: The study groups comprised 257 AS and 50 normal patients. Of the AS patients, 91 had axial neck pain (group 1) and 166 did not (group 2). Full-length radiographs of the spine in the anteroposterior and lateral planes were taken. Radiographic parameters such as the chin brow vertical angle (CBVA), McGregor slope (McGS), slope of the Line of Sight (SLS), C2 slope, C2-C7 lordosis (CL), C2-C7 sagittal vertical axis (C2-C7 SVA), and T1 slope were measured. Statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: The AS and normal patients were found to have significantly different CBVA, McGS, C2 slope, C2-C7 SVA, and T1 slope. However, no significant difference was observed for SLS and CL. Between groups 1 and 2, there were significant differences in the McGS, CL, and T1 slope. However, no significant difference between these two groups was observed for CBVA, SLS, C2 slope, and C2-C7 SVA. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify statistically significant predictors of neck pain in AS patients and it revealed that the T1 slope and McGS were two such predictors. The T1 slope showed superior discriminatory power to McGS and CL in the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that a high T1 slope and McGS are independent radiological predictors of neck pain in AS. Further well-designed studies would be necessary to substantiate our results.

nc886, a Non-Coding RNA, Is a New Biomarker and Epigenetic Mediator of Cellular Senescence in Fibroblasts.

Functional studies of organisms and human models have revealed that epigenetic changes can significantly impact the process of aging. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA), one of epigenetic regulators, plays an important role in modifying the expression of mRNAs and their proteins. It can mediate the phenotype of cells. It has been reported that nc886 (=vtRNA2-1 or pre-miR-886), a long ncRNA, can suppress tumor formation and photo-damages of keratinocytes caused by UVB. The aim of this study was to determine the role of nc886 in replicative senescence of fibroblasts and determine whether substances capable of controlling nc886 expression could regulate cellular senescence. In replicative senescence fibroblasts, nc886 expression was decreased while methylated nc886 was increased. There were changes of senescence biomarkers including SA-ß-gal activity and expression of p16INK4A and p21Waf1/Cip1 in senescent cells. These findings indicate that the decrease of nc886 associated with aging is related to cellular senescence of fibroblasts and that increasing nc886 expression has potential to suppress cellular senescence. AbsoluTea Concentrate 2.0 (ATC) increased nc886 expression and ameliorated cellular senescence of fibroblasts by inhibiting age-related biomarkers. These results indicate that nc886 has potential as a new target for anti-aging and that ATC can be a potent epigenetic anti-aging ingredient.

Identifi cation of the Underlying Genetic Factors of Skin Aging in a Korean Population Study.

Genetic polymorphisms may affect the molecular mechanisms underlying determination of skin type. So far, several genetic studies have been reported; however, very few studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between genotype and skin phenotypes. In this study, the genome sequences of individuals tested for five cosmetic characteristics (wrinkles, moisture content, pigmentation, oil content, and ensitivity) were determined, and we also conducted five genome-wide association studies (GWASs) to identify predictive markers. Some single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within those genes were more frequent in individuals exhibiting stronger traits. GWASs revealed that two genome-wide significant SNPs within FCRL5 and OCA2 genes were associated with wrinkles and pigmentation, respectively (p < 5 × 10-8), and that genomewide SNPs in 21 genes (wrinkles: FCRL5, REEP3, ADSS, and SPTLC1; moisture: TBX4, TRPM3, CEMIP2, CTSH, and TTC39C; pigmentation: OCA2, NCLN, TNS1, CDC42BPA, HS3ST4, and UNCX; oil: SYN2, CNDP1, GAS6, INSR, and TNFRSF19; and sensitivity: CREB5) might be associated with five skin phenotypes. Among these, a genome-wide significant SNP (rs117381658) and the SNP located downstream of FCRL5, which encodes a member of the immunoglobulin receptor family, were associated with an increased risk of wrinkles (p = 1.52 × 10-8). The other genome-wide significant SNP (rs74653330) was associated with a decreased risk of pigmentation (p = 1.04 × 10-8), which is located in the coding region of OCA2 that encodes for a transporter of melanin. Our study reports genetic factors associated with skin cosmetology parameters in the Korean population. We hope our findings will provide a foundation for further genetic and molecular studies related to custom cosmetics. Based on these findings, the industry will be able to provide consumers with ingredients capable of palliating the lack of function associated in genes with SNPs.

Inhibition of melanogenesis by sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate.

Sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (mesna) is a protective agent that is widely used in medicine because of its antioxidant effects. Recently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were shown to increase pigmentation. Thus, ROS scavengers and inhibitors of ROS production may suppress melanogenesis. Forkhead box-O3a (FoxO3a) is an antimelanogenic factor that mediates ROS-induced skin pigmentation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the whitening effect of mesna and the signaling mechanism mediating this effect. Human melanoma (MNT-1) cells were used in this study. mRNA and protein expression were measured by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting analysis to track changes in FoxO3a-related signals induced by mesna. An immunofluorescence assay was performed to determine the nuclear translocation of FoxO3a. When MNT-1 melanoma cells were treated with mesna, melanin production and secretion decreased. These effects were accompanied by increases in FoxO3a activation and nuclear translocation, resulting in downregulation of four master genes of melanogenesis: MITF, TYR, TRP1, and TRP2. We found that mesna, an antioxidant and radical scavenger, suppresses melanin production and may therefore be a useful agent for the clinical treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders.

In Vitro Effects of Dehydrotrametenolic Acid on Skin Barrier Function.

Dehydrotrametenolic acid (DTA) is a lanostane-type triterpene acid isolated from Poria cocos Wolf (Polyporaceae). Several studies have reported the anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects of DTA; however, its effects on the skin are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of DTA on skin barrier function in vitro and its regulatory mechanism in human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT cells. DTA increased the microRNA (mRNA) expression of natural moisturizing factor-related genes, such as HAS-2, HAS-3, and AQP3 in HaCaT cells. DTA also upregulated the mRNA expression of various keratinocyte differentiation markers, including TGM-1, involucrin, and caspase-14. Moreover, the protein expression of HAS-2, HAS-3, and TGM-2 were significantly increased by DTA. To examine the regulatory mechanisms of DTA, Western blotting, luciferase-reporter assays, and RT-PCR were conducted. The phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and IκBα were increased in DTA-treated HaCaT cells. In addition, AP-1 and NF-κB transcriptional factors were dose-dependently activated by DTA. Taken together, our in vitro mechanism studies indicate that the regulatory effects of DTA on skin hydration and keratinocyte differentiation are mediated by the MAPK/AP-1 and IκBα/NF-κB pathways. In addition, DTA could be a promising ingredient in cosmetics for moisturizing and increased skin barrier function.

Novel Polydioxanone Multifilament Scaffold Device for Tissue Regeneration.

BACKGROUND: Facial aging is the result of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that lead to gradual reduction of dermal extracellular components and skin elasticity and wrinkle formation. A novel stent-shaped biodegradable and biocompatible scaffold device braided with absorbable polydioxanone (PDO) multifilaments was recently marketed for tissue suturing and augmentation. OBJECTIVE: To explore tissue regeneration profiles following implantation of the stent-shaped hollow scaffold in rats and mini-pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The scaffold device was implanted under the panniculus carnosus of rat dorsal skin and in the subcutaneous layer of mini-pig dorsal skin. Tissue samples were harvested and histologically evaluated after 3 days and 1, 2, 4, and 12 weeks for rats and after 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks for mini-pigs. RESULTS: Type III collagen was slowly replaced by Type I collagen in the scaffold. Cells from the surrounding tissue infiltrated the hollow space of the scaffold, which induced de novo tissue regeneration in this space. CONCLUSION: The novel stent-shaped scaffold used here may be useful for stimulated tissue remodeling of aged skin, collagen synthesis, and partial restoration of dermal matrix components. The cosmetic purpose of this novel soft tissue augmentation device should be clinically investigated in long-term studies.

Isolation and identification of Malassezia species from Chinese and Korean patients with seborrheic dermatitis and in vitro studies on their bioactivity on sebaceous lipids and IL-8 production.

We investigated the distribution of Malassezia yeast in 120 Chinese (20 patients from each of six cities) and 20 Korean patients with scalp seborrheic dermatitis (SD) and dandruff (SD/D) using ITS1 and ITS2 polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Bioactivity was studied by quantifying sebum lipid production by human primary sebocytes and inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8) production was studied by exposing HaCaT keratinocytes with extracts of five standard Malassezia strains; M. globosa, M. restricta, M. sympodialis, M. dermatis and M. slooffiae. M. restricta and M. globosa were the most frequently encountered species from both Chinese and Korean patients. These two Malassezia species also promoted neutral lipid synthesis although the result was not statistically significant and induced significant increase in IL-8 production among the five Malassezia species studied. The study suggests a possible role of these organisms in the pathogenesis of SD/D.

Multi-polydioxanone (PDO) scaffold for forehead wrinkle correction: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Forehead wrinkles are the result of contracture of the frontalis muscle and the skin aging process. Currently, hyaluronic acid filler and botulinum toxin are the main materials used for correction of these wrinkles. In addition, polydioxanone (PDO) thread has also been applied for this treatment. OBJECTIVE: In order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of multi-PDO scaffold in animal and human skin, we tested PDO insertion in rat and mini-pig models and human volunteers with forehead wrinkles. METHODS: A stent-shaped multi-PDO scaffold was inserted under the panniculus carnosus of rat dorsal skin and the subcutaneous layer of mini-pig dorsal skin and forehead wrinkles in three human volunteers. RESULTS: Histological analysis at 12 weeks revealed evidence of de novo collagen synthesis, which was consistent with clinical results on photo evaluation. CONCLUSION: Stent-shaped multi-PDO scaffolds may be another effective and safe treatment modality for reduction of forehead wrinkles.

Correction of midface volume deficiency using hyaluronic acid filler and intradermal radiofrequency.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are increasingly used for midface augmentation, which can be performed for facial rejuvenation. Previous study proved that radiofrequency (RF) treatment prior to HA filler injection may provide synergistic and long-lasting effects for the reduction of nasolabial fold wrinkles. Here, we report a case in which the efficacy of two different treatments using RF and HA filler and HA filler alone was assessed using a split-face design. In conclusion, the intradermal needle RF with HA filler may be a more safe and effective method than HA filler alone for correcting midface volume deficit. Appropriate volume loss replacement should correct the flattening and furrowing of the central area of the mid-cheek, which is a consequence of the aging process. Also, it will provide a more youthful appearance. Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are an established intervention for correcting facial volume deficiency. In a previous study ( 1 ), radiofrequency (RF) was used to overcome the short duration of HA fillers and resulted in a good outcome.

The inhibitory effect of Scutellaria baicalensis extract and its active compound, baicalin, on the translocation of the androgen receptor with implications for preventing androgenetic alopecia.

Androgens affect several human skin and prostate functions, and the androgen receptor is crucial for regulating the androgen-related mechanisms. In this study, we assessed the antagonizing effects of a Scutellaria baicalensis extract and its main component baicalin on proliferation of human scalp dermal papilla cells. First, the extract and baicalin slightly dissociated the radioisotope-labeled androgen receptor-agonist complex in the androgen receptor binding assay, and the IC50 values were measured to assess the androgen receptor antagonistic effect of the extract (93 µg/mL) and baicalin (54.1 µM). Second, the extract and baicalin treatments dose-dependently inhibited the overgrowth of LNCaP prostate cancer cells, which were stimulated by dihydrotestosterone. Third, the extract and baicalin inhibited nuclear translocation of the androgen receptor stimulated by dihydrotestosterone in human dermal papilla cells. Additionally, the extract and baicalin enhanced proliferation of human dermal papilla cells in vitro. These results show that the extract and baicalin inhibited androgen activation signaling and promoted hDPC proliferation, suggesting that they could be used as active ingredients for treating androgen-associated disorders, such as androgenetic alopecia.

A combination trial of intradermal radiofrequency and hyaluronic acid filler for the treatment of nasolabial fold wrinkles: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Within the last few years, hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers and radiofrequency (RF) devices have shown significant promise for skin rejuvenation. But the effects of HA only lasted for a relatively short duration. Therefore, we tried a new combination therapy of intradermal RF and HA filler. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of combination therapy of intradermal RF and HA filler for nasolabial fold (NLF) wrinkle reduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten Korean female volunteers with mild to severe NLFs were enrolled. In the control group, five subjects were treated with HA filler alone. In the experimental group, the other five subjects were treated with intradermal RF prior to HA filler. Efficacy was evaluated based on the change on the Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS) and the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) from baseline. RESULTS: At 12 and 24 weeks after treatment, the experimental group showed significantly greater improvement in mean WSRS score compared to the control group. And two (40%) of the five patients in the experimental group achieved 'very much improved' and two (40%) showed 'much improved' at 12 weeks after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Intradermal RF treatment prior to HA filler injection may provide synergistic and long-lasting effects for the reduction of NLF wrinkles.

Spectral and mass characterization of kinetic conversion from retinoids to retinoic acid in an in vitro 3-D human skin equivalent model.

To investigate the effect of retinoids, such as retinol (ROL), retinal (RAL), and retinyl palmitate (RP), on epidermal integrity, skin deposition, and bioconversion to retinoic acid (RA). 3-D human skin equivalent model (EpiDermFT™) was used. Epidermal cellular integrity measured by TEER values was significantly higher for a topical treatment of ROL and RAL than RP (p < 0.05). The skin deposition (µM) of ROL and RAL was approximately 269.54 ± 73.94 and 211.35 ± 20.96, respectively, greater than that of RP (63.70 ± 37.97) over 2 h incubation. Spectral changes were revealed that the CO maximum absorbance occurred between 1600∼1800 cm-1 and was greater from ROL than that from RAL and RP, indicating conjugation of R-OH to R-CHO or R-COOH could strongly occur after ROL treatment. Subsequently, a metabolite from the bioconversion of ROL and RAL was identified as RA, which has a product ion of m/z 283.06, by using liquid a chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) - total ion chromatogram (TIC). The amount of bioconversion from ROL and RAL to RA in artificial skin was 0.68 ± 0.13 and 0.70 ± 0.10 µM at 2 h and 0.60 ± 0.04 and 0.57 ± 0.06 µM at 24 h, respectively. RA was not detected in the skin and the receiver compartment after RP treatment. ROL could be a useful dermatological ingredient to maintain epidermal integrity more effectively, more stably deposit on the skin, and more steadily metabolize to RA than other retinoids such as RAL and RP.

The development of anin vitrohuman hair follicle organoid with a complexity similar to thatin vivo.

In vitrohair follicle (HF) models are currently limited toex vivoHF organ cultures (HFOCs) or 2D models that are of low availability and do not reproduce the architecture or behavior of the hair, leading to poor screening systems. To resolve this issue, we developed a technology for the construction of a humanin vitrohair construct based on the assemblage of different types of cells present in the hair organ. First, we demonstrated that epithelial cells, when isolatedin vitro, have similar genetic signatures regardless of their dissection site, and their trichogenic potential is dependent on the culture conditions. Then, using cell aggregation techniques, 3D spheres of dermal papilla (DP) were constructed, and subsequently, epithelial cells were added, enabling the production and organization of keratins in hair, similar to what is seenin vivo. These reconstructed tissues resulted in the following hair compartments: K71 (inner root-sheath), K85 (matrix region), K75 (companion layer), and vimentin (DP). Furthermore, the new hair model was able to elongate similarly toex vivoHFOC, resulting in a shaft-like shape several hundred micrometers in length. As expected, when the model was exposed to hair growth enhancers, such as ginseng extract, or inhibitors, such as TGF-B-1, significant effects similar to thosein vivowere observed. Moreover, when transplanted into skin biopsies, the new constructs showed signs of integration and hair bud generation. Owing to its simplicity and scalability, this model fully enables high throughput screening of molecules, which allows understanding of the mechanism by which new actives treat hair loss, finding optimal concentrations, and determining the synergy and antagonism among different raw materials. Therefore, this model could be a starting point for applying regenerative medicine approaches to treat hair loss.

Ginsenoside Re prevents 3-methyladenine-induced catagen phase acceleration by regulating Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in human dermal papilla cells.

Background: The human hair follicle undergoes cyclic phases-anagen, catagen, and telogen-throughout its lifetime. This cyclic transition has been studied as a target for treating hair loss. Recently, correlation between the inhibition of autophagy and acceleration of the catagen phase in human hair follicles was investigated. However, the role of autophagy in human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs), which is involved in the development and growth of hair follicles, is not known. We hypothesized that acceleration of hair catagen phase upon inhibition of autophagy is due to the downregulation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in hDPCs, and that components of Panax ginseng extract can increase the autophagic flux in hDPCs. Methods: We generated an autophagy-inhibited condition using 3-methyladenine (3-MA), a specific autophagy inhibitor, and investigated the regulation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling using the luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, and western blot analysis. In addition, cells were cotreated with ginsenoside Re and 3-MA and their roles in inhibiting autophagosome formation were investigated. Results: We found that the unstimulated anagen phase dermal papilla region expressed the autophagy marker, LC3. Transcription of Wnt-related genes and nuclear translocation of ß-catenin were reduced after treatment of hDPCs with 3-MA. In addition, treatment with the combination of ginsenoside Re and 3-MA changed the Wnt activity and hair cycle by restoring autophagy. Conclusions: Our results suggest that autophagy inhibition in hDPCs accelerates the catagen phase by downregulating Wnt/ß-catenin signaling. Furthermore, ginsenoside Re, which increased autophagy in hDPCs, could be useful for reducing hair loss caused by abnormal inhibition of autophagy.

Bioconversion of BIOGF1K, a compound-K-rich fraction from ginseng root and its effect on epidermal barrier function.

BIOGF1K, the ginseng root-based and hydrolyzed ginsenoside-rich fraction, is known to improve skin damage, but there are rare studies on the kinetic of ginsenosides in the epidermis and their effects on epidermal barrier function. The current study investigated the effect of BIOGF1K on epidermal barrier function and its kinetics on epidermal transport. HPLC and LC/MS were used to verify the ginsenosides and the metabolites of BIOGF1K. Human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) and epidermis-dermis artificial skin were treated with BIOGF1K and their metabolites were analyzed by HPLC and LC/MS. The epidermal barrier function was evaluated by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). In BIOGF1K, ginsenoside Rg1, Rd, F1, F2, compound Mc, compound Y (CY), and compound K (CK) were detected and CK and CY were the most and second abundant ginsenosides. TEER of HaCaT with 100 and 200 µg/mL BIOGF1K treatment was significantly higher than the control during 600 min of incubation. CK was permeated to the epidermis in a time-dependent manner and its maximum transported rate was observed at 600 min. In the case of artificial skin, CY and CK were permeated to the epidermis-dermis skin as time-dependent. Also, 24 h after treatment of CY, CK was detected as 19.59% of CY. It was proposed that CY was hydrolyzed into CK while permeating the epidermis. Results from the current study suggest that bioconversion of BIOGF1K rich in CK effectively enhances epidermal barrier function and it could be a useful cosmeceutical to exhibit its functionality to the skin.

Kinetic conversion of BIOGF1K enriched in compound K from in vitro 3-D human tissue model.

The purposes of current study were to investigate the effect of ginsenosides from BIOGF1K enriched in compound K (CK) and compound Y (CY) on the skin barrier function, the deposition in in vitro 3-D human tissue model (EpiDermFT™ Full Thickness 400), and to identify and quantify kinetic bioconversion of the ginsenosides in artificial skin by utilizing the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), respectively. Epidermal barrier integrity evaluated using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was significantly higher in the BIOGF1K treatment than the CY or CK individual treatment throughout incubation (p < 0.05). Skin deposition (%) of CY and CK from BIOGF1K treatment was approximately 4 and 2 times higher than the CY and CK single component treatment, respectively. Total amount of CK found in human skin by deposition and bioconversion was approximately 1087.3, 528.82, and 867.76 µM after topical treatment of BIOGF1K, CK, and CY. Results from the current study reveal that topical treatment of BIOGF1K more effectively induced CK deposition as well as bioconversion of CY to CK than that of a single treatment of CY or CK, suggesting that BIOGF1K could be a useful cosmetic preparation for enhancing skin function.

Valorization of leftover green tea residues through conversion to bioactive peptides using probiotics-aided anaerobic digestion.

Bioactive peptides (BPs) are protein fragments that benefit human health. To assess whether leftover green tea residues (GTRs) can serve as a resource for new BPs, we performed in silico proteolysis of GTRs using the BIOPEP database, revealing a wide range of BPs embedded in GTRs. Comparative genomics and the percentage of conserved protein analyses enabled us to select a few probiotic strains for GTR hydrolysis. The selected probiotics digested GTRs anaerobically to yield GTR-derived peptide fractions. To examine whether green tea (GT) peptide fractions could be potential mediators of host-microbe interactions, we comprehensively screened agonistic and antagonistic activities of 168 human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). NanoLC-MS/MS analysis and thin-layer chromatography allowed the identification of peptide sequences and the composition of glycan moieties in the GTRs. Remarkably, GT peptide fractions produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum APsulloc 331261, a strain isolated from GT, showed a potent-binding activity for P2RY6, a GPCR involved in intestinal homeostasis. Therefore, this study suggests the potential use of probiotics-aided GTR hydrolysates as postbiotic BPs, providing a biological process for recycling GTRs from agro-waste into renewable resources as health-promoting BPs.

SNARE-wedging polyphenols as small molecular botox.

Most cosmetic and therapeutic applications of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) are related to muscle paralysis caused by the blocking of neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. BoNT specifically cleaves SNARE proteins at the nerve terminal and impairs neuroexocytosis. Recently, we have shown that several polyphenols inhibit neurotransmitter release from neuronal PC12 cells by interfering with SNARE complex formation. Based on our previous result, we report here that myricetin, delphinidin, and cyanidin indeed paralyze muscle by inhibiting acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. While the effect of myricetin on muscle paralysis was modest compared to BoNT/A, myricetin exhibited a shorter response time than BoNT/A. Intraperitoneally-injected myricetin at an extreme dose of 1000 mg/kg did not induce death of mice, alleviating the safety issue. Thus, these polyphenols might be useful in treating various human hypersecretion diseases for which BoNT/A has been the only option of choice.