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For Black students in the United States, attending schools with a higher proportion of White students is associated with worse mental and physical health outcomes in adolescence/early adulthood. No prior studies evaluate K-12 school racial composition and later-life mental health. In a cohort of Black adults ages 50+ in Northern California who retrospectively self-reported school racial composition for grades 1, 6, 9, and 12, we assessed the association between attending a school with mostly Black students vs. not and mid/late-life depressive symptoms (8-item PROMIS depression score, standardized to US adult population) using age-, sex/gender-, southern US birth-, and parental education-adjusted generalized estimating equations, and assessed effect modification by caring teacher/staff presence. Later-life depressive symptoms were lower among those who attended schools with mostly Black students in grades 1 and 6 (b=-0.12, 95% CI: -0.23, 0.00 and b=-0.11, 95% CI: -0.22, 0.00, respectively). In grade 6, this difference was larger for students without an adult at school who cared about them (b=-0.29, 95% CI: -0.51, -0.07 vs. b=-0.04, 95% CI: -0.17, 0.09). Among Black Americans, attending early school with mostly Black students may have later life mental health benefits; this protective association appears more important for students without caring teachers/staff.
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OBJECTIVE: Most prior research on physical activity (PA) and cognition is based on predominantly white cohorts and focused on associations of PA with mean (average) cognition versus the distribution of cognition. Quantile regression offers a novel way to quantify how PA affects cognition across the entire distribution. METHODS: The Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences study includes 30% white, 19% black, 25% Asian, and 26% Latinx adults age 65+ living in Northern California (n = 1600). The frequency of light or heavy PA was summarized as 2 continuous variables. Outcomes were z-scored executive function, semantic memory, and verbal episodic memory. We tested associations of PA with mean cognition using linear regression and used quantile regression to estimate the association of PA with the 10th-90th percentiles of cognitive scores. RESULTS: Higher levels of PA were associated with higher mean semantic memory (b = 0.10; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.14) and executive function (b = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.09). Associations of PA across all 3 cognitive domains were stronger at low quantiles of cognition. CONCLUSION: PA is associated with cognition in this racially/ethnically diverse sample and may have larger benefits for individuals with low cognitive scores, who are most vulnerable to dementia.
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Cognición , Ejercicio Físico , Humanos , Anciano , Femenino , Masculino , Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Cognición/fisiología , California , Función Ejecutiva/fisiología , Envejecimiento Saludable/psicología , Envejecimiento Saludable/fisiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Etnicidad , Envejecimiento/psicologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Community disadvantage is associated with late-life cognition. Few studies examine its contribution to racial disparities in cognition/cognitive change. METHODS: Inverse probability weighted models estimated expected mean differences in cognition/cognitive change attributed to residing in less advantaged communities, defined as cohort top quintile of Area Deprivation Indices (ADI): childhood 66-100; adulthood ADI 5-99). Interactions by race tested. RESULTS: More Black participants resided in less advantaged communities. Semantic memory would be lower if all participants had resided in less advantaged childhood (b = -0.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.30, -0.03) or adulthood (b = -0.14, 95% CI = -0.22, -0.04) communities. Race interactions indicated that, among Black participants, less advantaged childhood communities were associated with higher verbal episodic memory (interaction p-value = 0.007) and less advantaged adulthood communities were associated with lower semantic memory (interaction p-value = 0.002). DISCUSSION: Examining racial differences in levels of community advantage and late-life cognitive decline is a critical step toward unpacking community effects on cognitive disparities.
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Disfunción Cognitiva , Memoria Episódica , Adulto , Niño , Humanos , Cognición , Negro o Afroamericano , Características del Vecindario , Privación Social , Determinantes Sociales de la SaludRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The timing of educational attainment may modify its effects on late-life cognition, yet most studies evaluate education only at a single time point. METHODS: Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences (KHANDLE) Study cohort participants (N = 554) reported educational attainment (dichotomized at any college education) at two time points, and we classified them as having low, high, or later-life high educational attainment. Linear mixed-effects models estimated associations between educational attainment change groups and domain-specific cognitive outcomes (z-standardized). RESULTS: Compared to low educational attainment, high (ß= 0.59 SD units; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39, 0.79) and later-life high educational attainment (ß = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.44) were associated with higher executive function. Only high educational attainment was associated with higher verbal episodic memory (ß = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.48). DISCUSSION: Level and timing of educational attainment are both associated with domain-specific cognition. A single assessment for educational attainment may inadequately characterize protective associations with late-life cognition. HIGHLIGHTS: Few studies have examined both level and timing of educational attainment on cognition. Marginalized populations are more likely to attain higher education in adulthood. Higher educational attainment in late life is also associated with higher cognition.
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Envejecimiento Saludable , Memoria Episódica , Humanos , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Cognición , EscolaridadRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Higher occupational complexity has been linked to favorable cognitive outcomes, but rarely examined in racially and ethnically diverse populations. METHODS: In a diverse cohort (n = 1536), linear mixed-effects models estimated associations between main lifetime occupational complexity and domain-specific cognitive decline (z-standardized). Occupational complexity with data, people, and things were classified using the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. RESULTS: For occupational complexity with data, highest tertile (vs. lowest) was associated with higher baseline executive function (ß = 0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.00-0.22) and slower annual rate of decline (ß = 0.03; 95% CI 0.01-0.06), and higher baseline semantic memory (ß = 0.14; 95% CI 0.04-0.25). Highest tertile of occupational complexity with people was associated with higher baseline executive function (ß = 0.29; 95% CI 0.18-0.40), verbal episodic memory (ß = 0.12; 95% CI 0.00-0.24), and semantic memory (ß = 0.23; 95% CI 0.12-0.34). DISCUSSION: In a diverse cohort, higher occupational complexity is associated with better cognition. Findings should be verified in larger cohorts. HIGHLIGHT: Few studies have examined associations of occupational complexity with cognition in diverse populations. Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately exposed to lower occupational complexity. Occupational complexity with data and people are associated with better cognition.
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Disfunción Cognitiva , Humanos , Cognición , Función Ejecutiva , MemoriaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Education is correlated with positive health outcomes, but associations are sometimes weaker among African Americans. The extent to which exposure to discrimination and depressive symptoms attenuates the education-cognition link has not been investigated. METHODS: Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (STAR) participants (n = 764; average age 69 years) completed the Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales. We assessed everyday and major lifetime discrimination and depressive symptoms as mediators of education effects on cognition using G-estimation with measurement error corrections. RESULTS: Education was correlated with greater major lifetime and everyday discrimination but lower depressive symptoms. Accounting for discrimination and depressive symptoms slightly reduced the estimated effect of education on cognition. The estimated total effect of graduate education (vs Asunto(s)
Depresión
, Envejecimiento Saludable
, Anciano
, Humanos
, Negro o Afroamericano
, Cognición
, Depresión/psicología
, Escolaridad
, Racismo/etnología
, Racismo/psicología
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We evaluated overall and race-specific relationships between social integration and cognition in older adults. Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences (KHANDLE) cohort participants included 1343 Asian, Black, Latino, or non-Latino White Kaiser Permanente Northern California members. We estimated the effect of social integration on verbal episodic memory, semantic memory, and executive function derived from the Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment (SENAS) Scales. Social integration scores included marital status; volunteer activity; and contact with children, relatives, friends, and confidants. We estimated covariate-adjusted linear mixed-effects models for baseline and 17-month follow-up cognition. Social integration was associated with higher baseline cognitive scores (average ß = 0.066 (95% confidence interval: 0.040, 0.092)) overall and in each racial/ethnic group. The association did not vary by race/ethnicity. Social integration was not associated with the estimated rate of cognitive change. In this cohort, more social integration was similarly associated with better late-life cognition across racial/ethnic groups.
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Cognición , Etnicidad , Envejecimiento Saludable , Integración Social , Anciano , Humanos , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , CaliforniaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Alcohol exposure during the gastrulation stage of development causes the craniofacial and brain malformations that define fetal alcohol syndrome. These malformations, such as a deficient philtrum, are exemplified by a loss of midline tissue and correspond, at least in part, to regionally selective cell death in the embryo. The tumor suppressor protein Tp53 is an important mechanism for cell death, but the role of Tp53 in the consequences of alcohol exposure during the gastrulation stage has yet to be examined. The current studies used mice and zebrafish to test whether genetic loss of Tp53 is a conserved mechanism to protect against the effects of early developmental stage alcohol exposure. METHODS: Female mice, heterozygous for a mutation in the Tp53 gene, were mated with Tp53 heterozygous males, and the resulting embryos were exposed during gastrulation on gestational day 7 (GD 7) to alcohol (two maternal injections of 2.9 g/kg, i.p., 4 h apart) or a vehicle control. Zebrafish mutants or heterozygotes for the tp53zdf1 M214K mutation and their wild-type controls were exposed to alcohol (1.5% or 2%) beginning 6 h postfertilization (hpf), the onset of gastrulation. RESULTS: Examination of GD 17 mice revealed that eye defects were the most common phenotype among alcohol-exposed fetuses, occurring in nearly 75% of the alcohol-exposed wild-type fetuses. Tp53 gene deletion reduced the incidence of eye defects in both the heterozygous and mutant fetuses (to about 35% and 20% of fetuses, respectively) and completely protected against alcohol-induced facial malformations. Zebrafish (4 days postfertilization) also demonstrated alcohol-induced reductions of eye size and trabeculae length that were less common and less severe in tp53 mutants, indicating a protective effect of tp53 deletion. CONCLUSIONS: These results identify an evolutionarily conserved role of Tp53 as a pathogenic mechanism for alcohol-induced teratogenesis.
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Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/etiología , Anomalías Craneofaciales/etiología , Etanol/efectos adversos , Trastornos del Espectro Alcohólico Fetal/metabolismo , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/metabolismo , Animales , Anomalías Craneofaciales/metabolismo , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones , Embarazo , Teratogénesis , Pez CebraRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Midlife cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) increase dementia risk. Less is known about whether CVRF identified before midlife impact late-life cognition in diverse populations. METHODS: Linear regression models examined hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and overweight/obesity at ages 30 to 59 with late-life executive function, semantic memory, verbal episodic memory, and global cognition in a cohort of Asians, blacks, Latinos, and whites (n=1127; mean age=75.8, range=65 to 98). Models adjusted for age at CVRF, age at cognitive assessment, sex, race/ethnicity, participant education, and parental education. RESULTS: Overall, 34% had 1 CVRF at ages 30 to 59; 19% had 2+. Blacks (26%) and Latinos (23%) were more likely to have 2+ CVRF than Asians (14%) or whites (13%). Having 2+ CVRF was associated with lower global cognition [ß=-0.33; 95% confidence interval (CI)=-0.45, -0.21], executive function (ß=-0.26; 95% CI=-0.39, -0.13), verbal episodic memory (ß=-0.34; 95% CI=-0.48, -0.20), and semantic memory (ß=-0.20; 95% CI=-0.33, -0.07). Interaction by age (P=0.06) indicated overweight/obesity was negatively associated with executive function at ages 30 to 39 but not at ages 40 to 59. Race/ethnic-specific effects showed disparities in CVRF prevalence impact population disparities in late-life cognition. CONCLUSION: Being overweight/obese in early adulthood and having 2+ CVRF in early adulthood/midlife are modifiable targets to redress racial/ethnic disparities in cognitive impairment and dementia.
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Envejecimiento/fisiología , Cognición/fisiología , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedad Cardiaca , Grupos Raciales/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Anciano , California , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Hiperlipidemias , Hipertensión , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , ObesidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The authors assessed the cross-sectional association of physical function measures with cognition in the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences Cohort. METHODS: Analyses included 1369 participants (24% Asian, 26% Black, 18% Latino, 32% White). Grip strength was measured using a hand-held dynamometer (kilograms) and gait speed was measured over a 4-m walk (seconds/meter). The Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales was used to evaluate cognitive domains of executive function, semantic memory, and verbal episodic memory. Physical function measures (per SD) were associated with cognitive test z-scores in linear regression models adjusted for demographic, behavioral, and clinical factors. Racial/ethnic differences were tested using interaction terms and stratification. RESULTS: Stronger grip was associated with better executive function [ß=0.10 (95% confidence interval, 0.05-0.15)], semantic memory [ß=0.13 (0.09-0.18)] and verbal episodic memory [ß=0.07 (0.02-0.13)] with no racial/ethnic differences. Faster gait was associated with better executive function [ß=0.29 (0.22-0.36)], semantic memory [ß=0.23 (0.16-0.30)], and verbal episodic memory [ß=0.20 (0.13-0.27)]; however, the association between gait speed and executive function varied by race/ethnicity with the strongest associations in Asians and Whites. CONCLUSION: Across race/ethnicity, grip strength and gait speed were associated with cognition with racial/ethnic differences in the association of gait speed and executive function.
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Cognición , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Fuerza de la Mano/fisiología , Envejecimiento Saludable , Rendimiento Físico Funcional , Velocidad al Caminar/fisiología , Anciano , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Low socioeconomic status (SES) in early and late life has been associated with lower late-life cognition. Less is known about how changes in SES from childhood to late life are associated with late-life cognition, especially among diverse populations of older adults. METHODS: In a multi-ethnic sample (n = 1353) of older adults, we used linear regression to test associations of change in comprehensive measures of SES (financial, cultural, and social domains) from childhood to late life with semantic memory, episodic memory, and executive function. We tested whether the association between SES trajectory and late-life cognition differed by populations who resided in the U.S. during childhood or immigrated to the U.S. as adults. RESULTS: Participants with low childhood/high late-life financial capital had better semantic memory (ß = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.32) versus those with low financial capital in both childhood and late life, regardless of childhood residence. We observed a significant interaction in the association of verbal episodic memory and cultural capital by childhood residence (p = 0.08). Participants with a foreign childhood residence had higher verbal episodic memory if they had low childhood/high late-life cultural capital (ß = 0.32; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.63), but lower verbal episodic memory if they had high childhood/low late-life cultural capital (ß = - 0.40; 95% CI: - 0.94, 0.13). Having high lifecourse social capital was associated with better verbal episodic memory scores among those with a U.S. childhood (ß = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.55), but lower verbal episodic memory among those with a foreign childhood (ß = - 0.10; 95% CI: - 0.51, 0.31). CONCLUSIONS: High financial and cultural capital in late life is associated with better cognition, regardless of early childhood SES or childhood residence.
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Cognición , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Anciano , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Función Ejecutiva , Humanos , Clase Social , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
Antibiotic-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis (AID) is known to be influenced by host dietary composition. However, how and when diet modulates gut dysbiosis remains poorly characterized. Thus, here, we utilize a multi-omics approach to characterize how a diet supplemented with oats, a rich source of microbiota-accessible carbohydrates, or dextrose impacts amoxicillin-induced changes to gut microbiome structure and transcriptional activity. We demonstrate that oat administration during amoxicillin challenge provides greater protection from AID than the always oats or recovery oats diet groups. In particular, the group in which oats were provided at the time of antibiotic exposure induced the greatest protection against AID while the other oat diets saw greater effects after amoxicillin challenge. The oat diets likewise reduced amoxicillin-driven elimination of Firmicutes compared to the dextrose diet. Functionally, gut communities fed dextrose were carbohydrate starved and favored respiratory metabolism and consequent metabolic stress management while oat-fed communities shifted their transcriptomic profile and emphasized antibiotic stress management. The metabolic trends were exemplified when assessing transcriptional activity of the following two common gut commensal bacteria: Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. These findings demonstrate that while host diet is important in shaping how antibiotics effect the gut microbiome composition and function, diet timing may play an even greater role in dietary intervention-based therapeutics. IMPORTANCE We utilize a multi-omics approach to demonstrate that diets supplemented with oats, a rich source of microbiota-accessible carbohydrates, are able to confer protection against antibiotic-induced dysbiosis (AID). Our findings affirm that not only is host diet important in shaping antibiotics effects on gut microbiome composition and function but also that the timing of these diets may play an even greater role in managing AID. This work provides a nuanced perspective on dietary intervention against AID and may be informative on preventing AID during routine antibiotic treatment.
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Antibacterianos , Avena , Antibacterianos/efectos adversos , Disbiosis/inducido químicamente , Disbiosis/prevención & control , Carbohidratos , Amoxicilina , GlucosaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with higher risk of chronic disease, but little is known about the association with late life cognitive decline. We examined the longitudinal association between ACEs and late-life cognitive decline in the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (STAR). DESIGN: Linear mixed models with random intercepts and slope examined the association of individual and composite ACEs with cognitive change adjusting for years from baseline (timescale), baseline age, sex, parental education, childhood socioeconomic status and childhood social support. Participants reported whether they had experienced nine types of ACEs. Executive function and verbal episodic memory were measured up to three times over a 3-year period using the Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales. SETTINGS: Kaiser Permanente Northern California members living in the Bay Area. PARTICIPANTS: STAR is a cohort study of cognitive ageing launched in 2018 that has enrolled 764 black Americans ages ≥50 years (mean age=67.5; SD=8.5). RESULTS: Twenty-one per cent of participants reported no ACEs, 24% one ACE, 20% two ACEs, 17% three ACEs and 17% four or more ACEs. Compared with no ACEs, two ACEs (ß=0.117; 95% CI 0.052 to 0.182), three ACEs (ß=0.075; 95% CI 0.007 to 0.143) and four or more ACEs (ß=0.089; 95% CI 0.002 to 0.158) were associated with less decline in executive function. There were no significant associations between number of ACEs and baseline or longitudinal verbal episodic memory or between individual ACEs and executive function or verbal episodic memory. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of older black Americans, there was no association between ACEs and baseline cognition or cognitive change in verbal episodic memory; however, experiencing ≥ 2 ACEs was associated with less decline in executive function. These results may indicate that participants who survived to age 50+ and experienced ACEs may have cognitive resilience that warrants further investigation.
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Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia , Disfunción Cognitiva , Envejecimiento Saludable , Memoria Episódica , Humanos , Anciano , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios de Cohortes , Negro o Afroamericano , Disfunción Cognitiva/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Importance: Higher educational attainment is associated with reduced dementia risk, but the role of educational quality is understudied, presenting a major evidence gap, especially as it may contribute to racial inequities. Objective: To evaluate the association between state-level educational quality during childhood and dementia risk. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study analyzed longitudinal data collected from January 1, 1997, through December 31, 2019 (23-year follow-up period). The sample comprised members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), a large integrated health care delivery system, who completed an optional survey during 1964-1972. Eligible individuals were US born; non-Hispanic Black or non-Hispanic White; aged 65 years or older as of January 1, 1996; were still alive; and did not have a dementia diagnosis or lapse in KPNC membership greater than 90 days between January 1 and December 31, 1996. Exposures: Historical state-level administrative indicators of school quality (school term length, student-teacher ratio, and attendance rates) linked to participants using birth state and birth year (with a 6-year lag) and divided into tertiles using the pooled sample. Main Outcomes and Measures: Dementia diagnoses from electronic health records between 1997 and 2019 were analyzed between March 1 and August 31, 2022. The associations of educational quality with incident dementia were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: Among 21â¯450 KPNC members who participated in the optional survey, individuals born before availability of educational quality records (n = 87) and missing educational attainment (n = 585) were excluded. The final analytic sample was 20â¯778 individuals (56.5% women, 43.5% men; mean [SD] age, 74.7 [6.5] years; 18.8% Black; 81.2% White; 41.0% with less than high school education). Among Black individuals, 76.2% to 86.1% (vs 20.8%-23.3% of White individuals) attended schools in states in the lowest educational quality tertiles. Highest (vs lowest) educational quality tertiles were associated with lower dementia risk (student-teacher ratio: hazard ratio [HR], 0.88 [95% CI, 0.83-0.94]; attendance rates: HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.73-0.88]; term length: HR, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.73-0.86]). Effect estimates did not differ by race and were not attenuated by adjustment for educational attainment. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, lower state-average educational quality was more common among Black individuals and associated with higher dementia risk. Differential investment in high-quality education due to structural racism may contribute to dementia disparities.
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Demencia , Blanco , Masculino , Adulto , Humanos , Femenino , Anciano , Estudios de Cohortes , Escolaridad , Factores Socioeconómicos , Demencia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Background: Modifiable risks for dementia are more prevalent in rural populations, yet there is a dearth of research examining life course rural residence on late-life cognitive decline. Methods: The association of rural residence and socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood and adulthood with late-life cognitive domains (verbal episodic memory, executive function, and semantic memory) and cognitive decline in the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences cohort was estimated using marginal structural models with stabilized inverse probability weights. Results: After adjusting for time-varying SES, the estimated marginal effect of rural residence in childhood was harmful for both executive function (ß = -0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.32, -0.06) and verbal episodic memory (ß = -0.22, 95% CI = -0.35, -0.08). Effects of adult rural residence were imprecisely estimated with beneficial point estimates for both executive function (ß = 0.19; 95% CI = -0.07, 0.44) and verbal episodic memory (ß = 0.24, 95% CI = -0.07, 0.55). Conclusions: Childhood rurality is associated with poorer late-life cognition independent of SES.
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Importance: The association between hypertension developed before midlife and late-life brain health is understudied and, because of the cardioprotective benefits of estrogen before menopause, may differ by sex. Objective: To assess the association of early adulthood hypertension and blood pressure (BP) change with late-life neuroimaging biomarkers and examine potential sex differences. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used data from the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (STAR) and Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences (KHANDLE) study, which were harmonized longitudinal cohorts of racially and ethnically diverse adults aged 50 years and older from the San Francisco Bay area and Sacramento Valley in California. The STAR was conducted from November 6, 2017, to November 5, 2021, and the KHANDLE study was conducted from April 27, 2017, to June 15, 2021. The current study included 427 participants from the KHANDLE and STAR studies who received health assessments between June 1, 1964, and March 31, 1985. Regional brain volumes and white matter (WM) integrity were measured via magnetic resonance imaging between June 1, 2017, and March 1, 2022. Exposures: Hypertension status (normotension, transition to hypertension, and hypertension) and BP change (last measure minus first measure) were assessed at 2 multiphasic health checkups (MHCs; 1964-1985) in early adulthood (ages 30-40 years). Main Outcomes and Measures: Regional brain volumes and WM integrity were measured using 3T magnetic resonance imaging and z standardized. General linear models adjusted for potential confounders (demographic characteristics and study [KHANDLE or STAR]) were used to assess the association of hypertension and BP change with neuroimaging biomarkers. Sex interactions were tested. Results: Among 427 participants, median (SD) ages were 28.9 (7.3) years at the first MHC, 40.3 (9.4) years at the last MHC, and 74.8 (8.0) years at neuroimaging. A total of 263 participants (61.6%) were female and 231 (54.1%) were Black. Overall, 191 participants (44.7%) had normotension, 68 (15.9%) transitioned to hypertension, and 168 (39.3%) had hypertension. Compared with participants who had normotension, those who had hypertension and those who transitioned to hypertension had smaller cerebral volumes (hypertension: ß = -0.26 [95% CI, -0.41 to -0.10]; transition to hypertension: ß = -0.23 [95% CI, -0.44 to -0.23]), with similar differences in cerebral gray matter volume (hypertension: ß = -0.32 [95% CI, -0.52 to -0.13]; transition to hypertension: ß = -0.30 [95% CI, -0.56 to -0.05]), frontal cortex volume (hypertension: ß = -0.43 [95% CI, -0.63 to -0.23]; transition to hypertension: ß = -0.27 [95% CI, -0.53 to 0]), and parietal cortex volume (hypertension: ß = -0.22 [95% CI, -0.42 to -0.02]; transition to hypertension: ß = -0.29 [95% CI, -0.56 to -0.02]). Participants with hypertension also had smaller hippocampal volume (ß = -0.22; 95% CI, -0.42 to -0.02), greater ventricular volumes (lateral ventricle: ß = 0.44 [95% CI, 0.25-0.63]; third ventricle: ß = 0.20 [95% CI, 0.01-0.39]), larger free water volume (ß = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.18-0.52), and lower fractional anisotropy (ß = -0.26; 95% CI, -0.45 to -0.08) than those who had normotension. Holding hypertension status constant, a 5-mm Hg increase in systolic BP was associated with smaller temporal cortex volume (ß = -0.03; 95% CI, -0.06 to -0.01), while a 5-mm Hg increase in diastolic BP was associated with smaller parietal cortex volume (ß = -0.06; 95% CI, -0.10 to -0.02). The negative association of hypertension and BP change with regional brain volumes appeared stronger in men than women for some regions. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, early adulthood hypertension and BP change were associated with late-life volumetric and WM differences implicated in neurodegeneration and dementia. Sex differences were observed for some brain regions whereby hypertension and increasing BP appeared more detrimental for men. These findings suggest that prevention and treatment of hypertension in early adulthood is important for late-life brain health, particularly among men.
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Hipertensión , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Factores de Riesgo , Hipertensión/diagnóstico por imagen , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Biomarcadores , NeuroimagenRESUMEN
It is well recognized that the microbiome plays key roles in human health, and that damage to this system by, for example, antibiotic administration has detrimental effects. With this, there is collective recognition that off-target antibiotic susceptibility within the microbiome is a particularly troublesome side effect that has serious impacts on host well-being. Thus, a pressing area of research is the characterization of antibiotic susceptibility determinants within the microbiome, as understanding these mechanisms may inform the development of microbiome-protective therapeutic strategies. In particular, metabolic environment is known to play a key role in the different responses of this microbial community to antibiotics. Here, we explore the role of host dysglycemia on ciprofloxacin susceptibility in the murine cecum. We used a combination of 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics to characterize changes in both microbiome taxonomy and environment. We found that dysglycemia minimally impacted ciprofloxacin-associated changes in microbiome structure. However, from a metabolic perspective, host hyperglycemia was associated with significant changes in respiration, central carbon metabolism, and nucleotide synthesis-related metabolites. Together, these data suggest that host glycemia may influence microbiome function during antibiotic challenge.
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OBJECTIVES: We tested the hypothesis that education's effect on cognitive aging operates in part through measures of material and psychosocial well-being. METHOD: Our sample was of non-Latino black and white participants of the National Social Life Health and Aging Project who had valid cognitive assessments in Waves 2 and 3 (nâ =â 2,951; age range: 48-95). We used structural equation modeling to test for mediation and moderated mediation by income, assets, perceived stress, social status, and allostatic load on the relationships between race, education, and cognition at two time points. RESULTS: Education consistently mediated the race-cognition relationship, explaining about 20% of the relationship between race and cognition in all models. Income and assets were moderated by race; these factors were associated with cognition for whites but not blacks. Social status mediated the association between race and cognition, and social status and perceived stress mediated the education-cognition pathway. Allostatic load was not a mediator of any relationship. DISCUSSION: Education remains the best explanatory factor for cognitive aging disparities, though material well-being and subjective social status help to explain a portion of the racial disparity in cognitive aging.
Asunto(s)
Población Negra/psicología , Envejecimiento Cognitivo , Escolaridad , Determinantes Sociales de la Salud/etnología , Estrés Psicológico , Población Blanca/psicología , Anciano , Alostasis , Envejecimiento Cognitivo/fisiología , Envejecimiento Cognitivo/psicología , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Salud Mental , Psicología , Factores Raciales , Clase Social , Estrés Psicológico/etnología , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Social environments are a contributing determinant of health and disparities. This scoping review details how social environments have been operationalized in observational studies of cognitive aging and dementia. METHODS: A systematic search in PubMed and Web of Science identified studies of social environment exposures and late-life cognition/dementia outcomes. Data were extracted on (1) study design; (2) population; (3) social environment(s); (4) cognitive outcome(s); (5) analytic approach; and (6) theorized causal pathways. Studies were organized using a 3-tiered social ecological model at interpersonal, community, or policy levels. RESULTS: Of 7802 non-duplicated articles, 123 studies met inclusion criteria. Eighty-four studies were longitudinal (range 1-28 years) and 16 examined time-varying social environments. When sorted into social ecological levels, 91 studies examined the interpersonal level; 37 examined the community/neighborhood level; 3 examined policy level social environments; and 7 studies examined more than one level. CONCLUSIONS: Most studies of social environments and cognitive aging and dementia examined interpersonal factors measured at a single point in time. Few assessed time-varying social environmental factors or considered multiple social ecological levels. Future studies can help clarify opportunities for intervention by delineating if, when, and how social environments shape late-life cognitive aging and dementia outcomes.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento Cognitivo , Demencia , Cognición , Humanos , Características de la Residencia , Medio SocialRESUMEN
PURPOSE: We examined the association of Stroke Belt birth state with late-life cognition in The Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (STAR). METHODS: STAR enrolled 764 Black Americans ages 50+ who were long-term Kaiser Permanente Northern California members. Participants completed Multiphasic Health Check-ups (MHC; 1964-1985) where early-life overweight/obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia were measured. At STAR (2018), birth state, self-reported early-life socioeconomic status (SES), and executive function, verbal episodic memory, and semantic memory scores were collected. We used linear regression to examine the association between Stroke Belt birth and late-life cognition adjusting for birth year, gender, and parental education. We evaluated early-life SES and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) as potential mechanisms. RESULTS: Twenty-seven percent of participants were born in the Stroke Belt with a mean age of 69 (standard deviation = 9) at STAR. Stroke Belt birth was associated with worse late-life executive function (ß [95% confidence interval]: -0.18 [-0.33, -0.02]) and semantic memory (-0.37 [-0.53, -0.21]), but not verbal episodic memory (-0.04 [-0.20, 0.12]). Adjustment for SES and CVRF attenuated associations of Stroke Belt birth with cognition (executive function [-0.05 {-0.25, 0.14}]; semantic memory [-0.28 {-0.49, -0.07}]). CONCLUSIONS: Black Americans born in the Stroke Belt had worse late-life cognition than those born elsewhere, underscoring the importance of early-life exposures on brain health.