Preclinical Evaluation of Azabenzimidazole-Based PET Radioligands for γ-8 Dependent Transmembrane AMPA Receptor Regulatory Protein Imaging.

AMPA glutamate receptors (AMPARs) play a pivotal role in excitatory neurotransmission, particularly in the hippocampus where the TARP γ-8 subunit is enriched and serves as a target for emerging anti-epileptic drugs. To enable in vivo visualization of TARP γ-8 distribution and expression by positron emission tomography (PET), this study focuses on the development of novel 18 F-labeled TARP γ-8 inhibitors and their corresponding precursors, stemming from the azabenzimidazole scaffold. The resulting radioligands [18 F]TARP-2204 and [18 F]TARP-2205 were successfully synthesized with acceptable radiochemical yield, high molar activity, and excellent radiochemical purity. In vitro autoradiography demonstrates high level of specific binding of [18 F]TARP-2205 to TARP γ-8 in both rat and nonhuman primate brain tissues. However, unexpected radiodefluorination in PET imaging studies of rodents emphasizes the need for further structural refinement. This work serves as an excellent starting point for the development of future 18 F-labeled TARP γ-8 PET tracers, offering valuable insights into medicinal chemistry design, radiosynthesis and subsequent PET evaluation.

Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis response to environmental cues for the development of effective antitubercular drugs.

Sensing and response to environmental cues, such as pH and chloride (Cl-), is critical in enabling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) colonization of its host. Utilizing a fluorescent reporter Mtb strain in a chemical screen, we have identified compounds that dysregulate Mtb response to high Cl- levels, with a subset of the hits also inhibiting Mtb growth in host macrophages. Structure-activity relationship studies on the hit compound "C6," or 2-(4-((2-(ethylthio)pyrimidin-5-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzo[d]oxazole, demonstrated a correlation between compound perturbation of Mtb Cl- response and inhibition of bacterial growth in macrophages. C6 accumulated in both bacterial and host cells, and inhibited Mtb growth in cholesterol media, but not in rich media. Subsequent examination of the Cl- response of Mtb revealed an intriguing link with bacterial growth in cholesterol, with increased transcription of several Cl--responsive genes in the simultaneous presence of cholesterol and high external Cl- concentration, versus transcript levels observed during exposure to high external Cl- concentration alone. Strikingly, oral administration of C6 was able to inhibit Mtb growth in vivo in a C3HeB/FeJ murine infection model. Our work illustrates how Mtb response to environmental cues can intersect with its metabolism and be exploited in antitubercular drug discovery.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of solithromycin analogs against multidrug resistant pathogens.

Novel antibacterial drugs that treat multidrug resistant pathogens are in high demand. We have synthesized analogs of solithromycin using Cu(I)-mediated click chemistry. Evaluation of the analogs using Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assays against resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and multidrug resistant pathogens Enterococcus faecium and Acinetobacter baumannii showed they possess potencies similar to those of solithromycin, thus demonstrating their potential as future therapeutics to combat the existential threat of multidrug resistant pathogens.

Abdominal wall reconstruction after cytoreduction surgery-hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Cytoreduction surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) improve survival and decrease recurrence of peritoneal metastasis in a select population of patients. Abdominal wall resection is often needed to achieve complete CRS and the extent of abdominal wall resection may necessitate abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR). We sought to investigate if postoperative morbidity and mortality was increased in patients who underwent AWR with CRS-HIPEC (AWR group) compared to CRS-HIPEC without AWR (non-AWR group) and to identify if patient, tumor, and operative risk factors were associated with poor outcomes following AWR. We postulate that AWR is a safe and viable treatment option in appropriately selected patients with peritoneal disease. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted from 2012 to 2015. Demographics, comorbidities, intraoperative variables, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed and compared between the non-AWR group and the AWR group. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients underwent CRS-HIPEC at our institution; 19 recruited in non-AWR group and 11 in the AWR arm. Median follow-up was 19.1 mo for the non-AWR group and 15.6 mo for AWR. Overall survival and complications were not significantly different between groups. Six patients in the non-AWR group and three patients in AWR group died during the follow-up period (32% versus 27%, P = 0.75). Grade III/IV Clavien-Dindo complications were similar in AWR compared to non-AWR group (64% versus 50%, P = 0.46) however estimated blood loss (1000 mL versus 450 mL, P = 0.01) and operative time (663 min versus 510 min, P = 0.02) were significantly increased in the AWR group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that AWR is a safe and viable option and can improve wound closure and strength in select patient populations undergoing CRS-HIPEC. AWR is not associated with an increase in mortality or complication rate. Future studies will need larger sample sizes and randomization to identify patient and operative factors that increase morbidity with AWR and identify the ideal timing of AWR.

Naïve Bayesian Models for Vero Cell Cytotoxicity.

PURPOSE: To advance translational research of potential therapeutic small molecules against infectious microbes, the compounds must display a relative lack of mammalian cell cytotoxicity. Vero cell cytotoxicity (CC50) is a common initial assay for this metric. We explored the development of naïve Bayesian models that can enhance the probability of identifying non-cytotoxic compounds. METHODS: Vero cell cytotoxicity assays were identified in PubChem, reformatted, and curated to create a training set with 8741 unique small molecules. These data were used to develop Bayesian classifiers, which were assessed with internal cross-validation, external tests with a set of 193 compounds from our laboratory, and independent validation with an additional diverse set of 1609 unique compounds from PubChem. RESULTS: Evaluation with independent, external test and validation sets indicated that cytotoxicity Bayesian models constructed with the ECFP_6 descriptor were more accurate than those that used FCFP_6 fingerprints. The best cytotoxicity Bayesian model displayed predictive power in external evaluations, according to conventional and chance-corrected statistics, as well as enrichment factors. CONCLUSIONS: The results from external tests demonstrate that our novel cytotoxicity Bayesian model displays sufficient predictive power to help guide translational research. To assist the chemical tool and drug discovery communities, our curated training set is being distributed as part of the Supplementary Material. Graphical Abstract Naive Bayesian models have been trained with publically available data and offer a useful tool for chemical biology and drug discovery to select for small molecules with a high probability of exhibiting acceptably low Vero cell cytotoxicity.

Nelson's syndrome: a review of the clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, and treatment strategies.

Nelson's syndrome is a rare clinical manifestation that occurs in 8%-47% of patients as a complication of bilateral adrenalectomy, a procedure that is used to control hypercortisolism in patients with Cushing's disease. First described in 1958 by Dr. Don Nelson, the disease has since become associated with a clinical triad of hyperpigmentation, excessive adrenocorticotropin secretion, and a corticotroph adenoma. Even so, for the past several years the diagnostic criteria and management of Nelson's syndrome have been inadequately studied. The primary treatment for Nelson's syndrome is transsphenoidal surgery. Other stand-alone therapies, which in many cases have been used as adjuvant treatments with surgery, include radiotherapy, radiosurgery, and pharmacotherapy. Prophylactic radiotherapy at the time of bilateral adrenalectomy can prevent Nelson's syndrome (protective effect). The most promising pharmacological agents are temozolomide, octreotide, and pasireotide, but these agents are often administered after transsphenoidal surgery. In murine models, rosiglitazone has shown some efficacy, but these results have not yet been found in human studies. In this article, the authors review the clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, and efficacy of multimodal treatment strategies for Nelson's syndrome.

Endoscopic endonasal transclival transodontoid approach for ventral decompression of the craniovertebral junction: operative technique and nuances.

The transoral approach is considered the gold-standard surgical route for performing anterior odontoidectomy and ventral decompression of the craniovertebral junction for pathological conditions that result in symptomatic cervicomedullary compression, including basilar invagination, rheumatoid pannus, platybasia with retroflexed odontoid processes, and neoplasms. Extended modifications to increase the operative corridor and exposure include the transmaxillary, extended "open-door" maxillotomy, transpalatal, and transmandibular approaches. With the advent of extended endoscopic endonasal skull base techniques, there has been increased interest in the last decade in the endoscopic endonasal transclival transodontoid approach to the craniovertebral junction. The endonasal route represents an attractive minimally invasive surgical alternative, especially in cases of irreducible basilar invagination in which the pathology is situated well above the palatine line. Angled endoscopes and instrumentation can also be used for lower-lying pathology. By avoiding the oral cavity and subsequently using a transoral retractor, the endonasal route has the advantages of avoiding complications related to tongue swelling, tracheal swelling, prolonged intubation, velopharyngeal insufficiency, dysphagia, and dysphonia. Postoperative recovery is quicker, and hospital stays are shorter. In this report, the authors describe and illustrate their method of purely endoscopic endonasal transclival odonotoidectomy for anterior decompression of the craniovertebral junction and describe various operative pearls and nuances of the technique for avoiding complications.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-targeted PET imaging in non-oncology application: a pilot study in preclinical models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation often indicates a disruptive signal to lipid metabolism, the physiological alteration of which may be implicated in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of [68Ga]DOTA-PARPi PET to detect hepatic PARP expression in a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mouse model. In this study, male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) for a 12-week period to establish preclinical NASH models. [68Ga]DOTA-PARPi PET imaging of the liver was conducted at the 12-week mark after CDAHFD feeding. Comprehensive histopathological analysis, covering hepatic steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, along with blood biochemistry, was performed in both NASH models and control groups. Despite the induction of severe inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis in the liver of mice with the CDAHFD-NASH model, PET imaging of NASH with [68Ga]-DOTA-PARPi did not reveal a significantly higher uptake in NASH models compared to the control. This underscores the necessity for further development of new chelator-based PARP1 tracers with high binding affinity to enable the visualization of PARP1 changes in NASH pathology.

Small Molecule Benzothiophene with In Vivo Efficacy in a Mouse Model of Drug-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Infection.

Hospital-acquired infections, caused by ESKAPE bacteria, are a challenging global public health concern, in part due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains. While profiling a diverse set of compounds for in vitro activity versus this class of bacteria, we noted that the benzothiophene JSF-2827 exhibited promising antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecium. A hit evolution campaign ensued, involving the design, synthesis, and biological assay of analogues designed to address early issues such as a short mouse liver microsome half-life and a modest mouse pharmacokinetic profile. Among these derivatives, JSF-3269 was found to exhibit an enhanced profile and in vivo efficacy in an immunocompetent mouse model of acute, drug-resistant E. faecium infection. The findings suggest a rationale for the further evolution of this promising series to afford a novel therapeutic strategy to treat drug-resistant E. faecium infection.

Immune System Dose With Proton Versus Photon Radiotherapy for Treatment of Locally Advanced NSCLC.

Purpose: Emerging data have illuminated the impact of effective radiation dose to immune cells (EDIC) on outcomes in patients with locally advanced, unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Hypothesizing that intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) may reduce EDIC versus IMRT, we conducted a dosimetric analysis of patients treated at our institution. Materials and Methods: Data were retrospectively collected for 12 patients with locally advanced, unresectable NSCLC diagnosed between 2019 and 2021 who had physician-approved IMRT and IMPT plans. Data to calculate EDIC from both Jin et al (PMID: 34944813) and Ladbury et al's (PMID: 31175902) models were abstracted. Paired t tests were utilized to compare the difference in mean EDIC between IMPT and IMRT plans. Results: IMPT decreased EDIC for 11 of 12 patients (91.7%). The mean EDIC per the Jin model was significantly lower with IMPT than IMRT (3.04 GyE vs 4.99 Gy, P < .001). Similarly, the mean EDIC per the Ladbury model was significantly lower with IMPT than IMRT (4.50 GyE vs 7.60 Gy, P < .002). Modeled 2-year overall survival was significantly longer with IMPT than IMRT (median 71% vs 63%; P = .03). Conclusion: IMPT offers a statistically significant reduction in EDIC compared to IMRT. Given the emergence of EDIC as a modifiable prognostic factor in treatment planning, our dosimetric study highlights a potential role for IMPT to address an unmet need in improving oncologic outcomes in patients with locoregionally advanced NSCLC.

Patterns of Treatment Failure in Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma.

OBJECTIVES: Progression of PCNSL remains a challenge with salvage therapies, including the risk of substantial morbidity and mortality. We report patterns of first tumor progression to inform opportunities for improvement. METHODS: This is an institutional retrospective review from 2002 to 2021 of 95 consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed PCNSL, of whom 29 experienced progressive disease. Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazard models are used to characterize associations of patient, tumor, and treatment variables with LC, PFS, and patterns of first failure. RESULTS: Most patients were below 65 years old (62%) with KPS >70 (64%) and negative CSF cytology (70%). In 70 patients with MRIs, the median tumor volume was 12.6 mL (range: 0.5 to 67.8 mL). After a median follow-up of 11 months, 1-year PFS was 48% and 1-year LC was 80%. Of the 29 patients with progression, 24% were distant only, 17% were distant and local, and 59% were local only. On MVA, LC was associated with age (HR: 1.08/y, P =0.02), KPS (HR: 0.10, P =0.02), completion of >6 cycles of HD-MTX (HR: 0.10, P <0.01), and use of intrathecal chemotherapy (HR: 0.03, P <0.01). On UVA, local only first failure trended to be increased with >14 mL tumors (OR: 5.06, P =0.08) with 1-year LC 83% (<14 mL) versus 64% (>14mL). There were no significant associations with LC and WBRT ( P =0.37), Rituximab ( P =0.12), or attempted gross total resection ( P =0.72). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reaffirm the importance of systemic and intrathecal therapies for local control in PCNSL. However, bulky tumors trend to fail locally, warranting further investigation about the role of local therapies or systemic therapy intensification.

Radiosynthesis and Evaluation of 11C-Labeled Isoindolone-Based Positive Allosteric Modulators for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2.

The metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various neurological diseases, prompting substantial interest in the development of mGluR2-targeted drug candidates. As part of our medicinal chemistry program, we synthesized a series of isoindolone derivatives and assessed their potential as mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). Notably, AZ12559322 exhibited high affinity (K i mGluR2 = 1.31 nM) and an excellent in vitro binding specificity of 89% while demonstrating selectivity over other mGluR subtypes (>4000-fold). Autoradiography with the radiolabeled counterpart, [3H]AZ12559322, revealed a heterogeneous accumulation with the highest binding in mGluR2-rich brain regions. Radioligand binding was significantly reduced by pretreatment with nonradioactive mGluR2 PAMs in brains of rats and nonhuman primates. Although positron emission tomography imaging of [11C]AZ12559322 (6a) revealed low brain uptake in a nonhuman primate, this study provides valuable guidance to further design novel isoindolone-based mGluR2 PAMs with improved brain exposure.

Impact of immunotherapy time-of-day infusion on survival and immunologic correlates in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated that earlier time-of-day infusion of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is associated with longer progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) among patients with metastatic melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. These data are in line with growing preclinical evidence that the adaptive immune response may be more effectively stimulated earlier in the day. We sought to determine the impact of time-of-day ICI infusions on outcomes among patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). METHODS: The treatment records of all patients with stage IV RCC who began ICI therapy within a multicenter academic hospital system between 2015 and 2020 were reviewed. The associations between the proportion of ICI infusions administered prior to noon (denoting morning infusions) and PFS and OS were evaluated using univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: In this study, 201 patients with mRCC (28% women) received ICIs and were followed over a median of 18 months (IQR 5-30). The median age at the time of ICI initiation was 63 years (IQR 56-70). 101 patients (50%) received ≥20% of their ICI infusions prior to noon (Group A) and 100 patients (50%) received <20% of infusions prior to noon (Group B). Across the two comparison groups, initial ICI agents consisted of nivolumab (58%), nivolumab plus ipilimumab (34%), and pembrolizumab (8%). On univariate analysis, patients in Group A had longer PFS and OS compared with those in Group B (PFS HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.94, Punivar=0.020; OS HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.95, Punivar=0.033). These significant findings persisted following multivariable adjustment for age, sex, performance status, International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium risk score, pretreatment lactate dehydrogenase, histology, and presence of bone, brain, and liver metastases (PFS HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.98, Pmultivar=0.040; OS HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.98, Pmultivar=0.043). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with mRCC may benefit from earlier time-of-day receipt of ICIs. Our findings are consistent with established mechanisms of chrono-immunology, as well as with preceding analogous studies in melanoma and lung cancer. Additional prospective randomized trials are warranted.

Noninfectious Endophthalmitis Following Intraoperative Indocyanine Green.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to describe a cluster of four cases of severe postoperative inflammation in eyes that received intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) from the same lot. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of patients from a single-center, retina-only group practice. The ICG lot associated with the inflammatory events was identified and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography with UV spectroscopy. RESULTS: Four patients presented on postoperative day 1 with severe inflammation. The first patient was treated with aqueous biopsy and injection of intravitreal antibiotics, followed by topical steroid and antibiotic drops. The subsequent three patients were treated with topical steroid and antibiotic drops. All patients had resolution of inflammation by postoperative day 14 (range 10 to 14 days). High-performance liquid chromatography with UV spectroscopy failed to identify a contaminant. CONCLUSIONS: The use of intravitreal ICG dye as a surgical adjuvant may uncommonly be associated with severe postoperative inflammation. This inflammation may resolve within weeks after topical corticosteroid and antibiotic treatment. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2022;53:148-151.].

Telemedicine for Endovascular Neurosurgery Consultation During the COVID-19 Era: Patient Satisfaction Survey.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic necessitated the use of telemedicine for most medical specialties, including neurosurgery, although before the pandemic, neurosurgeons infrequently used telemedicine for outpatient visits. We conducted a patient-centric evaluation of telemedicine in our endovascular neurosurgery practice, covering a 4-month period early in the pandemic. METHODS: Survey e-mails after telemedicine visits were sent to all patients who underwent an outpatient telemedicine visit between March 11, 2020, and June 22, 2020, at an endovascular neurosurgery clinic affiliated with a tertiary care center. RESULTS: Of 140 patients, 65 (46%) completed the e-mail survey. Of the 65 respondents, 35 (54%) agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that even before their telemedicine experience, they thought telemedicine would be a convenient way to receive a neurological consultation. After their telemedicine visit, 47 (72%) agreed or strongly agreed with this statement, and 28 (43%) agreed or strongly agreed that they would prefer telemedicine for future visits. Of the 65 respondents, 61 (94%) rated their telemedicine visit as average or better: 34 (52%) rated it excellent, 12 (18%) rated it above average, and 15 (23%) rated it average. When patients compared their telemedicine visit with a prior in-person clinic visit, only 10 of 44 patients (23%) thought the telemedicine visit was more complicated than an in-person visit, and 21 of 44 (48%) said they would prefer telemedicine for future visits. CONCLUSIONS: Our patients expressed satisfaction with their telemedicine visits, and telemedicine will likely play an important role in future outpatient endovascular neurosurgery consultations.

Rickettsia Aglow: A Fluorescence Assay and Machine Learning Model to Identify Inhibitors of Intracellular Infection.

Rickettsia is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that has for centuries caused large-scale morbidity and mortality. In recent years, the resurgence of rickettsial diseases as a major cause of pyrexias of unknown origin, bioterrorism concerns, vector movement, and concerns over drug resistance is driving a need to identify novel treatments for these obligate intracellular bacteria. Utilizing an uvGFP plasmid reporter, we developed a screen for identifying anti-rickettsial small molecule inhibitors using Rickettsia canadensis as a model organism. The screening data were utilized to train a Bayesian model to predict growth inhibition in this assay. This two-pronged methodology identified anti-rickettsial compounds, including duartin and JSF-3204 as highly specific, efficacious, and noncytotoxic compounds. Both molecules exhibited in vitro growth inhibition of R. prowazekii, the causative agent of epidemic typhus. These small molecules and the workflow, featuring a high-throughput phenotypic screen for growth inhibitors of intracellular Rickettsia spp. and machine learning models for the prediction of growth inhibition of an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium, should prove useful in the search for new therapeutic strategies to treat infections from Rickettsia spp. and other obligate intracellular bacteria.

Long-Term Recurrence of Retroperitoneal Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma After a Complete Surgical Resection: A Report of a Rare Phenomenon.

The objective of this report is to present a rare case of a recurrence after 20 years of retroperitoneal dedifferentiated liposarcoma after surgical resection and to discuss the lessons learned from this rare phenomenon for patients management and understanding the behavior of these aggressive tumors.  A 75-year-old woman presented with recurrent retroperitoneal dedifferentiated liposarcoma who had undergone a surgical resection 20 years earlier and had no evidence of disease on frequent follow-ups during that period. The histopathologic examination revealed different morphologic characteristics between the initial and recurrent presentations. The fluorescence in situ hybridization showed amplification of the mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2), a regulator of p53 gene on chromosome 12q15, and positive cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) immunostain. Liposarcoma long-term recurrence is a challenging surgical disease to provide the best survival outcome. Incomplete resection could explain the recurrence in anatomic locations where the lesions are intermixed with the neighboring adipose tissue. However, dedifferentiated liposarcoma can rarely recur after 20 years. The molecular transformation and the survival analysis of these tumors predict certain behaviors. The refraction for radiation therapy in our case and the mixed morphology provide some insight into the biology and the clinical management for these aggressive tumors.

Association of anemia with functional outcomes in patients with mechanical thrombectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Anemia at presentation is associated with worse outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We aim to investigate the association of anemia parameters with functional dependence and mortality in patients who undergo mechanical thrombectomy (MT). METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent MT for an anterior circulation large vessel occlusion at a comprehensive stroke center from 1/2015-6/2020. Anemia was considered as a dichotomous categorical variable with a cutoff point of hemoglobin (Hb) < 12.0 g/dL in women and < 13.0 g/dL in men, as per the definition of the World Health Organization. Mean values of Hb and hematocrit (HCT) were obtained over the first five days of admission. Hemoglobin and HCT variability were measured using standard deviation (SD), and coefficient variability (CV) over the first five days of admission. Values of variance and difference (the difference between peak and trough of Hemoglobin or HCT) were also recorded. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed, including the predictor variables which were contributing significantly to the model (P < 0.05) in the univariate analysis, with 30-day functional dependence (mRS 3-6) (primary outcome) and 30-day mortality (secondary outcome) as the dependent variables. RESULTS: 188 patients met our inclusion criteria. Anemia on presentation, lower mean and minimum values of five-day Hb and HCT, and higher variability in five-day Hb and HCT parameters were associated with higher 3-month mortality. Men with lower mean and minimum values of five-day Hb and HCT had a significantly higher likelihood of functional dependence at 3-months. This finding was not replicated amongst women in our cohort. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated higher 3-mortality in patients with anemia and Hb variability. Our study also demonstrated a higher likelihood of functional dependence in patients amongst men with anemia.

Clinicopathologic characteristics of laryngeal chondrosarcoma: An analysis of the National Cancer Database.

OBJECTIVES: Laryngeal Chondrosarcoma (LC) is a rare malignancy with limited studies documenting its clinicopathologic characteristics and treatment options. This study reports demographic and clinical determinants of outcomes for this rare tumor. METHODS: The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for cases of LC reported from 2004-2016. 274 cases that met inclusion criteria were analyzed for demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics. Kaplan-Meier (KM) and Cox proportional hazard analyses were conducted to identify variables that impacted the overall survival of these patients. RESULTS: LC was found to be more common in males (74.8%). The mean age of patients was 61.8 years and 92.3% of the patients were white. 91.3% of patients were treated with only surgical resection, most commonly: partial laryngectomy (31.6%), total laryngectomy (25.7%), and local resection (22.4%). 98.8% of patients had no evidence of nodal disease and 99.6% of patients did not have distant metastasis at presentation. KM analysis revealed a 5-year overall survival (5YOS) of 89.0%. Age, insurance status, facility type, and surgery type were significant predictors of 5YOS (p<0.05). On Cox Proportional Hazard analysis, private insurance significantly improved survival (HR 0.21; p = 0.048) while increasing age was a poor prognostic indicator (HR 1.10; p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: The majority of LC patients present with no nodal involvement or distant metastasis at diagnosis, and overall this tumor has a favorable prognosis. Increasing age was found to be a poor prognostic factor while private insurance status was associated with improved survival.

Bayesian Modeling and Intrabacterial Drug Metabolism Applied to Drug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

We present the application of Bayesian modeling to identify chemical tools and/or drug discovery entities pertinent to drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. The quinoline JSF-3151 was predicted by modeling and then empirically demonstrated to be active against in vitro cultured clinical methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant strains while also exhibiting efficacy in a mouse peritonitis model of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection. We highlight the utility of an intrabacterial drug metabolism (IBDM) approach to probe the mechanism by which JSF-3151 is transformed within the bacteria. We also identify and then validate two mechanisms of resistance in S. aureus: one mechanism involves increased expression of a lipocalin protein, and the other arises from the loss of function of an azoreductase. The computational and experimental approaches, discovery of an antibacterial agent, and elucidated resistance mechanisms collectively hold promise to advance our understanding of therapeutic regimens for drug-resistant S. aureus.