Evaluation of the Carbon Dioxide Production by Fungi Under Different Growing Conditions.

Production of carbon dioxide, as one of the ultimate products of fungal metabolism, can be used to quantify and measure their metabolic rate under different conditions, thus aiding in finding the optimal substrate and environment for cultivation of wood-destroying fungi. This study is focused on species Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma lucidum,. These species are also cultivated for mycorestoration as well as their medicinal and nutritional value. To quantify their metabolical rate on various substrates (agar medium, wood chips, rye straw), multiple custom-built airtight chambers were equipped with CO2 probes (GMP 343, Vaisala, Finland) to measure the production of carbon dioxide. The highest values were measured during the primordial production on rye straw substrate, with the average values of 1.09 g CO2 kg-1 (substrate) h-1. These values varied significantly between various substrates, fungal species and development stages.

NMR and IR analysis of natural substances isolated from Cordyceps medicinal mushrooms.

There exist about 750 species of Cordyceps at present. A high price of natural Cordyceps and its lack in nature caused that the attention has been focused to its cultivation in laboratory conditions. The demand for this “fungus-parasite” is still quite high nowadays, as shown by the amount of commercial nutritional supplements. Phytochemical diversity has ensured that Cordyceps is used as an immunomodulatory and an antioxidant; it has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, anti-HIV effects. In the present study we focused on NMR and IR analyses of natural substances isolated from two species of Cordyceps: Cordyceps sinensis MFTCCB025/0216, MFTCCB026/0216 and Paecilomyces hepiali MFTCCB023/0216. Two types of rice substrates (Oryza sativa Indica and Oryza sativa Japonica) were used for cultivation. A total of five methanol extracts obtained by a reflux method of the ground mushroom were analysed. To determine the quality and quantity of the major chemical compounds, 1D and 2D NMR analysis has been used with 1H, 13C, COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC and DEPT spectra. IR spectroscopy was chosen as a complementary analysis to determine functional groups. Linoleic acid, oleic acid and mannitol were identified as major compounds of the methanol extracts. Tyrosine, alanine, urea and the others biologically interesting substances were found as minor components.

The impact of sedation on pulse pressure variation.

OBJECTIVE: Pulse pressure variations (PPV) are mainly influenced by ventilation. The impact of sedation on PPV is not known. The aim of the study was to test the influence of sedation on pulse pressure variation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients and to compare PPV in critically ill and brain dead patients. Beside the absolute value of PPV, the adjusted values of pulse pressure were used to eliminate influence of ventilation. DESIGN AND INTERVENTION: Mechanically ventilated patients received four different breath frequencies. At each frequency airway pressure was adjusted to keep the end-tidal CO2 stable. In critically ill patients the frequencies were applied at basal (bispectral index - BIS median 38) and deeper sedation (BIS 29). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Simultaneous haemodynamic and respiratory data including oesophageal pressure were recorded, adjusted PPV were calculated as PPV/VT, PPV/dPair, PPV/dPes where VT is tidal volume, dPair and dPes are airway and oesophageal driving pressures. SETTING: University Hospital, ICU. PARTICIPANTS: 30 critically ill and 23 patients with a diagnosis of brain death. RESULTS: The pulse pressure variation did not change significantly during deep sedation compared to basal sedation (median 10.3 vs 10.9%) whereas PPV/dPair increased from 0.7 to 0.8%/cmH2O and PPV/dPes from 1.9%/cmH2O to 2.4%/cmH2O (p=0.04). Patients with a diagnosis of brain death had higher PPV and adjusted PPV than critically ill patients. CONCLUSION: Deeper sedation increases values of adjusted pulse pressure variation.

Influence of Ethanol Grade on Captures of Ambrosia Beetles in Tree Fruit Orchards, Ornamental Nurseries, and Lumber Yards.

Ambrosia beetles, particularly invasive species within the tribe Xyleborini, such as Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894), pose significant threats to various ecosystems and managed habitats worldwide. Monitoring these invaders is vital for effective pest management, typically accomplished through ethanol-baited traps. We compared trap efficacy using denatured ethanol versus absolute ethanol in orchards, tree nurseries, and lumber yards in northeastern Ohio, USA, finding that absolute ethanol traps captured significantly more X. germanus. Analysis revealed acetone, ethanol, and methyl isobutyl ketone in the denatured ethanol, likely impacting trap efficacy. Our study underscores the importance of using pure denatured ethanol without acetone for effective monitoring, especially for X. germanus. Exotic xyleborines dominated trap captures across various habitats, emphasizing the need for tailored pest management strategies. Further research is warranted to explore the chemical ecology of ambrosia beetles and the influence of ethanol impurities on trap effectiveness.

Temperature corrected thromboelastography in hypothermia: is it necessary?

CONTEXT: Hypothermia is known to influence thromboelastography (TEG). TEG reproducibility is generally low. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the rationale of TEG temperature adjustment in patients during hypothermia. We hypothesised that temperature adjustment would not be important because of low TEG reproducibility. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Single-centre, secondary care study performed 01/2009 to 07/2010. PATIENTS: Survivors of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in whom therapeutic hypothermia (32 to 34°C) was indicated for 24 h were recruited to the study which lasted 36 h. Four hundred samples from 30 patients (22 men and eight women) were obtained. No specific exclusion criteria were defined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Temperature adjusted and non-adjusted Kaolin-Heparinase and Rapid-TEG were done at 12-h intervals during the first 36 h. RESULTS: Bland-Altman plots were used for analysis. During hypothermia, the bias of adjusted measurements was greater in clot formation variables for both Kaolin-Heparinase-TEG (from -15 to -19%) and Rapid-TEG (-9 to -25%) compared to normothermia (from -3 to 3% for Kaolin-Heparinase-TEG and -10 to 2% for Rapid-TEG). Bias of clot strength variables was not influenced by temperature adjustment (median -1%). The 95% limits of agreement were wide for clot formation variables and independent of temperature. In Kaolin-Heparinase-TEG (R -42 to 40% normothermia, -47 to 18% hypothermia) and in Rapid-TEG (R -117 to 97% normothermia, -114 to 95% hypothermia). Limits of agreement of clot strength variables were narrower and independent of temperature in Kaolin-Heparinase-TEG (MA -16 to 13% normothermia, -9 to 10% hypothermia) and also in Rapid-TEG (MA -27 to 24% normothermia, -18 to 20% hypothermia). CONCLUSION: Although TEG analysis with temperature adjusted to the in-vivo value during hypothermia yields results with small systematic bias, the importance of temperature adjustment in clinical routine is low because of the precision limits of TEG measurement itself. Therefore, we see no need to perform TEG analysis at the in-vivo temperature.

Comparative Analysis of Triterpene Composition between Ganoderma lingzhi from China and G. lucidum from Slovakia under Different Growing Conditions.

The mushroom today known as Ganoderma lingzhi has been used for centuries in the countries of Eastern Asia as a very important medicinal mushroom. It prefers growing on rotten wood of broadleaf trees and is mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics. Its relative G. lucidum occurs naturally almost all the Earth, and it colonizes mostly oak and beech trees in Central Europe. G. lingzhi and G. lucidum are similar species. To obtain the qualitative parameters of G. lingzhi and G. lucidum, several strains (five G. lingzhi strains and five G. lucidum ones) were chosen and cultivated in both Slovakia and China, using wood chip (beech and oak) substrate and liquid fermentation method, respectively. It was found that there were more low-polarity triterpenes in G. lucidum, while G. lingzhi contained more high-polarity triterpenes. Beech substrate was more suitable for the accumulation of triterpenes in solid cultivation for both strains of G. lucidum and G. lingzhi. Strain C4 of G. lingzhi and strain K2 of G. lucidum contained higher triterpenes in either mycelium or fruiting bodies. Data in this study can help to identify these two species and bring a great benefit to the production of bioactive compounds of G. lucidum from Slovakia.

Fruiting Body Production of, and Suitable Environmental Ranges for, Growing the Umbrella Polypore Medicinal Mushroom, Polyporus umbellatus (Agaricomycetes), in Natural Conditions in Central Europe.

This article presents the ecological distribution of the edible and medicinal mushroom Polyporus umbellatus in Central Europe. Our main motivation is to describe the potential for commercial cultivation of this species. All data considered in this study are based on records from 70 localities in Slovakia. Fruiting bodies and sclerotia have been recorded in forests in which beech, hornbeam, and oak dominate, at altitudes ranging from 150 to 935 m (mean altitude, 403 m). In Slovakia, these areas correspond to warm, hilly, and upland beech-oak and oak-beech forests. Mean annual air temperature between 6°C and 9°C characterizes about 94% of the areas. Continuous monitoring of fruiting body production at 13 plots showed peak growth in August. In total, 192 fruiting bodies were recorded over a 5-year period. P. umbellatus predominantly grows in acidic soils (pH 4.5-4.99), with no individuals found in soils with pH above 7.0. Our findings can be used for growing the fungus and expanding its growth to new regions, not only in Central Europe.

Postintubation tracheal rupture: case report.

Tracheobronchial rupture after tracheal intubation has been infrequently reported. Successful diagnosis often requires a high level of suspicion. A laceration of the distal membranous trachea usually has been repaired through a right thoracotomy.

Antioxidant Activity and Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Alcoholic Extracts Obtained from Paecilomyces hepiali (Ascomycetes).

This research studies the influence of substrate on the antioxidant activity of alcohol extracts of Paecilomyces hepiali. We used corn, rice, millet, and peas as substrates. Antioxidant activity was measured with the DPPH radical scavenging method. Concentrations of extracts (6.25, 3.12, 1.56, 0.78, and 0.39 mg/mL) were applied in all evaluations. Overall antioxidant activity was expressed as the concentration of substrate that decreased DPPH radical levels by 50% (IC50DPPH) for 7 methanol and 7 ethanol extracts. A comparison of IC50DPPH allowed us to conclude that the methanol extracts are more active in scavenging stable DPPH radicals than are the ethanol extracts. The substrate with antioxidant properties most suitable for cultivation of P. hepiali was rice supplemented with non-defatted soy flour. The extract most effective in scavenging stable radicals was the methanol extract of sample 4 (IC50DPPH = 2.33 mg/mL) cultivated on rice with nondefatted soy flour. The methanol extract of sample 7 cultivated on peas was less effective (IC50DPPH = 11.50 mg/mL). By crystallizing these extracts, we managed to obtain sufficient quantities of 6 samples in a solid state, for which infrared spectra were measured and confirmed the presence of amino acids in the extracts.

Free-Radical Scavenging Activities of Cultured Mycelia of Paecilomyces hepiali (Ascomycetes) Extracts and Structural Characterization of Bioactive Components by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.

Current research is focused on testing the cultivation of Paecilomyces hepiali mycelia on various plant substrates and producing fungus or mycelial biomass with qualitatively interesting substances. P. hepiali mycelia was cultivated using solid-state fermentation of different substrates. Mycelial biomass was then analyzed, and antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging method for different ethanolic extracts based on a millet substrate (extract 1) or a chickpea substrate (extract 2). Extract 1 corresponds to a half-maximal DPPH radical inhibitory concentration of 1.73 mg/mL; the inhibitory concentration of ethanol extract 2 was almost 4.5 times higher at 7.92 mg/mL. Extracts 1 and 2 were separated into fractions by column chromatography and the chemical structures were determined for the substances that formed the most effective fraction of sample 1. The chemical structures of all compounds in the most active fraction of sample 1 were analyzed by 1H, 13C, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer, correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy, and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation spectra.

Effect of pomiferin administration on kidney ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats.

The aim of the study was to analyse protective effects of different doses of pomiferin in therapy of reperfusion injury. Rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=10). One group was intact. Three medicated groups and one placebo group were subjected to ischaemia and reperfusion of the left kidney. Pomiferin was administrated by single gastric gavage in 2 ml of 0.5% Avicel solution in doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg. The placebo group was given only Avicel solution. On day 15, all the animals were exsanguinated and the reperfused kidneys were recovered. Selected biochemical markers were assessed in blood: antioxidative enzymes, total antioxidative capacity, malondialdehyde, creatinine, urea and uric acid. Creatinine, urea and total proteins were analysed in urine and 24-hour diuresis was recorded. The kidney tissue samples were used for histopathological examination.The results confirmed the expected protective effects of pomiferin. Pomiferin supported defensive reactions of the body against free radicals (increased levels of superoxide dismutase, total antioxidative capacity), decreased lipid peroxidation (decreased malondialdehyde) and contributed to the recovery of kidney functions (creatinine and urea in blood). The best biochemical and histopathological results were achieved after pomiferin administration in the dose of 5 mg/kg.

Changes in biomechanical parameters during heart perfusion and after midazolam pre-medication--experimental pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Midazolam is a frequently used benzodiazepine in anaesthesiology and intensive care. AIM: The aim of pilot study was to monitor its effect during heart perfusion in the laboratory rat. METHODS: The same groups of animals (n = 10). The 1(st) group was treated with midazolam in a dose of 0.5mg/kg i.p. The 2(nd) group was a placebo. After i.p. administration of heparine injection of 500 IU dose, the hearts were excised and perfused (modified Langendorf's method). Working schedule: stabilization/ischaemia/reperfusion proceed at intervals of 20/30/60 min. Monitored parameters in isolated heart: left ventricle pressure (LVP), end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), contractility (+dP/dt(max)). RESULTS: The treated hearts showed improved postischemic recovery, reaching LVP values of 92 +/- 6 % at the end of the reperfusion, placebo only 61 +/- 7 %. In placebo hearts LVEDP rose from 10.0 +/- 0.5 mmHg to 43 +/- 4 mmHg after, in treated animals only about 25 mmHg. The treated hearts improved +dP/dt(max) recovery during reperfusion to 91 +/- 8 %. These values were significantly greater than those obtained from the placebo hearts. CONCLUSIONS: Positive changes in monitored parameters were found in this experimental pilot study. We conclude that the administration of midazolam in laboratory rats has a cardioprotective potential against ischemia-reperfusion induced injury.