Measuring Greater Patient-Provider Continuity in a Clinic-First Family Medicine Residency Curriculum.

INTRODUCTION: Continuity is valued by patients, clinicians, and health systems for its association with higher-value care and satisfaction. Continuity is a commonly cited reason for entering primary care; however, it is difficult to achieve in residency settings. We sought to determine the effect of transitioning from a traditional "block" (13 4-week rotations per year) to a "clinic-first" (priority on outpatient continuity) curriculum on measures of continuity in our family medicine residency. METHODS: For the 3 years prior to and the 4 years following the transition from block to clinic-first curriculum (July 2011-June 2018, n = 51 block resident-years and n = 72 clinic-first resident-years), we measured resident panel size, clinic time, office visits, and both resident- and patient-sided continuity measures. We also defined a new longitudinal continuity measure, "familiar faces," which is the number of patients that a resident saw at least 3 times during residency. RESULTS: The transition from block to clinic-first curriculum increased panel size, clinic time for first- and second-year residents, overall total visits, and total number of clinic visits with paneled patients. Continuity measures demonstrated an increased resident-sided continuity at all training levels, an increase (first-year residents) or unchanged (second- and third-year residents) continuity from the patient perspective, and a near doubling of longitudinal continuity. CONCLUSION: Redesigning our family medicine residency curriculum from a traditional block schedule to a clinic-first curriculum improved our residents' continuity experience.

Inadequate prenatal care and risk of preterm delivery among adolescents: a retrospective study over 10 years.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether inadequate prenatal care is associated with increased risk of preterm birth among adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: We selected a random sample of women under age 20 years with singleton pregnancies delivering in Washington State between 1995 and 2006. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between prenatal care adequacy (percent of expected visits attended, adjusted for gestational age) and preterm birth. RESULTS: Of 30,000 subjects, 27,107 (90%) had complete data. Women without prenatal care had more than 7-fold higher risk of preterm birth (n = 84 [24.1%]; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 7.4), compared with those attending 75-100% of recommended visits (n = 346 [3.9%]). Women with less than 25%, 25-49%, or 50-74% of expected prenatal visits were at significantly increased risk of preterm birth; risk decreased linearly as prenatal care increased (n = 60 [9.5%], 132 (5.9%], 288 [5%]; and aOR, 2.5, 1.5, and 1.3, respectively). CONCLUSION: Inadequate prenatal care is strongly associated with preterm birth among adolescents.

A summary of preclinical topical microbicide rectal safety and efficacy evaluations in a pigtailed macaque model.

BACKGROUND: There is widespread recognition of the potential promise of vaginal microbicides as a tool to combat global human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and sexually transmitted infections epidemics, and candidate product development has maintained a rapid pace in recent years; however, rectal microbicide development has received less attention. As it is likely that commercial products developed for vaginal use will also be used rectally, there is a clear need to assess the safety and efficacy of candidate microbicide products specifically in the rectal compartment. METHODS: We have developed a standardized protocol for preclinical rectal safety and (chlamydial) efficacy assessment of topical microbicide candidates in a nonhuman primate model. We evaluated a total of 12 test compounds for rectal safety (via rectal pH, microflora, and rectal lavage) and 1 compound for efficacy against rectal chlamydial infection. RESULTS: In this article, we describe our methods in detail and summarize our results, particularly noting the ability of our model to distinguish products with deleterious effects on the rectal environment. We also outline the specific criteria used to recommend products move into preclinical rectal efficacy trials or be recommended for reformulation to the product developer. In summary, we observed significant adverse effects in 2 products. The single product that underwent efficacy evaluation was not observed to be protective against rectal chlamydial infection. CONCLUSIONS: A preclinical safety and efficacy model is critical to promoting rectal microbicide development, which will ultimately offer a significant opportunity for intervention in the global HIV/AIDS epidemic.

A summary of preclinical topical microbicide vaginal safety and chlamydial efficacy evaluations in a pigtailed macaque model.

BACKGROUND: The development of topical microbicides represents a new and exciting field in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, and it is especially important that candidate products undergo rigorous preclinical safety and efficacy testing before advancing to clinical trials. METHODS: We have developed a standardized protocol for preclinical vaginal safety and efficacy assessment of topical microbicide candidates in a nonhuman primate model. Over 7 years of funding under an NIH contract, we evaluated a total of 28 test compounds for vaginal safety (via colposcopy, vaginal pH, and microflora) and 9 compounds for efficacy against cervical chlamydial infection. In this article, we describe our methods in detail and summarize our results, particularly noting the ability of our model to distinguish products with deleterious effects on the cervicovaginal environment. We also outline the specific criteria used to determine which products should move into efficacy trials and which should be recommended for reformulation to the manufacturer. RESULTS: Overall, we noted acceptable safety profiles for 24 of 28 candidate products. Common findings included a transient decrease in vaginal pH, petechiae, and mild erythema. Four products were associated with significant adverse colposcopic findings including blisters, epithelial abrasions, and friability; all 4 products were successfully reformulated and showed acceptable safety profiles at lower concentrations. No products showed complete protection against cervical chlamydial infection. CONCLUSIONS: The macaque preclinical safety and efficacy model is critical to maintaining the pace of topical microbicide development, which could ultimately offer a significant opportunity for intervention in the global HIV/AIDS epidemic.

Anticholinergic medications and risk of community-acquired pneumonia in elderly adults: a population-based case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether use of anticholinergics is associated with risk of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults. DESIGN: Population-based case-control study. SETTING: An integrated healthcare delivery system in Washington State. PARTICIPANTS: Data from a nested case-control study of community-dwelling immunocompetent adults aged 65 to 94 were analyzed. Pneumonia cases (n=1,039) were ascertained according to International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes from 2000 to 2003 and validated using chart review. Controls (n=2,022) were matched 2:1 to cases according to age, sex, and year. MEASUREMENTS: Anticholinergic medication exposure was ascertained using prescription data; acute use was defined as one or more prescription fills 90 days or less before the index date (date of pneumonia diagnosis), past use was defined as one or more prescription fills within the prior year but none within 90 days, and chronic use was defined as three or more prescription fills within the prior year. The reference group was those with no fills in the prior year. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the association between anticholinergic use and pneumonia, adjusted for comorbidities. RESULTS: Acute use of anticholinergics was observed in 59% of cases and 35% of controls (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.55, 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.08-3.13) and past use in 17% of cases and 23% of controls (aOR=1.19, 95% CI=0.92-1.53). Chronic use of anticholinergics was observed in 53% of cases and 36% of controls (aOR 2.07, 95% CI=1.68-2.54). Results were not different for high- and low-potency anticholinergic medications. CONCLUSION: In older adults, anticholinergic medication use is associated with pneumonia risk, adding to substantial evidence suggesting that these medications are high risk.

Generation C: prevalence of and risk factors for chlamydia trachomatis among adolescents and young women in Lima, Peru.

OBJECTIVE: Adolescent and young adult women in urban, socioeconomically disadvantaged areas are at high risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We assessed associations of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection with both traditional STI risk factors, and partner and partnership-related factors among low-income women in Lima, Peru, by age group. METHODS: In a cross-sectional analysis of CT infection among 1290 postpartum women, cervical swabs were collected for CT polymerase chain reaction (PCR) within 48 h after delivery, and a structured interview was completed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate risk factors for CT, with separate models stratified by age: adolescents (12-19 years), young women (20-24 years), and older women (>or=25 years). RESULTS: CT was detected in 9.6% of adolescents, 9.0% of young women, and 5.4% of older women (p = 0.03). Among adolescents, history of drug use (odds ratio [OR] = 5.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-30.6) and short duration of current partnership (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.14-5.93) were the strongest predictors of CT infection. Among young women, younger age at coitarche (OR = 0.74 for each year older, 95% CI 0.60-0.91) and low income (OR = 2.40, 95% CI 1.04-5.55) were associated with CT, while self-report of ever using condoms was protective (OR = 0.22, 95% CI 0.08-0.61). Among older women, only younger age at coitarche was related to CT (OR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.75-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for CT among women in Lima, Peru, differed for adolescents, young women, and older women, which may reflect differences in biology and/or immunology of CT as well as variability in the occurrence of specific risk behaviors by age group.