Imaging of lymph flow in breast cancer patients after microdose administration of a near-infrared fluorophore: feasibility study.

PURPOSE: To prospectively demonstrate the feasibility of using indocyanine green, a near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore at the minimum dose needed for noninvasive optical imaging of lymph nodes (LNs) in breast cancer patients undergoing sentinel lymph node mapping (SLNM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Informed consent was obtained from 24 women (age range, 30-85 years) who received intradermal subcutaneous injections of 0.31-100 microg indocyanine green in the breast in this IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant, dose escalation study to find the minimum microdose for imaging. The breast, axilla, and sternum were illuminated with NIR light and the fluorescence generated in the tissue was collected with an NIR-sensitive intensified charged-coupled device. Lymphoscintigraphy was also performed. Resected LNs were evaluated for the presence of radioactivity, blue dye accumulation, and fluorescence. The associations between the resected LNs that were fluorescent and (a) the time elapsed between NIR fluorophore administration and resection and (b) the dosage of NIR fluorophores were tested with the Spearman rank and Pearson product moment correlation tests, respectively. RESULTS: Lymph imaging consistently failed with indocyanine green microdosages between 0.31 and 0.77 microg. When indocyanine green dosages were 10 microg or higher, lymph drainage pathways from the injection site to LNs were imaged in eight of nine women; lymph propulsion was observed in seven of those eight. When propulsion in the breast and axilla regions was present, the mean apparent velocities ranged from 0.08 to 0.32 cm/sec, the time elapsed between "packets" of propelled fluid varied from 14 to 92 seconds. In patients who received 10 microg of indocyanine green or more, a weak negative correlation between the fluorescence status of resected LNs and the time between NIR fluorophore administration and LN resection was found. No statistical association was found between the fluorescence status of resected LNs and the dose of NIR fluorophore. CONCLUSION: NIR fluorescence imaging of lymph function and LNs is feasible in humans at microdoses that would be needed for future molecular imaging of cancer-positive LNs.

Modern management of traumatic subclavian artery injuries: a single institution's experience in the evolution of endovascular repair.

BACKGROUND: Subclavian artery injuries traditionally require morbid surgical procedures. Repair by way of an endovascular approach can potentially decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with these injuries. METHODS: A 2-year retrospective review of trauma patients with subclavian artery injuries was performed at our institution. Relevant data were extracted from patient records and analyzed. These results were then used to develop an algorithm for the management of trauma patients with subclavian artery injuries. RESULTS: Fifteen patients with subclavian artery injuries were identified. Five patients died in the emergency room. Of the 10 surviving patients, 8 had their diagnosis made at arteriogram. Six patients underwent endovascular repair, and 4 of these repairs were successful. Three patients were managed by way of open repair. Two deaths occurred in the endovascular group, and 1 death occurred in the open group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that endovascular management of subclavian artery injuries is an acceptable technique in appropriate candidates and compares favorably with open repair. However, as with open repair, the associated morbidity and mortality remains quite high. We propose an algorithm whereby hemodynamically stable patients with hard signs of vascular injury proceed directly to angiography, whereas open repair is reserved for those patients who are unstable or in whom a catheter-based approach has previously failed.

Thoracoabdominal shotgun wounds: an evaluation of factors associated with the need for surgical intervention.

BACKGROUND: Shotgun wound classification systems attempt to predict the need for surgical intervention based on the size of wounds, pellet spread, or distance from the weapon rather than clinical findings. METHODS: A 5-year retrospective review of patients sustaining a thoracoabdominal shotgun wound was performed. Factors believed to be associated with the need for surgical intervention were examined using the Fisher exact test or an independent sample t test. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients suffered a thoracoabdominal shotgun wound. Fifty-nine percent required surgical intervention. Factors significantly associated with the need for surgical intervention were a low revised trauma score and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P < .05). Distance from attacker, wound patterns, pellet size, and pellet spread were not found to have an association. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical indicators of hemorrhage and shock are associated with the need for surgical intervention, whereas pellet spread, pellet size, and distance from the attacker are not. This is a significant departure from traditional classification systems.

Incidence and clinical characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing fasciitis in a large urban hospital.

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a prevalent health issue for soft-tissue infections. In severe soft-tissue infections such as necrotizing fasciitis, MRSA has been identified as an increasingly common pathogen. Herein, we report a 5-year experience of MRSA necrotizing fasciitis at a large urban hospital. METHODS: All cases of necrotizing fasciitis between 2001 and 2006 were reviewed. All patients were taken for surgical debridement. MRSA patients were identified and compared with the non-MRSA patients to identify any clinical variables that impacted incidence or severity of disease. A P value of less than .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: During the 5-year period, there were 74 cases of necrotizing fasciitis with a 39% prevalence of MRSA as the causative organism for the infection. The mean age of patients with MRSA fasciitis was 43 +/- 3 years. There were no discernible social variables (eg, smoking, ethanol use, intravenous drug use) that predisposed patients to MRSA infection. The overall mortality rate was 15%, with no significant difference between groups. One hundred percent of MRSA specimens were susceptible to vancomycin or rifampin, 93% were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and only 62% were susceptible to clindamycin. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of MRSA fasciitis may be much higher than initially suspected and prompt MRSA-directed antibiotic therapy should be administered. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for this organism in necrotizing fasciitis.

Early aggressive closure of the open abdomen.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this series is to describe a new and aggressive approach to definitive closure of the open abdomen. METHODS: A retrospective review of 37 patients who underwent definitive abdominal closure using a combination of vacuum pack, vacuum-assisted wound management and human acellular dermal matrix (HADM). RESULTS: All patients' open abdomens were maintained with vacuum assisted wound management in attempts for primary closure. Once it was determined that the abdomen would not close primarily; it was closed with HADM and skin advancement. The mean duration of the open abdomen was 21.7 days (range 6-45), with an average of 127.78 cm of HADM, the largest number being 800 cm, with decreasing use of product later in the series. No major complications were seen with the repair. Superficial wound infection occurred with two patients that were easily treated with wet to dry dressing changes. No intraabdominal complications such as fistula or graft loss were seen. All patients left the hospital with an intact abdominal wall and skin. All 37 patients survived to discharge and were seen in follow-up within one month. No early hernia formation was seen at the one month follow up with the longest at three years. No abdominal wall complications were seen in subsequent follow up patients. CONCLUSIONS: Early aggressive closure of the open abdomen is possible with a combination of vacuum pack, vacuum-assisted wound management and HADM. Short term results are promising and warrant further study.