[Suicidality in the perinatal period: Descriptive study on factors associated with suicidal ideation among women hospitalized in the perinatal period at the specialized hospital center]. / Suicidalité en période périnatale : quels sont les facteurs associés ?

OBJECTIVES: Suicide is the leading cause of maternal mortality in high-resource countries. The onset of suicidal ideation is a major risk factor for suicide attempts. Suicidality has a major impact on the mother-baby relationship and on child development. The main objective of the study was to identify factors associated with the occurrence of perinatal suicidal ideation in women requiring hospitalization. The secondary objectives of the study were to describe the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of this specific population, to specify the follow-up procedures at hospital discharge and to develop a semi-directed interview framework for psychiatric evaluation of perinatal patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital in order to better identify those at risk of suicide and improve overall management, particularly in terms of referral to existing perinatal care services. METHODS: Descriptive and retrospective study carried out at the Specialized Hospital Center of women hospitalized in the perinatal period between 2014 and 2019. The inclusion criteria were: inpatient pregnant or postpartum within one year of delivery, 16 to 43 years. A keyword search was performed to retrieve the computerized records. All records matching the inclusion criteria were included. We studied the occurrence of suicidal ideation according to the main known clinical and socio-demographic risk factors. RESULTS: The sample included 25 pregnant patients and 57 post-partum patients. The presence of a psychiatric history increased the risk of suicidal ideation by 4.38 (P<0.03). The association between the occurrence of a stressful life event and the risk of suicidal ideation onset was close to significant (P<0.10). One third of the patients had been admitted for a reason related to suicidality. Less than one-third of the patients had been referred to existing perinatal services. CONCLUSIONS: Suicidality in the perinatal period has a major impact on the dyad as well as on the whole family. The search for suicidal ideas must be systematic during psychiatric interviews, a fortiori when a psychiatric history has been authenticated. Every patient hospitalized in adult psychiatry should be referred to specialized outpatient perinatal psychiatry services. Prevention involves raising awareness and training of all health professionals, networking, but also informing the general public.

[EASYSCAN: French pilot study for securing drug administration by barcode reading]. / EASYSCAN : étude pilote française pour la sécurisation de l'administration des médicaments par lecture code-barres.

OBJECTIVES: Medication errors are common at the time of administration. To prevent them, technologies allowing consistency check by bar code technology at bedside have been developed. Our study focuses on the evaluation of a BarCode Medication Administration (BCMA) called EASYSCAN with Electronic Medication Administration Record (e-MAR) to verify both patient's identity and medication to be administrated. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted during seven weeks in a French medicine ward. The performance of the system was evaluated by the success rate of BCMA and by the average time for administration with and without EASYSCAN. A satisfaction questionnaire about BCMA was proposed to nurses. RESULTS: We observed 182 administrations including 87 (48%) with EASYSCAN. The verification of the patient's identity was successful in 77% of administrations and 65% of the drugs were scanned successfully. The main causes of check failures were the lack of datamatrix on the drug (81%), error messages (14%) and the lack of system functionality (5%). The average time for administration per patient was significantly increased: 4.68min/patient with versus 2.87min/patient without EASYSCAN. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows the EASYSCAN's performance in its first version. Material and software evolutions and an increase of nurses'pratices will be necessary to continue the experimentation of this system still unpublished in France.

[Rhinopoiesis after traumatic total amputation in childhood in an 11-year-old child]. / Rhinopoïese après amputation traumatique totale dans l'enfance chez un enfant de 11 ans.

Fortunately, traumatic total amputations of the nose are rare, especially in children. Their reconstructions generally require several operative steps, most often associating cartilaginous grafts (rib and/or concha), a free radial antebrachial flap for mucosal reconstruction and a frontal flap for the skin covering. These are therefore long and complex procedures requiring a trained surgical team and maximum patient adherence to their treatment plan. The clinical case described is that of an 11-year-old child presenting a sub-total amputation of the nose and having undergone reconstruction with skin expansion of the frontal flap due to a horizontal frontal scar of unknown origin and a particularly low hair implantation.

Association of combined PD-L1 expression and tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte features with survival and treatment outcomes in patients with metastatic melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Recent advances obtained with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) protein have significantly improved the outcome of patients with metastatic melanoma. The PD-L1 expression in tumour cells as detected by immunohistochemistry is a predictive biomarker in some solid tumours, but appears insufficient as prognostic or predictive factor of response to ICIs in metastatic melanomas. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether the presence and the features of pretreatment CD8+ tumour-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) could be a complementary prognostic or predictive biomarker in patients with metastatic melanoma. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we evaluated the association of PD-L1 expression ≥5% of tumour cells combined with TIL features (CD8, CD28, Ki67) with the overall survival (OS) among 51 patients treated with ICIs and 54 patients treated with other treatment options (non-ICIs). RESULTS: PD-L1 positivity was observed in 33% and 39% of primary melanomas and matched metastases, respectively, with, however, poor concordance between the primary and the matched metastatic site (κ = 0.283). No significant association was noted between PD-L1 expression and CD8+ TIL profile analysed as single markers and OS or response to immunotherapy. Instead, their combined analysis in primary melanoma samples showed that the PD-L1-/CD8+ status was significantly associated with prolonged OS in the whole population (P = 0.04) and in the subgroup treated with non-ICIs (P = 0.009). Conversely, the PD-L1+/CD8+ status was a good prognostic factor in patients treated with ICIs (P = 0.022), whereas was significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients treated with non-ICIs (P = 0.014). While the expression of CD28 was not related to outcome, the Ki67 expression was significantly associated with poor OS in the subgroup CD8+ TIL+/PD-L1- (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The pretreatment combination of PD-L1 expression with the level of CD8+ TILs could better assess OS and predict therapeutic response of patients with metastatic melanoma treated by either immunotherapy or other treatment regimens.

[Secondary nasal surgery with cleft palates]. / Les rhinoseptoplasties secondaires des fentes labiopalatines.

Residual nasal deformity in patients with cleft palate remains the main demand of these patients. Performing primary nasal surgery has significantly improved the results. However, it is still often necessary to improve the nasal morphology. Respect of tissues during primary surgery is essential and allows easier secondary corrections. Anatomical reconstruction greatly facilitates the treatment of secondary deformities. Do not hesitate in case of major labionasales sequelae, to make revision, according to the rules of primary surgery, of the entire lip and nose.

[Secondary surgeries in craniosynostosis and faciocraniosynostosis]. / Chirurgie secondaire des craniosténoses et faciocraniosténoses.

Secondary surgeries for single craniosynostosis surgeries are mainly esthetic refinements rather than functional indications. However, cranioplasties for bone defects correction or insufficient corrections may be undertaken. Management of syndromic craniosynostoses usually requires multiple surgical interventions, the sequence of which might vary per the genetic mutation. It is commonplace to start with posterior vault expansion before age 6 months, then treat cerebellar tonsillar herniation by the age of twelve months, and delay fronto-facial monobloc advancement until at least 18-24 months of age. Ventricular shunting is preferably avoided or delayed. Failure to respect these guidelines can significantly complicate the subsequent management. Primary fronto-orbital advancement or early facial osteotomy type Le Fort3, may compromise the subsequent fronto-facial monobloc advancement. However, this salvage secondary monobloc may be undertaken in some instances despite previous anterior osteotomies with a higher morbidity.

[Facial injections of hyaluronic acid-based fillers for malformations. Preliminary study regarding scar tissue improvement and cosmetic betterment]. / Injections d'acides hyaluroniques au niveau de visages atteints de malformations faciales. Étude préliminaire de l'assouplissement des zones cicatricielles et de l'amélioration esthétique.

BACKGROUND: Cross-linked hyaluronic acid-based fillers have gained rapid acceptance for treating facial wrinkles, deep tissue folds and sunken areas due to aging. This study evaluates, in addition to space-filling properties, their effects on softness and elasticity as a secondary effect, following injection of 3 commercially available cross-linked hyaluronic acid-based fillers (15mg/mL, 17,5mg/mL and 20mg/mL) in patients presenting with congenital or acquired facial malformations. PATIENTS ET METHODS: We started injecting gels of cross-linked hyaluronic acid-based fillers in those cases in 2013; we performed 46 sessions of injections in 32 patients, aged from 13-32. Clinical assessment was performed by the patient himself and by a plastic surgeon, 15 days after injections and 6-18 months later. RESULTS: Cross-linked hyaluronic acid-based fillers offered very subtle cosmetic results and supplemented surgery with a very high level of satisfaction of the patients. When injected in fibrosis, the first session enhanced softness and elasticity; the second session enhanced the volume. Cross-linked hyaluronic acid-based fillers fill sunken areas and better softness and elasticity of scar tissues. CONCLUSION: In addition to their well-understood space-filling function, as a secondary effect, the authors demonstrate that cross-linked hyaluronic acid-based fillers improve softness and elasticity of scarring tissues. Many experimental studies support our observations, showing that cross-linked hyaluronic acid stimulates the production of several extra-cellular matrix components, including dermal collagen and elastin.

Mosaic-activating FGFR2 mutation in two fetuses with papillomatous pedunculated sebaceous naevus.

Papillomatous pedunculated sebaceous naevus (PPSN) has been described as a subtype of sebaceous naevus (SN), typically affecting the scalp and face. In contrast with Schimmelpenning syndrome, no cerebral, ocular or skeletal anomalies have hitherto been reported. We report two unrelated fetuses with PPSN, one with large pink exophytic tumours, the other with minor features but similar microscopic findings. We performed whole-exome sequencing in affected skin tissue from fetus 1, which identified a postzygotic de novo FGFR2 c.1144T>C (p.Cys382Arg) mutation in 34·6% of reads which was absent in the parents' blood. Targeted deep sequencing of FGFR2 confirmed its mosaic status in additional affected skin from fetus 1, and identified the same substitution in 26% of reads in affected skin from fetus 2. FGFR2 p.Cys382Arg is a known somatic driver mutation in human cancer, previously reported to result in activation of RAS signalling. A similar paralogous missense mutation in the transmembrane domain of FGFR3 (p.Gly380Arg) has been reported in keratinocytic epidermal naevi. Our findings define a distinct clinical and molecular subgroup of SN, beside HRAS or KRAS-related SN, and expand the spectrum of mosaic skin conditions associated with receptor tyrosine kinase mutations.

Case of disseminated histoplasmosis in a HIV-infected patient revealed by nasal involvement with maxillary osteolysis.

BACKGROUND: Disseminated Histoplasmosis (DH) is a rare manifestation of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in European countries. Naso-maxillar osteolysis due to Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (Hcc) is unusual in endemic countries and has never been reported in European countries. Differential diagnoses such as malignant tumors, cocaine use, granulomatosis, vasculitis and infections are more frequently observed and could delay and/or bias the final diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of an immunocompromised patient infected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) with naso-maxillar histoplasmosis in a non-endemic country. Our aim is to describe the clinical presentation, the diagnostic and therapeutic issues. A 53-year-old woman, originated from Haiti, was admitted in 2016 for nasal deformation with alteration of general condition evolving for at least 6 months. HIV infection was diagnosed in 2006 and classified at AIDS stage in 2008 due to cytomegalovirus infection associated with pulmonary histoplasmosis. At admission, CD4 cell count was 9/mm3. Surgical biopsies were performed and ruled out differential or associated diagnoses. Mycological cultures identified Hcc and Blood Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Hcc was positive. The patient was given daily Amphothericin B liposomal infusion during 1 month. Hcc PCR became negative in the blood under treatment, and then oral switch by itraconazole was introduced. Antiretroviral treatment was reintroduced after a 3-week histoplasmosis treatment. Normalization of naso-maxillar mucosa enabled a palatal prosthesis. CONCLUSION: Naso-maxillar histoplasmosis is extremely rare; this is the first case ever reported in a non-endemic country. Differential diagnoses must be ruled out by conducting microbiologic tools and histological examinations on surgical biopsies. Early antifungal treatment should be initiated in order to prevent DH severe outcomes.

[Facial trauma and injury in children]. / Plaies et traumatismes de la face de l'enfant.

Facial traumas are common in children but often unconsidered. Facial injury is responsible of impressive bleeding because of the rich vascularization of the face; this bleeding is often underestimated because of the immediate arterial vasoconstriction that is very strong for children. The blood volume is 80ml/kg for a newborn, with a total of 250ml, reaching 70ml/kg at one year of age. The evaluation must be rigorously performed due to the risk of a sudden decompensation. Regarding the wounds, the primary repair must be performed directly neat or optimal in case of damaged tissues. The rule is to keep maximum of the integrity and to limit debridement. Careful repair often requires general anesthesia, especially in young children, to facilitate a perfect joining of the edges and of the mucocutaneous lines. Losses of substance should be treated by directed cicatrization. Flaps are never performed in children as a first intention for reasons developed below. Given the elasticity of the facial skeleton, fractures require a brutal shock to occur, but the clinical signs can be misleading. For instance, too specific and sometimes ignored, fractures can show weakly symptomatic signs : the fractures of the condylar and the orbital floor, with their respective complication that are temporomandibular bone ankylosis and definitive diplopia. Possible children abuse should be suspected in case of different age lesions and discrepancies between the told story and types of injuries. Once the vital urgency is eliminated, the orbital emergency should be first considered in facial traumas within the ophthalmology specialty because wounds and contusions of the globe are often under-evaluated and threaten the vision. The second emergency is the orbital floor fracture in its 'trapdoor' type, specific to the child. Combined with a motionless eye and uncontrollable vomiting, this is the second true urgency because it involves the prognosis of the oculomotricity and requires emergency surgery. Finally, dental trauma should not be overlooked because of their functional and aesthetic consequences. Primary cicatrization is usually rapid but scars remain inflammatory during a long time. The risk of hypertrophy exists in case of contusions and lacerations associated with wounds but also during puberty and in some locations. Age interfere with the result because growth will either improve or worsen the initial result, depending on the location and mechanism. The secondary specialized and prolonged managing and monitoring is capital on the functional, aesthetic and psychological points of view.

[Orbital congenital nevi: Principles of treatment about 51 cases]. / Nævi orbitaires congénitaux: principes de prise en charge thérapeutique à propos de 51 cas.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of congenital nevi is one over 20,000 newborns per year, 14 % of them are located in the head and neck area. Nevi of the orbital region are particularly difficult to handle on the aesthetic and functional side. The objectives of this study were to conduct an analysis of different clinical presentations of congenital nevi of the eyelid orbital region in children to establish a treatment algorithm. MATERIEL AND METHODS: We realised a bi-centric retrospective study including 51 children with orbito-palpebral congenital nevi. We analysed the different clinical presentations, their treatments and their results. RESULTS: Nineteen underwent direct suture excision; three a total skin graft; 15 a combination of treatments, among them four underwent tissular expansion and 14 patients were not operated and clinically followed-up. The average follow-up time was 6.6 years. In 33 cases residual nevic area was still present. The postoperative sequelae were: dyschromia (n=17), anatomical deformation of the eye (n=10), nevi outbreaks (n=8), internal canthus deformation (n=5) and ectropion (n=1). CONCLUSION: The results of our study show that therapeutic abstention is preferred when the aesthetic wrong is accepted by the patient and when there is not a higher risk of malignant degeneration. In order to minimise the risk of postoperative sequelae, we propose a therapeutic algorithm for the management of congenital orbital nevi.

[Craniofacial strategy for syndromic craniosynostosis]. / Stratégie craniofaciale pour les faciocraniosténoses.

The complexity of treatment of faciocraniosynostosis justifies the treatment in a reference center for rare diseases. The growth disturbances in the skull and face being variable according to the type of mutation in the FGFr (Crouzon, Pfeiffer, Apert), the strategy is adapted to the phenotype according to the following principles: posterior expansion with or without distraction around 6 months to limit the descent of the cerebellum tonsils and to prevent the turricephalic development; fronto-facial monobloc advancement with internal distraction around the age of 18 months in case of severe exorbitism or breathing impairment. The dissociated strategy (fronto-orbital advancement first, followed by facial osteotomy of Le Fort 3 type). The growing evolution dictates the sequence of subsequent surgeries according to the monitoring of intracranial pressure by fundus examination and of the respiration by polysomnography. Le Fort 3 and transversal maxillary distraction may be repeated if necessary. Orthognathic surgery is almost always compulsory after the age of 14, before the aesthetic refinements which can be undertaken ultimately (rhinoplasty, genioplasty, canthopexies, fat grafting…).

Physiological and pathophysiological implications of lipid sensing in the brain.

Fatty acid (FA)-sensitive neurons are present in the brain, especially the hypothalamus, and play a key role in the neural control of energy homeostasis. Through neuronal output, FA may modulate feeding behaviour as well as insulin secretion and action. Subpopulations of neurons in the ventromedial and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei are selectively either inhibited or activated by FA. Molecular effectors of these FA effects probably include chloride or potassium ion channels. While intracellular metabolism and activation of the ATP-sensitive K⁺ channel appear to be necessary for some of the signalling effects of FA, at least half of the FA responses in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons are mediated by interaction with FAT/CD36, an FA transporter/receptor that does not require intracellular metabolism to activate downstream signalling. Thus, FA or their metabolites can modulate neuronal activity as a means of directly monitoring ongoing fuel availability by brain nutrient-sensing neurons involved in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis. Recently, the role of lipoprotein lipase in FA sensing has also been shown in animal models not only in hypothalamus, but also in hippocampus and striatum. Finally, FA overload might impair neural control of energy homeostasis through enhanced ceramide synthesis and may contribute to obesity and/or type 2 diabetes pathogenesis in predisposed subjects.

[Tissular expansion in giant congenital nevi treatment]. / Nævus pigmentaires congénitaux géants : quelle place pour l'expansion cutanée.

UNLABELLED: Surgical management of giant melanotic naevi remains a surgical challenge. Tissue expansion provides tissue of the same quality for the repair of defects. The aim of this study is to review tissular expansion for giant melanotic naevi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study from 2000 to 2012. All children patients who underwent a tissular expansion for giant congenital naevi had been included. Epidemiological data, surgical procedure, complication rate and results had been analysed. RESULTS: Thirty-tree patients had been included; they underwent 61 procedures with 79 tissular-expansion prosthesis. Previous surgery, mostly simple excision had been performed before tissular expansion. Complete naevus excision had been performed in 63.3% of the cases. Complications occurred in 45% of the cases, however in 50% of them were minor. Iterative surgery increased the complication rate. CONCLUSION: Tissular expansion is a valuable option for giant congenital naevus. However, complication rate remained high, especially when iterative surgery is needed.

Validation of an objective assessment tool for velopharyngeal insufficiency in cleft lip and palate children.

The objective of this study is to utilize the Nasometer to objectively assess velopharyngeal competence, specifically through the quantification of nasalance. Initial calibration of the nasometer was conducted on American adults. The objective of this study was to validate the use of the nasometer for the objective diagnosis of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in French children born with a total cleft lip and palate and to select relevant verbal stimuli for clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The nasalance scores of 42 children aged 8 to 10 years old, born with a cleft lip and palate, were collected and compared with 50 control children. The scores were then analyzed in relation to 31 verbal stimuli from the French corpus created for this study (sentences and syllables). The most relevant threshold values were determined by receiver operating characteristic curves, which exhibited the highest sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: The results demonstrated statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the mean nasalance scores of the control and cleft groups for all verbal stimuli containing oral phonemes. Threshold values with good diagnostic accuracy were defined, and 15 verbal stimuli were selected for use in clinical practice. CONCLUSION: The nasalance threshold values defined in this study can be utilized for the objective diagnosis of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) and the subsequent monitoring of French children aged 8 to 10 years old, born with a cleft lip and palate.

Orbital exenteration reconstruction using a superficial temporalis muscle flap: The "Carpaccio flap", an innovative approach.

INTRODUCTION: Malignant orbital diseases may lead surgeons to practice an orbital exenteration associated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy to ensure curative treatment. That radical procedure makes physicians consider reconstructive filling in order to allow prothesis wearing and reduce esthetic and social after-effects. We first describe the clinical case of a 6-year-old patient who presented an orbital rhabdomyosarcoma and underwent an orbital exenteration with immediate reconstruction by a superficial temporal pedicled on the middle temporalis muscle flap. TECHNICAL NOTE: Through that case-report, we propose an original temporal flap to repair ipsilateral midface defects which may reduce donor site side effects and allow furthers corrections. DISCUSSION: In pediatrics cases, our Carpaccio flap was an available regional tool to rehabilitate an irradiated orbital socket with an appropriate bulking and vascularization effect after subtotal exenteration. Furthermore, we prescribe that flap as a posterior orbital filling, when eyelid and conjunctiva are spared, to prepare orbital prosthesis implementation. A mild sunken temporal fossa appears with our procedure but by preserving the deep layer of the temporalis muscle, autologous reconstruction such as lipofilling are permitted in post-radiotherapy condition to enhance esthetic sequelae.

[Tongue cyst in children: foregut duplication, a possible diagnosis]. / Kyste lingual de l'enfant : savoir évoquer la duplication digestive.

INTRODUCTION: Foregut duplication is a heterotopy of the digestive mucosa. The tongue localization is relatively uncommon, it presents as a cystic lesion. We report a series of five patients presenting with cysts of the tongue. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was made on cases of foregut duplication of the lingual area, diagnosed between 1977 and 2008. We documented the patient's age, gender, symptoms, lesion localization, clinical radiological and pathological features, treatment, and outcome. RESULTS: Four boys and one girl were included. Two cysts were diagnosed during antenatal screening, two during early infancy, and one at the age of 12 (after infectious complication). In every case, the diagnosis could be confirmed only after surgical removal. DISCUSSION: Foregut duplication of the tongue is rare and its incidence is probably underestimated. This diagnosis should be suggested in case of congenital intraoral cysts. Treatment is surgical excision, and pathological examination confirms the diagnosis.

[Pediatric keratocystic odontogenic tumor and nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Predictive factors for recurrence and aggressiveness]. / Tumeurs kératokystiques odontogènes de l'enfant et syndrome de Gorlin. Comment expliquer les récidives et l'agressivité des lésions ?

INTRODUCTION: Keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KOT), as complications in Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (NBCCS), occur early (before 20 years of age) and are usually more aggressive. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the clinical, histological, and genetic phenotype, of these lesions and to define predictive features of aggressiveness. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied five patients presenting with one or several KOT with NBCCS. We collected their clinical, radiological, and therapeutic data, rate of recurrence or new localization. Anatomopathological examinations were reviewed systematically. Somatic PTCH, SMO and SMAD 4 sequencing were completed. RESULTS: The average age at diagnosis was 11.2 years. The average number of KOT was 3.2 most often located in the molar region. All the cysts were enucleated. Anatomopathological examination revealed the presence of satellite cysts and daughter cysts and epithelial expansion in more than 80% of cases. No somatic mutation was observed among KOT. DISCUSSION: KOT develop in the first 10 years, in patients presenting with NBCCS, and recurrence is observed in the second and third decade. KOT are typically aggressive and have a tendency to recur, especially in patients with NBCCS. Anatomopathological examination may be predictive of the lesion's aggressiveness. Understanding the genetic and immunological mechanisms should open the way for new medical treatment.

[Facial dog bite injuries in children: retrospective study of 77 cases]. / Morsures de chien à la face chez l'enfant: étude rétrospective de 77 cas.

INTRODUCTION: The face is the area most vulnerable for dog bites in children. Surgical management is an emergency to prevent infection, functional and aesthetic outcomes. The aim of this study was to define a new gravity scale, and to determine a prevention policy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In our maxillofacial and plastic surgery department, we conducted a retrospective study from 2002 to 2010, including 77 children under 16 years old, victims of facial dog bite. We analyzed epidemiological, clinical data, surgical outcomes. RESULTS: The mean age was 5.36 years. Dogs were principally represented by class I and II dogs; 27,7% of them had ever bitten before. In almost all the cases, the dogs belong to the family or closers. Twenty-one percent of children belong to an unfavourable social environment; 71.43% of dog bites interested the central area of the face. The bites were deep in 77% of cases with amputation or extensive loss of substance in 31% of cases. The healing time was 10.54 months. Nearly a third of patients required several surgeries; 41.56% of patients had aesthetic and functional sequelae; 35.1% of children had psychological problems afterward. CONCLUSION: Facial children dog bites require a multidisciplinary approach, and a long-term follow-up. We propose a new classification of dog bite severity, more appropriate to the face.