Radiotherapy Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cell Lines Treated with Gold Nanorods Modulate miRNA Signatures.

MicroRNA (miRNA) modulation has been identified as a promising strategy for improving the response of human prostate cancer (PCa) to radiotherapy (RT). Studies have shown that mimics or inhibitors of miRNAs could modulate the sensitivity of PCa cells to RT. In addition, pegylated gold nanoparticles have been studied as a therapeutic approach to treat PCa cells and/or vehicles for carrying miRNAs to the inside of cells. Therefore, we evaluated the capacity of hypofractionated RT and pegylated gold nanorods (AuNPr-PEG) to modulate the miRNA signature on PCa cells. Thus, RT-qPCR was used to analyze miRNA-95, miRNA-106-5p, miRNA-145-5p, and miRNA-541-3p on three human metastatic prostate cell lines (PC3, DU145, and LNCaP) and one human prostate epithelial cell line (HprEpiC, a non-tumor cell line) with and without treatment. Our results showed that miRNA expression levels depend on cell type and the treatment combination applied using RT and AuNPr-PEG. In addition, cells pre-treated with AuNPr-PEG and submitted to 2.5 Gy per day for 3 days decreased the expression levels of miRNA-95, miRNA-106, miRNA-145, and miRNA-541-3p. In conclusion, PCa patients submitted to hypofractionated RT could receive personalized treatment based on their metastatic cellular miRNA signature, and AuNPr-PEG could be used to increase metastatic cell radiosensitivity.

Sphingolipids and acylcarnitines are altered in placentas from women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common medical complication of pregnancy and a severe threat to pregnant people and offspring health. The molecular origins of GDM, and in particular the placental responses, are not fully known. The present study aimed to perform a comprehensive characterisation of the lipid species in placentas from pregnancies complicated with GDM using high-resolution MS lipidomics, with a particular focus on sphingolipids and acylcarnitines in a semi-targeted approach. The results indicated that despite no major disruption in lipid metabolism, placentas from GDM pregnancies showed significant alterations in sphingolipids, mostly lower abundance of total ceramides. Additionally, very long-chain ceramides and sphingomyelins with twenty-four carbons were lower, and glucosylceramides with sixteen carbons were higher in placentas from GDM pregnancies. Semi-targeted lipidomics revealed the strong impact of GDM on the placental acylcarnitine profile, particularly lower contents of medium and long-chain fatty-acyl carnitine species. The lower contents of sphingolipids may affect the secretory function of the placenta, and lower contents of long-chain fatty acylcarnitines is suggestive of mitochondrial dysfunction. These alterations in placental lipid metabolism may have consequences for fetal growth and development.

Incidence and risk factors of abdominal compartment syndrome in pediatric oncology patients: a prospective cohort study.

Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) has been the subject of increasing research over the past decade owing to its effects on morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. This study aimed to determine the incidence and risk factors of ACS in patients in an onco-hematological pediatric intensive care unit in a middle-income country and to analyze patient outcomes. This prospective cohort study was conducted between May 2015 and October 2017. Altogether, 253 patients were admitted to the PICU, and 54 fulfilled the inclusion criteria for intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) measurements. IAP was measured using the intra-bladder indirect technique with a closed system (AbViser AutoValve®, Wolfle Tory Medical Inc., USA) in patients with clinical indications for indwelling bladder catheterization. Definitions from the World Society for ACS were used. The data were entered into a database and analyzed. The median age was 5.79 years, and the median pediatric risk of mortality score was 7.1. The incidence of ACS was 27.7%. Fluid resuscitation was a significant risk factor for ACS in the univariate analysis. The mortality rates in the ACS and non-ACS groups were 46.6% and 17.9%, respectively (P < 0.05). This is the first study of ACS in critically ill children with cancer.   Conclusion: The incidence and mortality rates were high, justifying IAP measurement in children with ACS risk factors.

Application of Gold Nanoparticles as Radiosensitizer for Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cell Lines.

More than 50% of all prostate cancer (PCa) patients are treated by radiotherapy (RT). Radioresistance and cancer recurrence are two consequences of the therapy and are related to dose heterogeneity and non-selectivity between normal and tumoral cells. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) could be used as potential radiosensitizers to overcome these therapeutic limitations of RT. This study assessed the biological interaction of different morphologies of AuNPs with ionizing radiation (IR) in PCa cells. To achieve that aim, three different amine-pegylated AuNPs were synthesized with distinct sizes and shapes (spherical, AuNPsp-PEG, star, AuNPst-PEG, and rods, AuNPr-PEG) and viability, injury and colony assays were used to analyze their biological effect on PCa cells (PC3, DU145, and LNCaP) when submitted to the accumulative fraction of RT. The combinatory effect of AuNPs with IR decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis compared to cells treated only with IR or untreated cells. Additionally, our results showed an increase in the sensitization enhancement ratio by cells treated with AuNPs and IR, and this effect is cell line dependent. Our findings support that the design of AuNPs modulated their cellular behavior and suggested that AuNPs could improve the RT efficacy in PCa cells.

Validity of the Brazilian version of the Dental Subscale of Children's Fear Survey Schedule.

BACKGROUND: Dental Subscale of Children's Fear Survey Schedule (CFSS-DS) is a tool widely used to assess dental fear in children. AIM: To translate and to verify the psychometric properties, including factor analyses of the Brazilian version of the CFSS-DS (B-CFSS-DS) in two settings. DESIGN: The CFFS-DS was translated into the Portuguese language. In the first cross-sectional study (dental setting), 128 children (age: 4-12 years) participated. Mothers were interviewed; children's dental fear was assessed through the CFSS-DS and the Venham picture test; and child behaviour was assessed using the Frankl Scale. The second was a longitudinal study, with 103 schoolchildren (age: 4-12 years). Two receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn to establish the cut-off points. RESULTS: The B-CFSS-DS version showed good internal consistency in dental and school settings (Cronbach's α = 0.88 and 0.77 respectively) and a good test-retest reliability (Weighted Kappa = 0.767), as well as good criterion and discriminant validities. Factor analyses showed four factors. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian version of the CFSS-DS is a valid tool for dental fear assessment in children aged 4-12 years. Further studies with representative samples should be performed to strengthen the findings of this study, especially in the school setting.

L-tyrosine induces the production of a pyomelanin-like pigment by the parasitic yeast-form of Histoplasma capsulatum.

Melanization of Histoplasma capsulatum remains poorly described, particularly in regards to the forms of melanin produced. In the present study, 30 clinical and environmental H. capsulatum strains were grown in culture media with or without L-tyrosine under conditions that produced either mycelial or yeast forms. Mycelial cultures were not melanized under the studied conditions. However, all strains cultivated under yeast conditions produced a brownish to black soluble pigment compatible with pyomelanin when grew in presence of L-tyrosine. Sulcotrione inhibited pigment production in yeast cultures, strengthening the hyphothesis that H. capsulatum yeast forms produce pyomelanin. Since pyomelanin is produced by the fungal parasitic form, this pigment may be involved in H. capsulatum virulence.

Maternal Depression Increases Childhood Dental Caries: A Cohort Study in Brazil.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between maternal depression and childhood caries in a cohort of adolescent mothers. METHODS: This cross-sectional study nested in a cohort evaluated a sample of 538 mother/child dyads. When the children were 24-36 months of age, data regarding oral health from children and mothers were collected by clinical dental examination. A mother's major depressive disorder was assessed by using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI [Plus]), at the current moment. Independent variables were obtained by using questionnaires. The outcome on dental caries experience was dichotomized by using 2 cut points: dmfs ≥1 and dmfs ≥3. Poisson regression analysis, using a hierarchical approach, was applied to assess the association between major depressive disorder in mothers with and those without caries experience and the outcome. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental caries in children was 15.1% (n = 82). The mean dmfs index was 1.12 (SD = 3.72). The prevalence of major depressive disorder was 32.6% (n = 168). An interaction between caries status and depressive disorder was found, and after adjusted analysis, children from mothers with major depressive disorder with negative caries experience presented a higher caries prevalence (prevalence ratio 4.00, 95% confidence interval 1.29-12.41). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that maternal psychiatric disorders could have a negative impact on children's oral health.

Cellular response in the tick feeding site in crossbred cattle artificially infested by Rhipicephalus microplus.

Ticks and tick-borne diseases are of global importance and can cause serious economic losses to cattle-raising businesses. However, only few attempts have been made to describe the relationships between various cellular immune components and tick counts of, and therefore resistance to, Rhipicephalus microplus. The present study evaluated the late inflammatory cellular response and dermal dendritic cells at the attachment site in naturally presensitized bovines, artificially infested by R. microplus ticks. Twenty-two crossbred (Holstein × Gir) male experimental cattle were artificially infested with approximately 10,000 larvae of R. microplus. Parasitic infestation was determined by counting the engorged female ticks (4.5-8.0 mm in diameter) at the 21st day after artificial infestation. Biopsies (6 mm) were taken prior to the infestation and along with the tick count from the right pinna of each animal, and examined with histological techniques and immunohistochemistry using S100 protein. Inflammatory cell counts were conducted in the sections stained with the May-Grünwald Giemsa technique, and immunostained dermal dendritic cells were evaluated and classified in scores ranging from 0 to 4. An average of 39.2 ticks per animal was found. Eosinophils (47.8%) constituted the major portion of the cellular infiltrate, followed by mononuclear cells (28.3%), neutrophils (14.4%), and basophils (0% to approximately 2%). The dendritic cell count shows a considerable population in the dermis, with pre- and post-infestation mean scores of 1.54 and 1.89, respectively; these scores were not significantly different. Our results pointed out the importance of the cellular response in the cattle resistance to ticks.

Serological evidence of rift valley fever virus among acute febrile patients in Southern Mozambique during and after the 2013 heavy rainfall and flooding: implication for the management of febrile illness.

BACKGROUND: Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) remains heavily neglected in humans in Mozambique, even though recent outbreaks were reported in neighboring countries in humans and several cases of RVFV in cattle were reported in several districts in Mozambique. FINDINGS: We conducted a cross sectional study during and after severe flooding that occurred in 2013 in Mozambique. Paired acute and convalescent serum samples were tested from febrile patients attending a primary health care unit in a suburban area of Maputo city for the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Seroconversion of IgG anti-RVFV was observed in 5 % (10/200) of convalescent patients and specific IgM anti-RVFV was detected in one acute patient (0.5 %; 1/200). All sera from acute patient tested negative by real time PCR. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our results suggest that RVF represent an important but neglected cause of febrile illness following periods of flooding in southern Mozambique.

Validation of the digital photographic assessment to diagnose traumatic dental injuries.

INTRODUCTION: Alternatives for monitoring dental trauma in epidemiological surveys may be useful, as data collection of epidemiological investigation can be jeopardized due to several conditions. AIM: To investigate the validity of standard digital photographs to determine the occurrence of anterior dental trauma compared to the clinical examination in an epidemiological survey. METHODS: Participants were children aged 8-12 years old attending both private and public schools; children were clinically evaluated for the assessment of dental trauma, and standard photographs were taken from maxillary and mandibular permanent incisors of each child. Validity was determined by calculating the percentages and respective 95% confidence interval of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Cohen's kappa statistic was also used. RESULTS: A total of 412 children were included, totaling 3296 teeth assessed for dental trauma presence. The prevalence of dental trauma was 11.2% (95% CI 8.29-14.61) and 10.2% (95% CI 7.45-13.53), respectively, for the clinical examination and the photographic method. Agreement between the gold standard and the photographic diagnosis was good: 0.64 for the prevalence of dental trauma and 0.66 for diagnosis of dental trauma on a tooth basis. The diagnosis through the photographic method had higher specificity (96.7%) than sensitivity (65.2%). High positive likelihood ratio and low negative likelihood ratio were also observed. CONCLUSION: The photographic assessment method of dental trauma was valid and reliable as compared to the oral clinical examination.

Clinical course and disease burden of patients with generalized pustular psoriasis in Portugal: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare, life-threatening skin inflammatory disorder. This study aimed to describe the disease course, treatment strategies, and healthcare utilization among patients with GPP in Portugal. METHODS: This multicentric, observational, retrospective study included consecutive adult patients with GPP undergoing a dermatology evaluation in different reporting institutions by experienced dermatologists between 2002 and 2023. RESULTS: A total of 59 patients were assessed. Most of the cohort had a previous history of plaque psoriasis (71%) and 83% presented at least one comorbidity. At the initial encounter, 64% of the cohort needed hospitalization. Systemic involvement was common, including fever (37%), and elevated white blood cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate/C-reactive protein (49%). Nearly, 73% of patients initiated systemic drugs, and 70% had to discontinue the first treatment. During the study, 98% of patients experienced at least one flare. At the last visit, 3.4% of patients had died, and 71.2% exhibited signs of active disease despite undergoing treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that GPP is a chronic, debilitating condition associated with systemic involvement, frequent flares, and hospitalizations, despite receiving multiple systemic treatments. Improved disease awareness and new treatments are needed to improve patient care and decrease the burden of the disease.

Phototherapy for pityriasis lichenoides: our experience.

Pityriasis lichenoides is a benign disease that includes a continuous spectrum with two polar ends: pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA) and pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC). Although its benign and self-limited character, treatment is required, both for itch relief and for cosmetic issues. The present study is a retrospective analysis of 13 patients (11 PLC and 2 PLEVA) treated in our institution with psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) or ultraviolet A combined with ultraviolet B (UVA/UVB) during the period 1998-2011. In the PUVA group, complete response was achieved in five patients and partial response in two. Total cumulative UVA dose was 84.4 J/cm(2). One patient quit therapy without therapeutic response. In the UVA/UVB group, complete response was achieved in two patients and partial response in an equal number of patients. One patient did not reach a significant improvement. Total cumulative doses were: 26.1 J/cm(2) for UVA and 3.62 J/cm(2) for UVB. There were no acute side effects in either therapeutic group. In the present study, PUVA phototherapy was preferred for patients with more widespread or long-evolving disease, while UVA/UVB was selected for patients who presented more recent disease or contraindications for PUVA therapy. Regardless of the absence of clinical guidelines, both therapeutic options proved to be successful, ascertaining phototherapy as an effective and safe option for pityriasis lichenoides patients.

Psoriasis phototherapy experience from a Lisbon unit: a still valid therapeutic approach in the 21st century.

INTRODUCTION: During the last half of the 20th century, the use of UVB therapy and photochemotherapy (PUVA), were one of the mainstays of treatment for psoriasis. However, accompanying to the advent of the most recent era of psoriasis, with targeted biologic therapy has been a decline in the frequency of phototherapy. This does not diminish its known clinical effects. OBJECTIVE: To perform a retrospective analysis of demographic, clinical and therapeutic variables of psoriatic patients treated with phototherapy in the last 10 years, when biological therapies become available. Also, review some of the published phototherapy and biological therapy data in psoriasis. METHODS: Psoriatic patients were treated between 1st January 2000 and 31st December 2010 in a Lisbon Phototherapeutic unit. Psoriatic arthritis patients were excluded. Regimes used included PUVA (systemic or topical), Re PUVA, UVAB (broad band) or combined options. RESULTS: During this period, 211 patients were treated with phototherapy; 40% (85/211) UVAB, 31% (64/211) topical PUVA, 23% (49/211) systemic PUVA and 6% (13/211) Re PUVA. Mean follow-up period was 18 months (Min 1; Max 120). The average age was 45 years old (mean 44.80; Min 10; Max 80; SD 16.31), 54% (114/211) of patients were female and 46% (97/211) were male. Of all 211 psoriasis patients, 54% (144/211) had plaque psoriasis diagnosis, 31% (66/211) palmoplantar psoriasis and 15% (41/211) guttate psoriasis. Regardless the phototherapy modality used, substantial BSA improvements were achieved in all psoriasis groups. DISCUSSION: Current advancements in therapeutics enjoyed today include the advent of the biologics and other immunomodulating systemic agents. However, attending to the responses achieved, and considering other variables like well-known side effects and cost, photo(chemo)therapy will remain an essential method of treatment for psoriasis vulgaris in the 21st century.

Combination of Naltrexone and Isotretinoin for the Treatment of Darier Disease.

Darier disease (DD) is an autosomal-dominant genodermatosis in which mutations in the ATP2A2 gene result in impaired intercellular adhesion and epidermal blistering. Treatment options usually rely on systemic retinoids, but a refractory disease is still a therapeutical challenge. Given the similarity of DD pathogenesis with Hailey-Hailey disease, concomitant treatment with low-dose-naltrexone (LDN) has been proposed. We present the case of a 34-year-old woman with a 20-year history of severe, biopsy-proven DD, previously treated with several unsuccessful topical and systemic treatments, including oral isotretinoin, cyclosporine, doxycycline, methotrexate, acitretin, and subcutaneous adalimumab. At presentation, she had widespread keratotic, crusted, brown papules on her trunk and proximal extremities. Treatment with oral LDN (4.5 mg/day in manipulated tablets) was then initiated while maintaining the current isotretinoin therapy. After three months, there was a nearly complete clearance of the lesions, and no adverse effects were reported.

Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in milk of dairy cows from southern Brazil.

Consumption of unpasteurized cow's milk may be a transmission route for some pathogenic microorganisms, but there is little information about the risk of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Blood and milk samples were collected in a paired and random fashion from 106 dairy cows and bulk-tank milk samples were also collected from each of the six farms, in southern Brazil. Serum anti-T.gondii antibodies (IgG) were detected by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) with a cutoff point of 1:64. Nested PCR targeting the ITS1 was performed on milk samples to detect the Sarcocystidae family, confirmed to be T.gondii by Sanger sequencing. The occurrence of anti-T.gondii antibodies in the herds was 14.1%, (15/106) with seropositive cows in all herds. Antibody titers in positive samples ranged from 64 to 128. T.gondii DNA was detected in 2.8% (03/106) of the milk samples. The ITS1 sequences generated in this study were ON809793 - ON809794 and the sequencing revealed 98-100% identity with T. gondii DNA sequences deposited in GenBank. All cows PCR positive for T.gondii in milk were negative for IgG antibodies in serum, suggesting that naturally infected cows may shed T. gondii in milk in the acute phase of infection. The results of this study demonstrate that T. gondii DNA may be detected in raw cow's milk, so the potential risks of lactogenic infection should be considered. The presence of T. gondii DNA in milk does not confirm that the protozoa are viable and infective, and further investigations into the role of cow's milk in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis are needed.

Placental F4-Neuroprostanes and F2-Isoprostanes are altered in gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal obesity.

We investigated whether gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) associated with maternal obesity modifies the placental profile of F4-Neuroprostanes and F2-Isoprostanes, metabolites of non-enzymatic oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA), respectively. Twenty-five placental samples were divided into lean (n=11), obesity (n=7) and overweight/obesity+GDM (n=7) groups. F4-Neuroprostanes and F2-Isoprostanes were higher in obesity compared to lean controls, but reduced to levels similar to lean women when obesity is further complicated with GDM. Lower content of F2-Isoprostanes suggests adaptive placental responses in GDM attenuating oxidative stress. However, low levels of placental F4-Neuroprostanes may indicate impaired DHA metabolism in GDM, affecting fetal development and offspring health. These results were not related to differences in placental content of DHA, AA and polyunsaturated fatty acids status nor to maternal diet or gestational weight gain. Placental DHA and AA metabolism differs in obesity and GDM, highlighting the importance of investigating the signalling roles of F4-Neuroprostanes and F2-Isoprostanes in the human term placenta.

Epidemiology of Psoriasis in Portugal: A Population-Based Study.

INTRODUCTION: Psoriasis is a common, chronic, and inflammatory skin disorder with a high personal, social and economic burden and important implications for healthcare systems. The aim of this study was to provide an epidemiological characterization of individuals with psoriasis in Portugal. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A large observational, cross-sectional, nationwide, population-based survey study developed by the Portuguese Psoriasis Group of the Portuguese Society of Dermatology and Venereology (GPP-SPDV). A structured questionnaire was designed and applied by experienced interviewers to a random, representative sample of Portuguese individuals with psoriasis and/or psoriatic arthritis. Patients were considered to have psoriasis if they replied positively to one of the following questions: "Does any physician have ever diagnosed you with psoriasis?" or "Do you have a skin disorder characterized by scaling, reddish skin lesions located in the elbows/knees/scalp?". RESULTS: A total of 6381 individuals were interviewed, of which 283 met the criteria for psoriasis, corresponding to a prevalence rate of 4.4% (95% CI 3.95 - 4.98). Out of the participants that met psoriasis criteria, 24% had suggestive signs/symptoms but did not have a clinical diagnosis established and were not being monitored by a physician. Although more than 70% of participants had active disease (scaling, erythema, or pruritus) and one third had joint symptoms, only 12% were on systemic treatment. Fifty percent of participants with psoriasis (n = 139) had relevant comorbidities (most frequently depression/anxiety and cardiometabolic diseases). Sixteen percent of participants with psoriasis (n = 46) reported that psoriasis interfered with their daily activities (median impact of 5 in a 0 - 10 scale) and 12% mentioned the disease had an impact in their sexual life (median impact of 5 in a 0 - 10 scale). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the prevalence rate of psoriasis is likely to be high in Portugal, and several gaps exist at different levels of healthcare delivery to these patients, from diagnosis to treatment. This study provides important data for the future planning of interventions targeting the improvement of psoriasis care in Portugal.

Integrated NMR and MS Analysis of the Plasma Metabolome Reveals Major Changes in One-Carbon, Lipid, and Amino Acid Metabolism in Severe and Fatal Cases of COVID-19.

Brazil has the second-highest COVID-19 death rate worldwide, and Rio de Janeiro is among the states with the highest rate in the country. Although vaccine coverage has been achieved, it is anticipated that COVID-19 will transition into an endemic disease. It is concerning that the molecular mechanisms underlying clinical evolution from mild to severe disease, as well as the mechanisms leading to long COVID-19, are not yet fully understood. NMR and MS-based metabolomics were used to identify metabolites associated with COVID-19 pathophysiology and disease outcome. Severe COVID-19 cases (n = 35) were enrolled in two reference centers in Rio de Janeiro within 72 h of ICU admission, alongside 12 non-infected control subjects. COVID-19 patients were grouped into survivors (n = 18) and non-survivors (n = 17). Choline-related metabolites, serine, glycine, and betaine, were reduced in severe COVID-19, indicating dysregulation in methyl donors. Non-survivors had higher levels of creatine/creatinine, 4-hydroxyproline, gluconic acid, and N-acetylserine, indicating liver and kidney dysfunction. Several changes were greater in women; thus, patients' sex should be considered in pandemic surveillance to achieve better disease stratification and improve outcomes. These metabolic alterations may be useful to monitor organ (dys) function and to understand the pathophysiology of acute and possibly post-acute COVID-19 syndromes.

Genomic Divergence and the Evolution of Ecotypes in Bottlenose Dolphins (Genus Tursiops).

Climatic changes have caused major environmental restructuring throughout the world's oceans. Marine organisms have responded to novel conditions through various biological systems, including genomic adaptation. Growing accessibility of next-generation DNA sequencing methods to study nonmodel species has recently allowed genomic changes underlying environmental adaptations to be investigated. This study used double-digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequence data to investigate the genomic basis of ecotype formation across currently recognized species and subspecies of bottlenose dolphins (genus Tursiops) in the Southern Hemisphere. Subspecies-level genomic divergence was confirmed between the offshore common bottlenose dolphin (T. truncatus truncatus) and the inshore Lahille's bottlenose dolphin (T. t. gephyreus) from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWAO). Similarly, subspecies-level divergence is suggested between inshore (eastern Australia) Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (T. aduncus) and the proposed Burrunan dolphin (T. australis) from southern Australia. Inshore bottlenose dolphin lineages generally had lower genomic diversity than offshore lineages, a pattern particularly evident for T. t. gephyreus, which showed exceptionally low diversity. Genomic regions associated with cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and energy production systems appear to have undergone repeated adaptive evolution in inshore lineages across the Southern Hemisphere. We hypothesize that comparable selective pressures in the inshore environment drove similar adaptive responses in each lineage, supporting parallel evolution of inshore bottlenose dolphins. With climate change altering marine ecosystems worldwide, it is crucial to gain an understanding of the adaptive capacity of local species and populations. Our study provides insights into key adaptive pathways that may be important for the long-term survival of cetaceans and other organisms in a changing marine environment.

A large-scale sentiment analysis of tweets pertaining to the 2020 US presidential election.

We capture the public sentiment towards candidates in the 2020 US Presidential Elections, by analyzing 7.6 million tweets sent out between October 31st and November 9th, 2020. We apply a novel approach to first identify tweets and user accounts in our database that were later deleted or suspended from Twitter. This approach allows us to observe the sentiment held for each presidential candidate across various groups of users and tweets: accessible tweets and accounts, deleted tweets and accounts, and suspended or inaccessible tweets and accounts. We compare the sentiment scores calculated for these groups and provide key insights into the differences. Most notably, we show that deleted tweets, posted after the Election Day, were more favorable to Joe Biden, and the ones posted leading to the Election Day, were more positive about Donald Trump. Also, the older a Twitter account was, the more positive tweets it would post about Joe Biden. The aim of this study is to highlight the importance of conducting sentiment analysis on all posts captured in real time, including those that are now inaccessible, in determining the true sentiments of the opinions around the time of an event.