Thrombosis of abdominal aorta in congenital afibrinogenemia: case report and review of literature.

Thrombotic events in congenital hypo-afibrinogenemia have been rarely reported, either in association or not with replacement therapy or thrombotic risk factors. We describe clinical findings and management of thrombosis of abdominal aorta with peripheral embolism in a patient with congenital afibrinogenemia. A review of arterial thrombosis in inherited hypo-afibrinogenemia was also performed. The patient with a severe bleeding history requiring prophylaxis with fibrinogen concentrates (FC) was admitted for ischaemia of the 4th right toe. An angio-CT of abdominal aorta showed a thrombosis from the origin of renal arteries to the carrefour with a distal floating part. No thrombotic risk factors were found; a previous traumatic lesion of aortic wall might have triggered the thrombus formation, whereas the role of FC prophylaxis remains uncertain. The patient was successfully treated with FC, enoxaparin followed by fondaparinux, and low-dose aspirin without bleeding or thrombosis recurrence. After 2 years, aortic thrombus was almost completely recovered. Sixteen hypo/afibrinogenemia patients with arterial thrombosis were found in Literature, showing that thrombosis often occurs at a young age, involves large vessels, its recurrence is not unusual, and therapeutic strategy is not defined yet. Our therapeutic approach was effective and also safe, but further studies are needed to improve the knowledge of pathogenesis and the anti-thrombotic management in this peculiar setting.

New anticoagulants for the treatment of venous thromboembolism.

In recent years, the significant limitations associated with the use of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) have encouraged the development of new agents. Based upon the central roles played by the serine proteases thrombin and Factor Xa in the blood coagulation cascade, direct thrombin inhibitors and direct Factor Xa inhibitors have been developed. These agents, which include the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate and the Factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban and idrabiotaparinux are free from many of the limitations of VKAs. According to the results of available phase III randomized clinical trials, both dabigatran and rivaroxaban are effective and safe enough to qualify as ideal oral anticoagulants for the initial and long-term treatment of patients with acute venous thromboembolism (VTE). Rivaroxaban does not require an initial parenteral treatment and can be given in once daily administrations after the first three weeks. Both of them have limitations for the treatment of patients with severe renal failure, and require further investigations in cancer patients and in pregnant patients with VTE. Both of them lack an antidote.

Author Correction: Meta-analyses of sulodexide and other drugs in prevention and treatment of post-thrombotic syndrome.

Correction to: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022; 26 (24): 9372-9381. DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202212_30688-PMID: 36591846-published online on December 21, 2022. After publication, the authors found a typo in the discussion section. The sentence to amend is the following one: ·       In meta-analyses of observational studies, we found a low incidence of PTS, with 9% of patients presenting PTS among patients receiving sulodexide and a 50% reduction in the risk of PTS in patients receiving rivaroxaban. The "9%" in the sentence below should be changed to "15%" (in order to align the Discussion section with the Results section and the Abstract. There are amendments to this paper. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/30688.

Meta-analyses of sulodexide and other drugs in prevention and treatment of post-thrombotic syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a common chronic complication of deep vein thrombosis. Elastic compression (ECS) is the common pillar for PTS prevention and treatment, while the pharmacological approach for PTS includes direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and venoactive drugs (VADs) for prevention and treatment, respectively. Sulodexide can be used both in long-term prevention and in the treatment of PTS. To better understand the efficacy of the main drugs used in the prevention (sulodexide or DOACs) and treatment of PTS (sulodexide or VADs), pairwise meta-analyses of observational studies and RCTs were conducted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search in MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library for observational studies and RCTs was performed. Incidence of PTS, reduction in PTS signs or symptoms and proportion of patients with complete venous ulcers healing were the primary outcomes for prevention and treatment of PTS, respectively. Fixed and Random effect model meta-analyses were performed. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed. R® software was used for the analysis. RESULTS: 893 articles were identified during the search. 8 observational studies (6 for DOACs and 2 for sulodexide) and 2 RCTs for sulodexide, out of the 11 studies included in the qualitative synthesis, were included for the prevention and treatment of PTS, respectively. Meta-analyses of observational studies showed an overall incidence of PTS of 15% (95% CI, 11-19) for sulodexide, and a 50% reduction of PTS signs and/or symptoms for rivaroxaban compared to warfarin (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.38-0.65). The overall estimate of the two sulodexide RCTs showed a significant improvement in complete ulcer healing, with an OR of 2.32 (95% CI, 1.49-3.63). CONCLUSIONS: In prevention of PTS, sulodexide and rivaroxaban showed a low incidence and reduced risk of PTS respectively, while in PTS treatment, sulodexide was significantly effective in the complete ulcers healing. These results confirm the need to move from the traditional single-pillar approach with elastic compression stockings to a more effective multi-pillar approach, tailoring the treatment to each individual patient.

Permanent diabetes during the first year of life: multiple gene screening in 54 patients.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic aetiology of permanent diabetes mellitus with onset in the first 12 months of age. METHODS: We studied 46 probands with permanent, insulin-requiring diabetes with onset within the first 6 months of life (permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus [PNDM]/monogenic diabetes of infancy [MDI]) (group 1) and eight participants with diabetes diagnosed between 7 and 12 months of age (group 2). KCNJ11, INS and ABCC8 genes were sequentially sequenced in all patients. For those who were negative in the initial screening, we examined ERN1, CHGA, CHGB and NKX6-1 genes and, in selected probands, CACNA1C, GCK, FOXP3, NEUROG3 and CDK4. The incidence rate for PNDM/MDI was calculated using a database of Italian patients collected from 1995 to 2009. RESULTS: In group 1 we found mutations in KCNJ11, INS and ABCC8 genes in 23 (50%), 9 (19.5%) and 4 (8.6%) patients respectively, and a single homozygous mutation in GCK (2.1%). In group 2, we identified one incidence of a KCNJ11 mutation. No genetic defects were detected in other loci. The incidence rate of PNDM/MDI in Italy is estimated to be 1:210,287. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Genetic mutations were identified in ~75% of non-consanguineous probands with PNDM/MDI, using sequential screening of KCNJ11, INS and ABCC8 genes in infants diagnosed within the first 6 months of age. This percentage decreased to 12% in those with diabetes diagnosed between 7 and 12 months. Patients belonging to the latter group may either carry mutations in genes different from those commonly found in PNDM/MDI or have developed an early-onset form of autoimmune diabetes.

Abnormal ankle-brachial index (ABI) predicts primary and secondary cardiovascular risk and cancer mortality.

BACKGROUND: An abnormal ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI) is a marker of the risk for increased total and cardiovascular (CV) mortality. However, it is not clear whether it is associated with an even worse prognosis in patients with previous CV events or with cancer mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive subjects undergoing ABI assessment for suspected peripheral artery disease or for stratification of CV risk in ten centers in the Veneto Region (northeast Italy), between 2011 and 2014 were enrolled. The ABI was expressed as normal ≥0.9 to ≤1.3, and abnormal <0.9 or >1.3. All-cause mortality and CV or cancer mortality and hospitalizations for CV disease were collected from administrative databases up to December 2018. RESULTS: The study enrolled 1,177 patients. ABI was abnormal in 57.2%. Median follow-up was 61.6 months (53.4-70.1). All-cause, CV and cancer mortality were higher in patients with abnormal than normal ABI, with hazard ratios (HR) respectively 2.0 (95% CI 1.48-2.69), 1.98 (95% CI 1.24-3.17) and 1.85 (95% CI 1.09-3.15). Among subjects with abnormal ABI, the risk of overall mortality, HR 1.57 (95% CI 1.17-2.12), and CV mortality, HR 2.39 (95% CI 1.43-3.99), was higher in those with previous CV events. These latter also had a higher risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction and stroke: HR 1.85 (95% CI 1.023.37) and 2.17 (95% CI 1.10-4.28). CONCLUSIONS: The co-existence of abnormal ABI and a history of CV events identifies subjects at higher risk, who call for a more aggressive approach. Abnormal ABI is also a predictor of cancer mortality.

Ultrasound elastography is useful to distinguish acute and chronic deep vein thrombosis.

Essentials Ultrasound elastography uses tissue deformation to assess the relative quantification of its elasticity. Compression and duplex ultrasonography may be unable to correctly determine the thrombus age. Ultrasound elastography may be useful to distinguish between acute and chronic deep vein thrombosis. The exact determination of the thrombus age could have both therapeutic and prognostic implications. BACKGROUND: Background Ultrasound elastography (UE) imaging is a novel sonographic technique that is commonly employed for relative quantification of tissue elasticity. Its applicability to venous thromboembolic events has not yet been fully established; in particular, it is unclear whether this technique may be useful in determining the age of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the role of UE in distinguishing acute from chronic DVT. Methods Consecutive patients with a first unprovoked acute and chronic (3 months old) DVT of the lower limbs were analyzed. Patients with recurrent DVT or with a suspected recurrence were excluded. The mean elasticity index (EI) values of acute and chronic popliteal and femoral vein thrombosis were compared. The accuracy of the EI in distinguishing acute from chronic DVT was also assessed by measuring the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios. Results One-hundred and forty-nine patients (mean age 63.9 years, standard deviation 13.6; 73 males) with acute and chronic DVT were included. The mean EI of acute femoral DVT was higher than that of chronic femoral DVT (5.09 versus 2.46), and the mean EI of acute popliteal DVT was higher than that of chronic popliteal DVT (4.96 versus 2.48). An EI value of > 4 resulted in a sensitivity of 98.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 93.3-99.9), a specificity of 99.1% (95% CI 94.8-99.9), a positive predictive value of 91.1% (95% CI 77.9-97.1), a negative predictive value of 98.6% (95% CI 91.3-99.9), a positive likelihood ratio of 13.23 (95% CI 93-653) and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.001 (95% CI 0.008-0.05) for acute DVT. Conclusions UE appears to be a promising technique for distinguishing between acute and chronic DVT. Larger prospective studies are warranted to confirm our preliminary findings.

The metabolic syndrome and the risk of venous thrombosis: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: The results of recent studies have suggested that patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism (VTE) might be at increased risk of asymptomatic atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors for atherosclerosis. Its impact on VTE is unknown. METHODS: In a case-control study, consecutive patients with objectively confirmed deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and control subjects with objectively excluded DVT underwent clinical assessment for the presence of the metabolic syndrome according to the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. The presence of known risk factors for DVT was documented. Patients with DVT secondary to cancer were excluded. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was compared between patients with idiopathic DVT and controls. RESULTS: We enrolled 93 patients with a first episode of idiopathic DVT and 107 controls. The mean age was 65.1 and 63.7 years, respectively. The metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 50.5% of patients with idiopathic DVT and in 34.6% of controls [odds ratio (OR) 1.93; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05, 3.56]. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and smoke, the metabolic syndrome remained independently associated with idiopathic DVT (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.04, 3.63). In patients with secondary DVT, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 27%. CONCLUSIONS: The metabolic syndrome may play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic DVT and may act as link between venous thrombosis and atherosclerosis.

Venous thromboembolism and the risk of subsequent symptomatic atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Recently, we reported an association between asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis and venous thromboembolism (VTE) of unknown origin. We hypothesized that patients with VTE of unknown origin would be at a higher risk of developing symptomatic atherosclerosis than patients with VTE induced by known risk factors. METHODS: To examine this hypothesis, we studied 1,919 consecutive patients followed prospectively after their first VTE episode. The primary outcome was non-fatal and fatal symptomatic atherosclerotic disease in patients with VTE of unknown origin as compared to those with secondary VTE. An independent committee assessed all study outcomes, and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using the Cox's proportional hazards model. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 48 and 51 months, respectively, at least one symptomatic atherosclerotic complication was detected in 160 of the 1,063 patients (15.1%) with VTE of unknown origin, and in 73 of the 856 (8.5%) with secondary VTE. After adjusting for age and other risk factors of atherosclerosis, the HR for symptomatic atherosclerotic complications in patients with VTE of unknown origin compared to those with secondary VTE was 1.6 (95% confidence intervals; CI: 1.2-2.0). When the analysis was restricted to patients without previous symptomatic atherosclerosis, the HR became 1.7 (95% CI: 1.1-2.4). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with VTE of unknown origin have a 60% higher risk of developing symptomatic atherosclerotic disease than do patients with secondary venous thrombosis.

High vs. low doses of low-molecular-weight heparin for the treatment of superficial vein thrombosis of the legs: a double-blind, randomized trial.

In contrast with extensive information on the management of deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities, little is known on the most appropriate treatment of the superficial vein thrombosis (SVT). In a multicenter, prospective, controlled, double-blind, double-dummy clinical trial, 164 consecutive patients with acute SVT of the great saphenous vein were randomized to receive the s.c. administration of either fixed prophylactic doses (2850 a-Xa IU) or body-weight adjusted therapeutic doses of nadroparin once daily for 1 month. The main study outcome was to compare the rate of asymptomatic and symptomatic extension of SVT and/or venous thromboembolic (VTE) complications during a 3-month follow-up period. Of the 81 patients randomized to the prophylactic doses, seven [8.6%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.5-17.0] developed SVT progression or VTE complications as compared with six of the 83 (7.2%; 95% CI, 2.8-15.1) allocated to the treatment group (absolute difference, 1.4; 96% CI, -6.9 to 9.7; P = 0.74). No patient in either group developed major bleeding. Our findings suggest that therapeutic doses of low-molecular-weight heparin, administered for 1 month in patients with SVT of the greater saphenous vein do not improve results obtained by prophylactic doses, administered for the same period, over a 3-month follow-up period.

The characteristics of the thrombi of the lower limbs, as detected by ultrasonic scanning, do not predict pulmonary embolism.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether pulmonary embolism (PE), as detected by perfusion lung scan, could be predicted by the ultrasonic (US) characteristics of the thrombi in patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the lower limbs. PATIENTS: Ninety-three consecutive patients with DVT and no symptoms of lung involvement (52 men, 41 women; mean age, 67 +/- 17 years). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The degree of thrombotic involvement of the lower limbs was assessed using a US score system ranging from 1 (indicating a subsegmental, nonocclusive thrombus) to 16 (massive, occlusive). According to the echographic and color-Doppler features, the thrombi were classified in terms of echoreflectivity, adhesiveness to the vein wall, and organization. The diagnosis of PE (PIOPED criteria) was highly probable in 46% of the patients, intermediate in 15%, low in 8%, and very low/normal in 31%. No correlations were found between the lung scan findings on one side and the venous scoring system or the US features of the thrombi on the other side. CONCLUSIONS: While confirming that the prevalence of PE in patients with DVT is elevated, we failed to define a subgroup of patients at higher risk. Our data imply that lung scan should be used extensively for the detection of silent PE and that anticoagulation should not be graded on US findings.

Melanoma arising de novo over a 16-month period.

Choroidal melanoma is widely regarded as a slow-growing tumor. We report herein the first documented case, to our knowledge, of a choroidal melanoma present in an eye in which examination 16 months earlier disclosed no tumor. On gross examination following enucleation, the largest tumor diameter at the base was 19 mm and the height was 11 mm. The implications as to the growth rate and the precursor lesions of choroidal melanomas are discussed.

Subretinal aspiration biopsy of ocular lymphoma.

PURPOSE: Large-cell lymphoma can be difficult to diagnose because vitreous biopsies may fail to disclose neoplastic cells. METHODS: We report one such case in which diagnosis was confirmed by subretinal aspiration of yellow-white infiltrates using a pars plana approach. RESULTS: A 67-year-old woman with recurrent bilateral uveitis was diagnosed with large-cell lymphoma by subretinal aspiration of yellow-white infiltrates after two vitreous biopsies and a concurrent retinal biopsy failed to confirm the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: When the suspicion of intraocular lymphoma remains high despite previous negative vitreous biopsies, retinal biopsy and aspiration biopsy of subretinal lesions may enhance the diagnostic yield.

Carotid plaque morphology and cerebrovascular events.

AIM: Beside the degree of stenosis, plaque morphology obtained by the B mode ultrasound technique has been considered to define the plaque at risk for cerebrovascular events, and a subset of patients who deserve more strict surveillance. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between plaque morphology, progression of stenosis, and the development of new cerebrovascular events. METHODS: We followed up by carotid duplex scan 230 asymptomatic patients, evaluating the degree and progression of internal carotid (ICA) stenoses and plaque morphology of the atherosclerotic lesions. RESULTS: During the follow-up period (median 32 month, range 6-125 months) 7% of patients developed ischemic neurological events of which 1.7% was a stroke. Of these events, only 5.7% correlated with carotid lesions. The new neurological events correlated with the degree and progression of stenoses, with a non homogeneous echographic appearance and irregular surface. The progression of the degree of stenoses was the parameter that correlated the most with the development of new neurologic symptoms. Nevertheless, the lesions that progressed modified their echographic pattern from homogeneous to non homogeneous in 78% of cases. Irregular surface and high degree of stenoses more than the baseline echographic pattern seem to correlate with plaque progression. CONCLUSION: Our follow-up study confirmed that ICA stenosis is a benign condition: very few strokes clearly correlated to the stenosis were observed. Nevertheless, the major predictors of risk for cerebrovascular events, besides the degree of stenoses, are the progression of the degree of stenosis, irregular surface and non-homogeneous echographic appearance.

Prevalence, clinical features, and acute course of atypical myocardial infarction.

Ninety-four consecutive patients (60 men and 34 women; mean age 68.5 +/- 11.5 years) with acute myocardial infarction (MI) were investigated retrospectively, in order to evaluate the prevalence, clinical features, and short-term course of the atypical forms (symptoms other than chest pain). An atypical MI was found in 30 patients, with a prevalence of 32% (95% confidence limits 27-36%). It was most prevalent in women above sixty-five years old (P < 0.05). Abdominal pain, paroxysmal dyspnea, and pulmonary edema were the most frequent symptoms (33%, 17%, 13%, respectively). No differences were observed between typical and atypical MI in regard to risk factors (hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking) and history of MI, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, or chronic lung disease. Significantly fewer patients with atypical MI had a history of angina pectoris (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in regard to previous medication, except for antiarrhythmic drugs, more often used by atypical patients (P < 0.05). Location and severity of MI (as judged by ECG and peak levels of creatine kinase in the serum) were similar in both subgroups, as were the complications (34% typical and 50% atypical) and death rate (12.5% and 16.7%, respectively). In conclusion, atypical MI is not less severe than typical. This emphasizes the need for a high suspicion index in many different clinical settings, but particularly (although not exclusively) in elderly females, in the presence of abdominal pain or otherwise unexplained paroxysmal dyspnea.

Arterial mapping with color flow duplex imaging of the lower extremities after excimer-laser-assisted angioplasty.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the role of color flow duplex imaging (CFDI) in the follow-up of patients who have undergone excimer-laser-assisted angioplasty of peripheral arteries. Sixty-one patients (40 men and 21 women) were studied (mean age +/- SD sixty-three +/- nine years). All patients were affected by peripheral vascular disease and, for this reason, underwent percutaneous excimer-laser-assisted angioplasty. Digital angiography and CFDI were performed before the laser procedure. CFDI was repeated at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 after the laser procedure, whereas angiography was repeated after twelve months. Common, superficial, and profunda femoral arteries and popliteal arteries were visualized in looking for the presence of lesions and occlusions, and spectral analysis of Doppler signals was recorded. After the initial success, claudication was reported again by 9 patients, 7 of whom showed total occlusions. All reocclusions were discovered by CFDI and confirmed by angiography; 3 of these 7 patients underwent a second laser procedure. The remaining 2 symptomatic patients showed patent vessels and did not undergo angiography. Another 9 patients redeveloped an occlusion, unsuspected from clinical history and symptoms. All the reocclusions, confirmed by angiography, were diagnosed by CFDI. The data show that CFDI provides an accurate noninvasive technique for following up patients after excimer laser angioplasty, allowing for asymptomatic reocclusions to be recognized and treated if necessary, and permitting symptoms not due to reocclusions to be properly identified, thus avoiding unnecessary angiography.

Intimal medial thickening of common carotid artery as indicator of coronary artery disease.

The authors investigated the relation between coronary atherosclerosis, angiographically detected, and intimal-medial (I-M) thickening of the common carotid artery (CCA), as measured by high-resolution B-mode ultrasound system. They studied 31 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 23 healthy control subjects. I-M thickening of CCAs and atheromatous plaques at the carotid bifurcation were evaluated. A score system was defined (range 0-20) based on the absence or presence of atherosclerotic lesions at common and internal carotid arteries. A coronary angiography score was defined based on the presence of of atherosclerotic lesions at nine coronary arterial segments (range 0-36). The thickness of CCAs (M +/- SD) in CAD patients was significantly higher (1.45 +/- 0.95 mm) than in controls (0.87 +/- 0.10 mm, P < 0.005), and an I-M thickening of 1.1 mm or more was specific and positively predictive of CAD. A significant positive correlation between coronary and carotid score was observed (P < 0.028, r = 0.373). The study suggests that I-M thickening could be helpful for the identification of patients at risk for CAD.

Percutaneous excimer laser angioplasty of lower limb vessels: results of a prospective 24-month follow-up.

The aim of this prospective study was to assess the effectiveness and the long-term patency effect of excimer laser angioplasty in peripheral arterial obstructive disease. Seventy-eight patients referred for excimer laser angioplasty of lower limbs have been followed up for up to 24 months. Ankle/brachial systolic pressure index, color Doppler mapping, and arterial digital subtraction angiography were performed. Immediate procedural success was achieved in a high percentage of patients (97%). Balloon angioplasty was also used in 85% of patients. Early reocclusions occurred in 8% of patients. The cumulative patency rate was 47% at the 12-month interval and 40% at the 24-month interval. Poor runoff and the length of the lesions negatively influenced the outcome. Excimer laser angioplasty is an effective procedure, indicated in selected patients showing < 10 cm occlusions and good runoff.

[Prevalence of clinically silent pulmonary embolism in deep venous thrombosis of the legs]. / Prevalenza di embolia polmonare clinicamente silente nella trombosi venosa profonda degli arti inferiori.

BACKGROUND: Thromboembolic venous disease is a possible lethal condition which is very often present in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of clinically occult pulmonary embolism (PE) in a group of patients with recent proximal deep venous thrombosis (DVT), and the relationship between prevalence of PE and DVT extension, echographic features of the thrombi, anticoagulant therapy administered. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study enrolled 93 patients with DVT of the proximal lower extremities, without clinical symptoms and signs of PE. All patients were submitted to echo color-Doppler and ventilation-perfusion lung scan. The results were analysed by a score system for the echographic scan and by a series of probability criteria, as recommended by the PIOPED investigators, for the lung scan. RESULTS: All patients were recognised to suffer from proximal DVT. High probability lung scans for PE were found in 43 subjects (46.2%), intermediate probability in 14 (15%), low probability in 7 (7.7%), very low-normal in 29 (31.1%). The prevalence of PE failed to show any significant difference with respect to DVT extension, ultrasonographic features of the thrombi and anticoagulant therapy administered. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained show a high prevalence of asymptomatic PE in patients with DVT, and suggest the need of an extensive use of lung scan in this kind of patients, and the utility of an early detection of DVT, in order to establish an intense antithrombotic therapy, irrespective of the extension of the thrombus with US.