Providence Bracing: Predicting the Progression to Surgery in Patients With Braced Idiopathic Scoliosis.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a common spinal abnormality, in which orthotic management can reduce progression to surgery. However, predictors of bracing success are still not fully understood. We studied a large patient population treated with the nighttime Providence orthosis, utilizing multivariable logistic regression to assess results and predict future spine surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients with IS meeting Scoliosis Research Society inclusion and assessment criteria presenting from April 1994 to June 2020 at a single institution and treated with a Providence orthosis. A predictive logistic regression model was developed utilizing the following candidate features: age, sex, body mass index, Risser classification, Lenke classification, curve magnitude at brace initiation, percentage correction in a brace, and total months of brace use. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The importance of individual features was assessed using the variable importance score. RESULTS: There were 329 consecutive patients with IS with a mean age of 12.8 ± 1.4 years that met inclusion and assessment criteria. Of these, 113 patients (34%) ultimately required surgery. The model's area under the curve (AUC) was 0.72 on the testing set, demonstrating good discrimination. The initial curve magnitude (Importance score: 100.0) and duration of bracing (Importance score: 82.4) were the 2 most predictive features for curve progression leading to surgery. With respect to skeletal maturity, Risser 1 (Importance score: 53.9) had the most predictive importance for future surgery. For the curve pattern, Lenke 6 (Importance score: 52.0) had the most predictive importance for future surgery. CONCLUSION: Out of 329 patients with IS treated with a Providence nighttime orthosis, 34% required surgery. This is similar to the findings of the BrAist study of the Boston orthosis, in which 28% of monitored braced patients required surgery. In addition, we found that predictive logistic regression can evaluate the likelihood of future spine surgery in patients treated with the Providence orthosis. The severity of the initial curve magnitude and total months of bracing were the 2 most important variables when assessing the probability of future surgery. Surgeons can use this model to counsel families on the potential benefits of bracing and risk factors for curve progression.

Mortality in Early-Onset Scoliosis During the Growth-friendly Surgery Era.

INTRODUCTION: Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) is a spinal deformity that occurs in patients 9 years of age or younger. Severe deformity may result in thoracic insufficiency, respiratory failure, and premature death. The purpose of this study is to describe the modern-day natural history of mortality in patients with EOS. METHODS: The multicenter Pediatric Spine Study Group database was queried for all patients with EOS who are deceased, without exclusion. Demographics, underlying diagnoses, EOS etiology, operative and nonoperative treatments or observation, complications, and date of death were retrieved. Descriptive statistics and survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier curves were performed. RESULTS: There were 130/8009 patients identified as deceased for a registry mortality rate of 16 per 1000 patients. The mean age at death was 10.6 years (range: 1.0 to 30.2 y) and the most common EOS etiology was neuromuscular (73/130, 56.2%; P<0.001). Deceased patients were more likely be treated operatively than nonoperatively or observed (P<0.001). The mean age of death for patients treated operatively (12.3 y) was older than those treated nonoperatively (7.0 y) or observed (6.3 y) (P<0.001) despite a larger deformity and similar index visit body mass index and ventilation requirements. Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed an increased survival time in patients with a history of any spine operation compared with patients without a history of spine operation (P<0.0001). Operatively treated patients experienced a median of 3.0 complications from diagnosis to death. Overall, cardiopulmonary related complications were the most common (129/271, 47.6%; P<0.001), followed by implant-related (57/271, 21.0%) and wound-related (26/271, 9.6%). The primary cause of death was identified for 78/130 (60.0%) patients, of which 57/78 (73.1%) were cardiopulmonary related. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the largest collection of EOS mortality to date, providing surgeons with a modern-day examination of the effects of surgical intervention to better council patients and families. Both fatal and nonfatal complications in children with EOS are most likely to involve the cardiopulmonary system. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-therapeutic.

Postoperative Correction in Idiopathic Scoliosis: Which Preoperative Imaging Technique Is Most Predictive?

INTRODUCTION: Preoperative radiographic assessment of curve flexibility in patients with idiopathic scoliosis is important to determine Lenke classification, operative levels, and potential postoperative correction. However, no consensus exists regarding the optimal technique. We compared measurements from supine side bending (SB) and intraoperative traction radiographs under general anesthesia (TUGA) with actual postoperative correction followed for 1 year. METHODS: We identified 235 patients with idiopathic scoliosis who underwent posterior spinal fusion with pedicle screw instrumentation between 2010 and 2018 who had preoperative and postoperative radiographs including standing posterior-anterior (PA) and lateral radiographs, preoperative SB radiographs, and TUGA radiographs. Curves were categorized into proximal thoracic, main thoracic/thoracolumbar (MT), and distal thoracolumbar/lumbar (TL/L) curves. Flexibility was calculated from SB and TUGA radiographs. Correction rates were calculated from 1 month and 1 year radiographs postoperatively. Bending radiographs that correlated significantly with postoperative correction with P<0.10 were eligible for inclusion. Preoperative demographics, etiology, deformity details, and surgical details were included in the multivariate models. RESULTS: On univariate analysis, TUGA radiographs correlated with postoperative correction at 1 month and 1 year on MT curves (r=0.214, P=0.001; r=0.209, P=0.001) and TL/L curves (r=0.280, P<0.001; r=0.181, P=0.006). Supine SB radiographs did not correlate with postoperative correction on either MT or T/TL curves. On multivariate analysis, major curve TUGA radiographs were independently associated with postoperative MT curve correction at 1 month (beta: 0.158, 95% confidence interval: 0.035-0.280, P=0.012) and 1 year (beta: 0.195, 95% confidence interval: 0.049-0.340, P=0.009). MT curve SB radiographs were not associated with postoperative major curve correction at 1 month (P=0.088). CONCLUSIONS: TUGA radiographs independently correlated with postoperative main thoracic and distal thoracolumbar/lumbar curve correction at 1 month and 1 year postoperatively. SB radiographs independently correlated only with TL/L curve correction at 1 year postoperatively. However, this correlation was not as strong as TUGA correction (beta of 0.280 vs. beta of 0.092). TUGA radiographs appear superior to SB radiographs at predicting curve correction after surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Is There Value in Venous Thromboembolism Chemoprophylaxis After Pediatric Scoliosis Surgery? A 28-Year Single Center Study.

BACKGROUND: With a recognized increase in the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in children, especially in those with complex, chronic conditions, it is important for patient safety and risk management to identify subgroups that would benefit from prophylactic treatment. The aim of our study was to assess whether scoliosis surgery in children was associated with an increased incidence of VTE, including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism, and if chemoprophylaxis is warranted. METHODS: We reviewed our institution's Pediatric Orthopaedic Spine Database (1992-2019) to identify patients who had a symptomatic VTE postoperatively. RESULTS: There were 1471 patients (1035 female, 436 male) with a mean age at surgery of 12.1±3.2 years (range, 1 to 18 y) underwent posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation (2131 procedures). No patients were given pharmacological VTE prophylaxis, and no routine screening for VTE was performed. Two patients had a lower extremity DVT (0.13%) within 6 months following surgery, (range, 55 to 161 d). Neither patient had a subsequent pulmonary embolism. They were 9 and 17 years of age with a diagnosis of neuromuscular scoliosis (1 each postpolio and myelodysplasia). One affected patient had a central venous line inserted perioperatively, a known risk factor for thromboembolism. All DVTs were treated with appropriately dosed anticoagulants. None had a family history of hypercoagulation. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of symptomatic VTE is extraordinarily low after pediatric spinal deformity surgery. Mechanical prophylaxis is sufficient in most cases. Further multi-center studies may help identify patient specific risk factors.

Seromas Following Pediatric Spinal Deformity Surgery: Is Operative Management Necessary?

BACKGROUND: Seromas are known complications after pediatric spinal deformity surgery. Although many surgeons perform an early debridement to prevent deep surgical site infections (SSIs), a less invasive approach to seroma management has not been studied. We hypothesized that a conservative approach to seroma management would be safe and yield equivalent outcomes. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients who developed a postoperative seroma with or without nonpurulent drainage. Inclusion criteria were patients below 21 years who underwent primary posterior spinal fusion from 1996 to 2016 and developed a postoperative wound seroma. Seromas were clinically defined as an afebrile patient with a fluid collection that was soft and nontender to palpation and without induration or erythema. Growing spine surgeries and revision procedures were excluded from this study. RESULTS: Twenty-five of 790 total patients with a mean follow-up of 57.8 months (±48.5 mo) developed a seroma. Seromas were identified at a mean of 13.6 days postoperatively and resolved after a mean of 12.2 days following the presentation. Seromas occurred in 12 patients with idiopathic scoliosis, 12 with neuromuscular scoliosis, and 1 patient with Scheuermann kyphosis. All cases were managed conservatively with monitoring of the incision without an operative procedure. In cases of spontaneous drainage, a sterile dressing was applied to the wound and changed as needed until drainage ceased. Two patients underwent bedside needle aspiration and 5 patients received prophylactic antibiotics at the treating surgeon's discretion. All cases resolved spontaneously without development of an acute SSI. Three cases subsequently developed a late SSI (range, 18 to 38 mo postoperatively). Two had idiopathic scoliosis and 1 had neuromuscular scoliosis. None of these seromas drained spontaneously. CONCLUSIONS: Conservative management of postoperative seromas after pediatric spinal deformity surgery is appropriate. It is unclear if seromas contributed to the development of the 3 late infections. Further studies are needed regarding the relationship of late infections in seroma patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-case series.

Intrathecal Morphine in the Presence of a Syrinx in Pediatric Spinal Deformity Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Intrathecal morphine (IM) is a popular adjunct for pain relief during pediatric spinal deformity surgery. There is no literature regarding its usefulness and safety in the presence of a spinal cord syrinx for patients undergoing spinal instrumentation. Anesthesiologists have previously been reluctant to use IM in the presence of any syrinx. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients with a preoperatively diagnosed spinal cord syrinx undergoing spinal deformity surgery who received IM and did not receive IM (non-IM). We recorded location of the syrinx, surgical time, length of stay, unexpected pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission, IM related complications (neurological, respiratory depression, or pruritus, nausea/vomiting), and reason for no IM administration. Patients with a syrinx and myelodysplasia (8), tethered spinal cord (4), paraplegia (1), holocord (1), neuroblastoma (1), and spinal cord glioma (1) were not given IM. Other reasons included a failed attempt (1), expectedly short surgical time (1), and anesthesiologist declined (2). RESULTS: There were 42 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-two patients received IM, while 20 patients did not. Patients receiving IM had 4 cervical, 5 cervicothoracic, 12 thoracic syrinxes, and 1 holocord syrinx. The non-IM group had 8 cervicothoracic, 6 thoracic, 4 holocord syrinxes, and 2 had unclassified locations. There were no neurological complications in the IM group, and 1 patient experienced respiratory depression following a shorter than expected surgery and was observed overnight in the PICU. One patient in the non-IM group with a holocord syrinx had temporary lower extremity weakness postoperatively that completely resolved and 4 patients were unexpectedly admitted to the PICU. Pruritus and nausea/vomiting was mild and similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that with careful preoperative evaluation, most patients with a spinal cord syrinx can safely be given IM. Certain patients, such as those with a spinal holocord syrinx may have anatomic reasons to avoid IM, but those who are deemed appropriate for IM can receive it safely. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-therapeutic study; retrospective comparative study.

Bipolar Sealer Devices Used in Posterior Spinal Fusion for Neuromuscular Scoliosis Reduce Blood Loss and Transfusion Requirements.

BACKGROUND: Reducing perioperative blood loss and the need for transfusions in patients undergoing spinal surgery is especially important for those with neuromuscular disorders. These patients require extensive spino-pelvic exposure and are often medically fragile. We have used Amicar to decrease blood loss since 2001. As an effort to further reduce blood loss and transfusions, we use a bipolar sealer device (Aquamantys) as an adjunct to electrocautery. We present the results of our first 64 neuromuscular patients to show the efficacy of the device. METHODS: Using a prospectively maintained database we reviewed the operative time, estimated perioperative blood loss, cell saver use, and intraoperative and postoperative transfusion rate in patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion for neuromuscular scoliosis. Sixty-four patients were identified who fit these criteria since the use of the bipolar sealer device was instituted.We compared these patients with a control group of the preceding 65 patients in whom this device was not used for hemostasis. All patients, including those in the study group, received Amicar (infusion of 100 mg/kg over 15 to 20 min, then 10 mg/kg/h throughout the remainder of the procedure). The surgical technique did not differ between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics between the 2 groups were similar except for the number of patients having an all-screw construct which was larger in the investigational group (25% vs. 8%, P=0.03). There were no significant differences in operative time or duration of hospital stay. Intraoperative blood loss was lower in the study group (741 mL) as compared with the control group (1052 mL, P=0.003). Total perioperative blood loss, however, showed no significant difference. Thirty-five (55%) patients in the study group and 50 (77%) patients in the control group required additional intraoperative or postoperative transfusions (P=0.01). The number of packed red cell units transfused per patient was 0.81 in the study group and 1.57 in the control group (P=0.001). Although the intraoperative cell saver transfusion was same, the total blood volume transfused, which includes cell saver and any other transfusions, was significantly lower in the study group, 425 mL versus 671 mL (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Use of a bipolar sealer device in posterior spinal fusion for neuromuscular scoliosis significantly reduced intraoperative blood loss and transfusion rate when compared with a control group in this retrospective review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-retrospective comparative study.

Obesity negatively affects spinal surgery in idiopathic scoliosis.

BACKGROUND: Are obese patients with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing spinal surgery at higher risk for perioperative complications? This is not clearly understood. One previous study showed a greater preoperative thoracic kyphosis but no increase in perioperative complications. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We asked whether obese adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis have more perioperative complications and decreased curve correction. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 478 patients with idiopathic scoliosis operated on from 1998 to 2010. There were 236 (187 females, 49 males) with a mean age of 14 years (range, 11-22 years) who met the inclusion criteria. Demographic data, radiographic measurements, perioperative data, and major and minor complications were recorded. The BMI percentile (BMI%) defined two patient groups: healthy weight (BMI%<85) (n=181) and obese (BMI%≥85) (n=55). The preoperative curves were similar in the two groups. Minimum followup was 2 years (mean, 6 years; range, 2-14 years). RESULTS: Postoperatively, the mean major curve was smaller for healthy-weight patients (20°; range, 8°-36°) than for obese patients (23.2°; range, 12°-56°), as was the mean kyphosis (31.1° [range, 10°-56°]) versus 36° [range, 15°-33°], respectively). The postoperative lordosis was similar in both groups. Increased BMI% correlated with increased operative time, intraoperative blood loss, amount of intraoperative crystalloids, and difficulty with administration of spinal anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Obese patients are at higher risk for perioperative complications when undergoing spinal deformity surgery. Counseling should be done with the patient and family and weight loss recommended before surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, prognostic study. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Early onset scoliosis: the value of serial risser casts.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of early onset scoliosis (EOS) is challenging. In many cases, bracing will not be effective and growing rod surgery may be inappropriate. Serial, Risser casts may be an effective intermediate method of treatment. METHODS: We studied 20 consecutive patients with EOS who received serial Risser casts under general anesthesia between 1999 and 2011. Analyses included diagnosis, sex, age at initial cast application, major curve severity, initial curve correction, curve magnitude at the time of treatment change or latest follow-up for those still in casts, number of casts per patient, the type of subsequent treatment, and any complications. RESULTS: There were 8 patients with idiopathic scoliosis, 6 patients with neuromuscular scoliosis, 5 patients with syndromic scoliosis, and 1 patient with skeletal dysplasia. Fifteen patients were female and 5 were male. The mean age at first cast was 3.8±2.3 years (range, 1 to 8 y), and the mean major curve magnitude was 74±18 degrees (range, 40 to 118 degrees). After initial cast application, the major curve measured 46±14 degrees (range, 25 to 79 degrees). At treatment change or latest follow-up for those still in casts, the major curve measured 53±24 degrees (range, 13 to 112 degrees). The mean time in casts was 16.9±9.1 months (range, 4 to 35 mo). The mean number of casts per patient was 4.7±2.2 casts (range, 1 to 9 casts). At the time of this study, 7 patients had undergone growing rod surgery, 6 patients were still undergoing casting, 5 returned to bracing, and 2 have been lost to follow-up. Four patients had minor complications: 2 patients each with superficial skin irritation and cast intolerance. CONCLUSIONS: Serial Risser casting is a safe and effective intermediate treatment for EOS. It can stabilize relatively large curves in young children and allows the child to reach a more suitable age for other forms of treatment, such as growing rods. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV; case series.

Bipolar sealer device reduces blood loss and transfusion requirements in posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

BACKGROUND: Reducing perioperative blood loss and transfusion requirements is important in the operative treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. This can be achieved with special frames, cell saver systems, pharmacologic aspects, and other techniques. Recently there has been interest in bipolar sealer devices as an adjunct to traditional monopolar electrocautery. However, there is limited information on this device in pediatric spinal deformity surgery. We reviewed our experience with this device in a setting of a standard institutional operative carepath. METHODS: Perioperative blood loss and transfusion requirements of 50 consecutive patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis undergoing a posterior spinal fusion and segmental spinal instrumentation and who had a bipolar sealer device used during their surgery was compared with a control group of the 50 preceding consecutive patients who did not. Anesthesia, surgical technique, use of intraoperative epsilon aminocaproic acid (Amicar), postoperative protocol, and indications for transfusions (hemoglobin≤7.0 g/dL) were identical in both groups. RESULTS: The preoperative demographics for the patients in both groups were statistically the same. The bipolar sealer group demonstrated a significant reduction in intraoperative estimated blood loss, total perioperative blood loss, volume of blood products transfused, and overall transfusion rate when compared with the control group. When subgroups consisting of only hybrid or all-pedicle screw constructs were considered individually, these findings remained consistent. There were no complications associated with the use of this device. CONCLUSIONS: Using the bipolar sealer device is a significant adjunct in decreasing perioperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-retrospective comparative study.

Safety and efficacy of intrathecal morphine in early onset scoliosis surgery.

Intrathecal morphine (IM) is a popular adjunct for pain management in spinal deformity surgery for idiopathic scoliosis. It has not been studied in patients with early onset scoliosis (EOS). We retrospectively reviewed EOS patients undergoing growth-friendly surgery who received IM or did not receive IM (non-IM). Data from initial insertion and final fusion procedures were studied. IM was not used for lengthening procedures, short procedures (<3 h), patients with significant underlying respiratory issues, paraplegia, unsuccessful access and anesthesiologist discretion. We assessed pediatric ICU (PICU) admission and IM complications (respiratory depression, pruritus and nausea/vomiting), time to first postoperative opiate, and pain scores. There were 97 patients including 97 initial insertions (26 IM and 71 non-IM) and 74 patients with final fusions (17 IM and 57 non-IM). The first dose of opioids following insertion and final fusion occurred at 16.8 ± 3.8 and 16.8 ± 3.1 h postoperatively in the IM group compared to 5.5 ± 2.8 and 8.3 ± 3.2 h in the non-IM group, respectively ( P < 0.001). Postoperative pain scores were lower in the IM groups ( P = 0.001). Two patients with IM developed mild respiratory depression following initial insertion ( P = 0.01) but did not require PICU admission. The rate of respiratory depression was not different between the final fusion groups. There was no difference between pruritus and nausea/vomiting at the final fusion. Preincision IM can provide well-tolerated and effective initial postoperative analgesia in select children with EOS undergoing spinal deformity surgery.

Surgical site infections in early onset scoliosis: what are long-term outcomes in patients with traditional growing rods?

PURPOSE: Deep surgical site infections (SSIs) are a common and potentially severe complication in early onset scoliosis (EOS) patients. We sought to identify the long-term outcomes following SSI, specific risk factors associated with recurrent infections, and if instrument retention is a prudent SSI management strategy in EOS. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all EOS patients who underwent traditional growing rod spine procedures from 2003 to 2017. Infections were categorized as single or multiple SSIs. All infections were treated with operative irrigation and debridement (I&D) as well as antibiotics. Univariate analysis was performed using chi-square and ANOVA tests to assess differing factors between patients with single versus multiple infections. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients underwent 638 growth-friendly traditional growing rod procedures. There were 21 patients (26%) who developed a total of 27 SSIs (4.2% SSI per procedure). Fifteen patients had a single infection and six patients had multiple infections. Demographics were not significantly different between these two groups. Patients with multiple infections had a significant difference in the number of procedures after initial infection (p value = 0.025) and positive preoperative nasal Staphylococcus aureus screen (p value = 0.0021) when compared to those with a single SSI. Of note, these results were not available at the time of pre-operative antibiotic selection. All 21 patients had resolution of their SSIs. Twenty patients reached final instrumented fusion. Two patients, both of whom had multiple infections, underwent complete removal of instrumentation. Reasons included one each, parental request resulting in termination of treatment and infection > 7 years after final fusion. CONCLUSION: Most patients who develop SSIs during growing spine treatment are able to remain instrumented. Risk factors associated with developing multiple SSIs include infection earlier in the course of growing spine surgery, a resultant higher number of procedures following the initial infection and having a positive preoperative nasal Staphylococcus aureus screen. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension following spinal deformity surgery in children.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) after pediatric spinal deformity surgery has not been previously reported. The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of more than 1500 pediatric spinal surgeries performed between 1992 and 2011. From their analysis, they report on 3 adolescent patients who underwent uncomplicated segmental spinal instrumentation for pediatric spinal deformity correction and subsequently developed features of IIH. The common variables in these 3 patients were adolescent age, spinal deformity, being overweight, symptom onset within 2 weeks postoperatively, significant estimated blood loss, and intraoperative use of ε-aminocaproic acid (antifibrinolytic) injection. The authors postulate that the development of IIH could be the result of venous outflow obstruction due to derangement of the epidural venous plexus during surgery. The use of ε-aminocaproic acid could potentially have the risk of causing IIH, probably mediated through hyperfibrinogenemia, although there have not been published cases in the neurosurgical, orthopedic, cardiac, or general surgical literature. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension after spinal deformity correction is a condition that should be recognized by neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons, because appropriate intervention with early medical therapy can lead to a satisfactory clinical outcome.

Intrathecal morphine analgesia in idiopathic scoliosis surgery: does sex or racial group affect optimal dosing?

BACKGROUND: We previously determined the intrathecal morphine optimal dose to maximize analgesia in patients undergoing idiopathic scoliosis surgery while minimizing adverse effects. Our purpose was to determine if this protocol was equally effective across sex and racial groups. METHODS: We studied 287 patients given a moderate dose of intrathecal morphine of 9 to 19 µg/kg (mean 14 µg/kg): 240 female and 47 male patients and 224 White (W) and 63 African-American (AA) patients. Factors analyzed included postoperative visual analog pain scores (VAS), time to first opioid dose, total morphine over the first 48 hours, and postoperative complications of respiratory depression requiring pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission, nausea/vomiting and pruritis. RESULTS: For female and male patients, mean VAS pain scores in postanesthesia care unit (PACU) were 0.48 ± 1.14 and 0.56 ± 1.16, mean times to first opioid dose were 16.65 ± 4.38 and 16.72 ± 4.97 hours, and total morphine over the first 48 hours were 1.49 ± 0.53 and 1.49 ± 0.58 mg/kg, respectively. Respiratory depression and PICU admission occurred in 10 of 240 female (4.1%) and 3 of 47 male (6.4%) patients. Minor complications of nausea/vomiting and pruritis occurred in 78 of 240 female (31.7%) and 12 of 47 male (25.5%) patients. For W and AA patients, mean VAS pain scores in PACU were 0.48 ± 1.10 and 0.46 ± 1.13, mean times to first opioid dose were 16.53 ± 3.77 and 17.12 ± 6.05 hours, and total morphine over the first 48 hours were 1.54 ± 0.53 and 1.30 ± 0.53 mg/kg, respectively. Respiratory depression and PICU admission occurred in 9 of 224 W (4.0%) and 4 of 63 AA (6.3%) patients. Nausea/vomiting and pruritis occurred in 77 of 224 W (34.4%) and 11 of 63 AA (17.5%) patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Intrathecal morphine results in safe and effective for postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing surgery for idiopathic scoliosis irregardless of sex or race. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, retrospective comparative study.

Safety and efficacy of growing rod technique for pediatric congenital spinal deformities.

BACKGROUND: Growing rod surgery is a modern alternative treatment for young children with early onset scoliosis. This is the first study focused on its use in progressive congenital spinal deformities. METHODS: A retrospective study of 19 patients from the international multicenter Growing Spine Study Group with progressive congenital spinal deformities undergoing growing rod surgery who had a minimum of 2 years follow-up. We analyzed demographic and radiographic data including age at initial surgery, number of abnormal vertebrae per patient, number of lengthenings postoperatively, Cobb angle of the major curve preoperative, postoperative initial and at last follow-up, T1-S1 length, space available for the lung (SAL), length of follow up, and complications. RESULTS: The mean age at surgery was 6.9 years (range: 3.2 to 10.7 y). The mean number of affected vertebrae per patient was 5.2 (range: 2 to 9 vertebrae). The mean number of lengthening was 4.2 (range: 1 to 10 lengthening) per patient. The major Cobb angle improved from 66 degrees (range: 40 to 95 degrees) preoperatively to 45 degrees (range: 13 to 79 degrees) initial postoperative and 47 degrees (range: 18 to 78 degrees) at the last follow-up. The mean T1-S1 length increased from 268.3 mm (range: 192 to 322 mm) postoperatively to a mean of 315.4 mm (range: 261 to 357 mm) at last follow-up. The mean T1-S1 length increase was 11.7 mm/y. The SAL ratio increased from 0.81 preoperatively to 0.94 at latest follow-up. The mean postoperative follow-up was 4 years (range: 2 to 6.6 y). Five patients (38%) had undergone final fusion and 14 are still under treatment. Complications have occurred in 8 patients (42%). There were 14 (14%) complications in 100 procedures: 11 implant related, 2 pulmonary, and 1 postoperative infection. There were no neurological complications. CONCLUSIONS: Growing rods are a safe and effective treatment technique in selected patients with congenital spinal deformities. The deformity, spinal growth, and the SAL improved. The incidence of complication was relatively low. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case series.

The safety and efficacy of intrathecal morphine in pediatric spinal deformity surgery: a 25-year single-center experience.

PURPOSE: Pre-incision intrathecal morphine (IM) is a popular adjunct in adolescent idiopathic spinal deformity surgery. This study represents our 25-year experience with IM in all diagnostic groups undergoing posterior spinal fusion (PSF) and segmental instrumentation (SI). METHODS: Our prospective Pediatric Orthopaedic Spine Database (1992-2018) identified all patients undergoing PSF and SI. We included patients 21 years of age or less, had a PSF with SSI, and received the recommended IM dose of 9-19 mcg/kg (up to 1 mg) or no IM. We assessed demographics, pain scores, duration of surgery, time to first dose of narcotics, pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission, length of hospital stay, and IM complications (respiratory depression, pruritus, nausea/vomiting). RESULTS: There were 984 patients who met inclusion criteria: 760 patients received IM, 224 did not (non-IM). They were divided into 5 diagnostic groups: idiopathic, neuromuscular, syndromic, and congenital scoliosis and kyphosis. The mean first post-operative opioid following IM administration was at 16.1 h in the IM group compared to 8.7 h in the non-IM group (p = < 0.001). The post-operative pain scores in the IM groups were significantly lower (p = < 0.001). Sixteen patients (2%) in the IM group were admitted to the PICU for observation secondary to respiratory depression, none requiring re-intubation. There were no other complications related to IM. CONCLUSION: Pre-incision IM is a safe adjunct for pain management in select children in all diagnostic groups undergoing spinal deformity surgery. There were no serious complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Surgical site infection prevention protocol for pediatric spinal deformity surgery: does it make a difference?

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective. OBJECTIVE: Can a standardized, hospital-wide care bundle decrease surgical site infection (SSI) rate in pediatric spinal deformity surgery? SSI is a major concern in pediatric spinal deformity surgery. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of our primary scoliosis surgeries between 1999 and 2017. In 2008, we implemented a standardized infection reduction bundle. Interventions included preoperative nares screening for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus or methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus 2 weeks preoperatively, and treatment with intranasal mupirocin when positive, a bath or shower the night before surgery, a preoperative chlorohexidine scrub, timing of standardized antibiotic administration, standardized intraoperative re-dosing of antibiotics, limiting operating room traffic, and standardized postoperative wound care. In 2011, we added intrawound vancomycin powder at wound closure. Our inclusion criteria were patients 21 years of age or less with idiopathic, neuromuscular, syndromic, or congenital scoliosis who had a primary spinal fusion or a same day anterior and posterior spine fusion with segmental spinal instrumentation of six levels or more. We compared the incidence of early (within 90 days of surgery) and late (> 91 days) SSI during the first postoperative year. RESULTS: There were 804 patients who met inclusion criteria: 404 in the non-bundle group (NBG) for cases prior to protocol change and 400 in the bundle group (BG) for cases after the protocol change. Postoperatively, there were 29 infections (7.2% of total cases) in the NBG: 9 early (2.2%) and 20 late (5.0%) while in the BG there were only 10 infection (2.5%): 6 early (1.5%) and 4 late (1.0%). The reduction in overall SSIs was statistically significant (p = 0.01). There was a trend toward decreased early infections in the BG, without reaching statistical significance (p = 0.14). CONCLUSION: Standardized care bundles appear effective in reducing the incidence of postoperative pediatric spine SSIs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Risk Factors for Reoperation Following Final Fusion After the Treatment of Early-Onset Scoliosis with Traditional Growing Rods.

BACKGROUND: Although there is a high rate of reoperation after final fusion following the treatment of early-onset scoliosis with use of traditional growing rods, the risk factors for reoperation are unknown. The purpose of the present study was to identify risk factors associated with the need for reoperation after final fusion for the treatment of early-onset scoliosis. METHODS: A multicenter database for patients with early-onset scoliosis was retrospectively analyzed. Patients managed with traditional growing rods and final fusion were identified (n = 248). The inclusion criteria were ≥1 lengthening procedure with traditional growing rods and ≥2 years of follow-up after final fusion or revision surgery within 2 years after final fusion (167 patients; 67%). Patients requiring reoperation following final fusion were compared with patients who did not require reoperation. The data that were analyzed included demographic characteristics, comorbidities, spinal deformity characteristics, radiographic measurements, perioperative details, and complications during all stages of treatment. A multivariate regression model was used to identify independent risk factors. RESULTS: The mean duration of follow-up from the initial visit to the latest visit was 10.7 ± 4.1 years, and the mean duration of follow-up after final fusion was 4.9 ± 3.1 years. Thirty-two (19%) of the 167 patients required reoperation following final fusion. Curve progression requiring revision surgery during lengthening with traditional growing rods (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 21.137 per event; p = 0.028), the number of levels spanned with traditional growing rods (aOR, 1.378 per level; p = 0.007), and the duration of treatment with traditional growing rods (aOR, 1.220 per year; p = 0.035) were independently associated with revision surgery after final fusion. CONCLUSIONS: Independent risk factors for curve progression requiring reoperation during lengthening with traditional growing rods that require operative intervention include increasing number of levels spanned with traditional growing rods and longer duration of treatment with traditional growing rods. These findings may help with patient counseling and potentially guide surgeon decision-making. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

One stage or two? A cohort analysis of anterior-posterior spinal fusions for severe pediatric scoliosis.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case-series study of prospectively collected data. OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify the differences in outcomes between one-stage (single surgical episode) and two-stage (separate day) anterior and posterior spinal fusion and segmental spinal instrumentation surgeries in severe non-idiopathic and idiopathic scoliosis cases. BACKGROUND: Patients with severe pediatric spine deformity may require combined anterior and posterior fusion procedures. Given their increased complexity and morbidity, surgeons may consider staging these procedures on separate days. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed on a prospective Pediatric Spine Database. Patients 21 years of age or under with pediatric scoliosis who underwent primary anterior and posterior spinal deformity correction surgery either through a one-stage or planned two-stage sequence with greater than 2-year follow-up were included. Differences in demographics, comorbidities, surgical details, perioperative morbidity, complications, and outcomes were assessed based on scoliosis etiology. Multivariate models were utilized to control for confounders. RESULTS: There were 70 non-idiopathic (14 two-stage vs. 56 one-stage) and 65 idiopathic scoliosis (8 two-stage vs. 57 one-stage) patients. Mean follow-up was 90.1 ± 54.7 months. In non-idiopathic scoliosis patients, two-stage surgery was independently associated with a 140-min increased surgical time (95% confidence interval: 52-229 min, p = 0.002) and an 8.2-day (95% confidence interval: 2.3-14.1 days, p = 0.007) increased hospital length of stay. In idiopathic scoliosis patients, two-stage surgery was independently associated with a 2108 ml increase in crystalloid use (95% confidence interval: 834-3381 ml p = 0.002) and a 5.3-day increased hospital length of stay (95% confidence interval: 4.0-6.5 days, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in blood loss, transfusions, complications, or post-operative curves on multivariate analysis between one-stage and two-stage surgery cohorts in either non-idiopathic or idiopathic scoliosis patient groups. CONCLUSION: Two-stage surgery was associated with increased crystalloid use in idiopathic scoliosis patients and longer operative times in non-idiopathic scoliosis patients, and longer hospital length of stay in both populations, without significant difference in complications or deformity correction. In the appropriate patient, one-stage anterior-posterior scoliosis surgery may be preferable to two-stage surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III Retrospective Comparative Study.

Incidence of complete spinal instrumentation removal following surgery for spinal deformity: a 22-year single institution study.

The aim of this study was to define the incidence of complete implant removal following surgical correction of spinal deformity in pediatric patients over a 22-year period and identify possible risk factors. A retrospective review of our Pediatric Orthopedic Spine Database between 1992 and 2016 was performed. We included patients undergoing complete implant removal following scoliosis correction surgery with a minimum of 2-year follow-up. Medical charts were reviewed to determine initial patient diagnosis and the indication for implant removal. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the associations between sex and factors such as primary diagnosis and indication for removal. A review of 1117 procedures in 1114 patients identified complete instrument removal in 52 (4.7%) patients (34 females and 18 males). Mean time to removal following surgery was 2.3 years (range: 0-5.9 years). Removal occurred in 24 of 548 (4.4%) patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, four of 117 (3.4%) patients with juvenile idiopathic scoliosis, 11 of 287 (3.8%) patients with neuromuscular scoliosis, and three of 79 (3.8%) patients with syndromic scoliosis. Infection was the most common indication for complete implant removal [24 (46%) patients], followed by persistent pain [8 (15%) patients], and metal intolerance [8 (15%) patients]. There were two cases of early infection (<1 year following surgery) and 22 late infections (≥1 year following surgery). The overall 22-year incidence of complete implant removal following spinal correction surgery for scoliosis was 4.7%. Infection continues to be the most common indication, followed by pain and metal intolerance.