Anatomical double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction moderately improved tegner scores over the long-term: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

PURPOSE: To assess the effects of anatomical double-bundle (DB) versus single-bundle (SB) for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in skeletally mature patients with ACL injuries. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL were searched from inception to February 7, 2022 were screened for randomized controlled trials. The Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Checklist was used to categorize studies as anatomic. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted, with pooled results being summarized using mean difference (MD). Risk of Bias (RoB) was assessed using the RoB 2.0 tool. Certainty of evidence was rated using GRADE. RESULTS: A search of 1371 unique articles yielded eight eligible trials, representing 735 patients (360 DB, 375 SB) with mean (SD) age of 28.5 (2.86) years and follow-up of 52.1 (36.2) months. Most trials had moderate to low RoB. Overall, DB was not significantly better than SB on Lysholm scores (MD = 0.52, 95% CI, - 1.80-2.85, p = 0.66; moderate certainty) or subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores (MD = - 0.40, 95% CI, - 4.35-3.55, p = 0.84; moderate certainty). Tegner scores were significantly higher in SB than DB in the intermediate term (MD = - 0.72, 95% CI, - 1.10 to - 0.34, p = 0.0002; high certainty), while significantly higher in DB relative to SB in the long-term (MD = 0.52, 95% CI, 0.02-1.03, p = 0.04; high certainty). CONCLUSION: DB ACL reconstruction significantly improves Tegner scores relative to SB ACL reconstruction over the long-term (t ≥ 5 years). Intermediate term Tegner scores favour SB reconstruction. In both durations, there was no clinically significant difference based on the pre-specified minimal clinically important difference of 1.0 point. There were also no significant differences in IKDC or Lysholm scores. Surgeons should consider anatomical DB ACL reconstruction as a result of long-term improvement in patient-reported outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I.

Cross-Sectional Design: Link Between Parkinson's Pain and Restless Leg Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Prior research suggests that restless leg syndrome (RLS) is prevalent in Parkinson's disease (PD) with insufficient evidence to support the relationship between RLS, PD, and pain. This study explored the relationship between pain in PD patients and its association with the prevalence and severity of RLS. METHOD: 127 PD patients were assessed for PD and RLS using the U.K. Brain bank Criteria and the Restless Leg Syndrome diagnostic criteria, respectively. These patients were also assessed for pain perception and interference using the Brief Pain Inventory. RESULTS: The results demonstrated Parkinson's disease patients who reported pain scored 23 more Restless Leg Syndrome prevalence points (p < 0.05), and 8.5 counts higher for Restless Leg Syndrome severity (p < 0.05) compared to the group of Parkinson's disease patients denying pain. DISCUSSION: The presence of pain in PD patients indicated a higher RLS prevalence and an increased RLS severity. This finding suggests patients suffering from pain interference may experience more severe RLS symptoms. This demonstrates an inextricable link and association between pain in PD patients and RLS. Further robust investigations are required to elucidate any potential causative links, which can inform more holistic treatment principles.

Non-pharmacological therapies for pain management in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review.

Among the various non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), pain is often cited as the most common and debilitating feature. Currently, the literature contains gaps in knowledge with respect to the various forms of treatment available, particularly non-pharmacological therapies. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review is to provide an examination of the literature on non-pharmacological therapies for pain in PD. We compared the findings of research articles indexed within various literature databases related to non-pharmacological treatments of pain in PD patients. Our review identified five major non-pharmacological methods of pain therapy in PD: acupuncture, hydrotherapy, massage therapy, neuromodulation, and exercise. Treatments such as exercise therapy found a reduction in pain perception due to various factors, including the analgesic effects of neurotransmitter release during exercise and increased activity leading to a decrease in musculoskeletal rigidity and stiffness. By the same token, hydrotherapy has been shown to reduce pain perception within PD patients, with authors often citing a combined treatment of exercise and hydrotherapy as an effective treatment for pain management. Multiple methods of neurostimulation were also observed, including deep brain stimulation and spinal cord stimulation. Deep brain stimulation showed efficacy in alleviating certain pain types (dystonic and central), while not others (musculoskeletal). Hence, patients may consider deep brain stimulation as an additive procedure for their current treatment protocol. On the other hand, spinal cord stimulation showed significant improvement in reducing VAS scores for pain. Finally, although the literature on massage therapy and acupuncture effectiveness on pain management is limited, both have demonstrated a reduction in pain perception, with common reasons such as tactile stimulation and release of anti-nociceptive molecules in the body. Although literature pertaining to non-pharmacological treatments of pain in PD is sparse, there is copious support for these treatments as beneficial to pain management. Further exploration in the form of clinical trials is warranted to assess the efficacy of such therapies.

Peripheral neuropathy in Parkinson's disease.

Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a common neurological problem defined as a dysfunction of sensory, motor, and autonomic nerves. The presence of peripheral neuropathy has recently been noticed in Parkinson's disease (PD) This comorbidity is concerning as it increases the burden on patients whose motor functions are previously compromised. A comprehensive computer-based literature review utilizing multiple peer-reviewed databases (e.g., Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, etc.) was conducted. There is evidence for the utility of robust diagnostic criteria to distinguish between large fiber neuropathy (LFN) and small fiber neuropathy (SFN). Some studies have established links between prolonged L-DOPA exposure and prevalence with increased levels of homocysteine (HCY) and methylmalonic acid (MMA) as pathological underlying mechanisms. PN in PD patients with relatively truncated exposure to L-DOPA therapy may have underlying mutations in the Parkin and MHTFR gene or separate mitochondrial disorders. Vitamin B12 and cobalamin deficiencies have also been implicated as drivers of PN. Accumulation of phosphorylated α-synuclein is another central feature in PN and deems urgent exploration via large cohort studies. Importantly, these underlying mechanisms have been linked to peripheral denervation. This review delves into the potential treatments for PN targeting B12 deficiencies and the use of COMT inhibitors along with other novel approaches. Avenues of research with powerful randomized controlled and long-term cohort studies exploring genetic mechanisms and novel treatment pathways is urgently required to alleviate the burden of disease exerted by PN on PD.

Parkinson's pain is more aching and interfering with social life in Caucasians compared to Indians.

Objectives: Although there have been numerous studies conducted to better understand Parkinson's disease (PD), the epidemiology of its debilitating non-motor symptoms across different ethnicities remains understudied. Herein we explore the relationship between depression, anxiety and pain in PD patients of Caucasian or Indian ethnicity (PD Caucasians and PD Indians). Patients and Methods: All patients and healthy age and gender matched controls were assessed via semi-structured interviews for anxiety, pain and depression using structured questionnaires. Results: PD Indians did not differ from PD Caucasians on anxiety or depression. However, PD Caucasians were more likely to report aching pain by 80 times and dull pain by 108 times compared to PD Indians. PD Indians were 82% less likely to have pain interfering with social activities, and 90% less likely to have pain interfering with relations with others compared to PD Caucasians. Conclusion: Although an Indo-Caucasian difference may not be detected from mood dysfunction, important differences may exist from the influence of pain interfering with several dimensions of life.

Comprehensive Examination of Therapies for Pain in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Pain in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating symptom with a prevalence of 68%, yet is untreated 50% of the time. What is unclear, however, is which treatment is optimal for minimizing pain severity in PD. Thus, the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy of a variety of novel, complimentary, and conventional treatments for pain in PD and elucidate which therapy is the most effective. A systematic search was performed using MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL, and CENTRAL databases. To identify additional articles, manual searches of reference lists of included trials were also searched. Major neurology conference proceedings occurring between January 2014 and February 2018 were also searched to identify unpublished studies that may be potentially eligible. Twenty-five randomized controlled trials that encompassed medical, surgical, and complementary therapies met our inclusion criteria and exhibited moderate quality evidence. Two reviewers conducted assessments for study eligibility, risk of bias, data extraction, and quality of evidence rating. A conservative random-effects model was used to pool effect estimates of pain severity. The greatest reductions in pain were found with safinamide (Standardized mean difference = -4.83, 95% CI [-5.07 to -4.59], p < 0.0001), followed by cannabinoids and opioids, multidisciplinary team care, catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors, and electrical and Chinese therapies. Moderate effects in reducing pain were in pardoprunox and surgery, while the weakest effects were in dopaminergic agonists and miscellaneous therapies. Safinamide is an important adjunct to standard parkinsonian medication for alleviating pain in PD.

Impact of ethnicity on mood disorders in Parkinson's disease.

Anxiety and depression are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, yet their prevalence and severity compared to individuals without PD requires more research. Moreover, it has never been compared across different ethnic groups. The objective of this study was to close that gap in the literature by exploring the caseness and severity of anxiety and depression in PD patients of different ethnicities compared to controls without PD. It was found that caseness and severity of anxiety and depression are higher in individuals with PD compared to controls. Furthermore, the caseness and severity of anxiety and depression do not vary significantly among ethnic groups. Finally, depression caseness was not predicted by age, gender, disease duration, restless legs syndrome prevalence, Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) score nor Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale part III (UPDRS-III) score. Anxiety caseness was predicted by gender, with females 2.7 times more likely to have anxiety caseness than males. Overall, our study suggests that treatment plans should be individualized based on prevalence and severity of the two conditions in individuals with PD rather than generalize treatment for specific ethnic groups.

Association of restless legs syndrome, pain, and mood disorders in Parkinson's disease.

PURPOSE/AIMS: The objectives of the study were to analyze the association between Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome, and to explore the relationship between mood disorder comorbidity (anxiety and depression), pain, and restless legs syndrome. METHODS: This study included 123 Parkinson's disease patients and 123 non-Parkinson's disease patients matched for age and gender, and evaluated for anxiety severity, depression severity, pain severity, pain interference, pain disability, and restless legs syndrome prevalence. This was performed using semi-structured interviews and a neurological examination through the restless legs syndrome diagnostic criteria and the following inventories; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Brief Pain Inventory, and Pain Disability Index. RESULTS: Parkinson's disease patients had significantly greater anxiety severity, depression severity, pain severity, pain interference, pain disability, and restless legs syndrome prevalence in comparison to controls. In addition, Parkinson's disease patients' comorbid for anxiety and depression had significantly greater pain severity, pain interference, and pain disability, but not RLS prevalence, in comparison to Parkinson's disease only, Parkinson's disease anxiety, and Parkinson's disease depression patients. CONCLUSIONS: Pain interference, pain severity, and pain disability is greater among Parkinson's disease patients with anxiety and depression, in comparison to Parkinson's disease patients without anxiety and depression. On the contrary, the prevalence of restless legs syndrome was not found to be relevant.

Prevalence of essential tremor in an idiopathic Parkinson's disease patient population.

Essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson's disease (PD) tremor differ in type, frequency and distribution. Despite being two separate disorders, there have been cases reported of comorbidity for ET-PD. Studies have reported an increase in the incidence of ET in relatives of patients with PD, yet the risk of developing PD in ET patients has not been thoroughly investigated. Our study set out to determine the incidence of precedent ET in PD patients. We conducted a retrospective chart review analysis of 332 idiopathic PD patients to determine how many of them had ET prior to the diagnosis of PD and the percentage of them who were also diagnosed with ET. Our results indicate that the prevalence of precedent ET among a population of idiopathic PD patients was not any higher than the prevalence of ET in a comparable general population. Our results support the notion that ET and PD are mutually independent disorders. Further studies are needed to understand the exact relationship between these two disorders.

Prevalence of chronic non-cancer pain among military veterans: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic non-cancer pain is common among military veterans; however, the prevalence is uncertain. This information gap complicates policy decisions and resource planning to ensure veterans have access to healthcare services that align with their needs. METHODS: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Web of Science from inception to 9 February 2023 for observational studies reporting the prevalence of chronic non-cancer pain among military veterans. We performed random-effects meta-analysis to pool pain prevalence data across studies and used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach to evaluate the certainty of evidence. RESULTS: Forty-two studies that included 14 305 129 veterans were eligible for review, of which 28 studies (n=5 011 634) contributed to our meta-analysis. Most studies (90%; 38 of 42) enrolled US veterans, the median of the mean age among study participants was 55 years (IQR 45-62) and 85% were male. The pooled prevalence of chronic non-cancer pain was 45%; however, we found evidence of a credible subgroup effect based on representativeness of the study population. Moderate certainty evidence found the prevalence of chronic pain among studies enrolling military veterans from the general population was 30% (95% CI 23% to 37%) compared with 51% (95% CI 38% to 64%) among military veterans sampled from populations with high rates of conditions associated with chronic pain (p=0.005). CONCLUSION: We found moderate certainty evidence that 3 in every 10 military veterans from the general population live with chronic non-cancer pain. These findings underscore the importance of ensuring access to evidence-based care for chronic pain for veterans, and the need for prevention and early management to reduce transition from acute to chronic pain. Further research, employing a standardised assessment of chronic pain, is needed to disaggregate meaningful subgroups; for example, the proportion of veterans living with moderate to severe pain compared with mild pain.

Research Priorities Among Canadian Military Veterans Living With Chronic Pain: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic pain is a debilitating problem that disproportionately affects military veterans. We completed a qualitative study that identified 20 research priorities of Canadian veterans living with chronic noncancer pain. The aim of this study was to establish the generalizability of these priorities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January to March 2021, we emailed a 45-item survey to a list of Canadian veterans living with chronic noncancer pain that asked about the relative importance of 20 research priorities. RESULTS: Overall, 313 of 701 Canadian military veterans living with chronic noncancer pain returned a completed survey (45% response rate). All 20 research priorities listed in the survey were endorsed by ≥75% of respondents, and four received ≥95% endorsement: (1) optimizing chronic pain management after release from the military; (2) establishing the effectiveness of self-care; and (3) identifying and (4) treating mental illness among veterans living with chronic pain. One research priority differed significantly by gender; 50% more females than males rated improving chronic pain care while in the military as important (99% vs. 49%, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Our survey established research priorities among Canadian veterans living with chronic noncancer pain. These findings should be considered by granting agencies when formulating calls for proposals and by researchers who wish to undertake research that will address the needs of military veterans living with chronic pain.

The efficacy of teriparatide on lumbar spine bone mineral density, vertebral fracture incidence and pain in post-menopausal osteoporotic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Teriparatide has been increasingly utilized in the management of osteoporosis. The efficacy of low and high dose teriparatide on lumbar spine bone mineral density, vertebral fracture incidence and pain is unknown. We sought to determine the efficacy of teriparatide on these patient-important outcomes using a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: A systematic search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL) was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluate teriparatide to any comparator for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. The Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria were used by two independent reviewers to assess the strength and quality of evidence. RESULTS: A total of 20 studies (n = 6024) were included in this review, with 2855 patients receiving teriparatide and 3169 patients receiving placebo or control treatment. A teriparatide dose of 20 µg/day increased lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.34 standard deviation (SD) units higher (95% CI 0.19-0.48 SDs higher) in comparison to placebo. Relative to anti-resorptive agents, 20 µg/day of teriparatide had a range from 0.14 SD units to 0.96 SD units higher (95% CI, 0.08 SDs lower to 0.36 SDs higher, CI, 0.33-1.59 SDs higher, respectively). 20 µg/day teriparatide had a significant effect on pain severity to placebo or control (SMD 0.80, 95% CI, 1.16-0.43 SDs lower) and also decreased the incidence of vertebral fractures compared to placebo (relative risk 0.31, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.46). Arthralgia and extremity pain incidence were also calculated; there were 15 and 8 fewer events per 1000 patients with the use of 20 µg/day of teriparatide compared to placebo or control, respectively. CONCLUSION: High quality evidence supports the utilization of teriparatide 20 µg/day dose to significantly improve lumbar spine BMD and decrease incidence of vertebral fractures and pain severity relative to all comparators. 40 µg/day dose of teriparatide demonstrated significantly better results with prolonged treatment. This data is valuable for clinicians involved in the care of this growing demographic of patients. Further investigation on the safety and efficacy of teriparatide in higher doses for the long-term treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women should be conducted through high-quality clinical trials.

Efficacy of Electrical Stimulation for Spinal Fusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Spinal fusion is one of the most common procedures performed in spine surgery. As rates of spinal fusion continue to increase, rates of complications such as nonunions continue to increase as well. Current evidence supporting the use of electrical stimulation to promote fusion is inconclusive. This review aimed to determine if postoperative electrical stimulation is more efficacious than no stimulation or placebo in promoting radiographic fusion in patients undergoing spinal fusion. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, CINAHL and MEDLINE from date of inception to current. Ongoing clinical trials were also identified and reference lists of included studies were manually searched for relevant articles. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Data were pooled using the Mantel-Haenszel method. Trialists were contacted for any missing or incomplete data. Of 1184 articles screened, 7 studies were eligible for final inclusion (n = 941). A total of 487 patients received postoperative electrical stimulation and 454 patients received control or sham stimulation. All evidence was of moderate quality. Electrical stimulation (pulsed electromagnetic fields, direct current, and capacitive coupling) increased the odds of a successful fusion by 2.5-fold relative to control (OR = 2.53, 95% CI 1.86 to 3.43, p < 0.00001). A test for subgroup interaction by stimulation type, smoking status, and number of levels fused was not significant (p = 0.93, p = 0.82 and p = 0.65, respectively). This systematic review and meta-analysis found moderate-quality evidence supporting the use of postoperative electrical stimulation as an adjunct to spinal fusion surgery. Patients treated with electrical stimulation have significantly greater rates of successful fusion. The level of evidence for this study is therapeutic level I.

Prevalence of pain in atypical parkinsonism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Pain is common in atypical parkinsonism such as multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (LBD). In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and peer-reviewed literature was searched to determine the prevalence and types of pain in four atypical parkinsonism syndromes: MSA, PSP, CBD and LBD. The results show that pain was prevalent mainly in MSA patients in comparison to PSP and CBD patients. Pain was reported at an early stage and was found in females, with limb pain being the most common, followed by neck and back pain. In comparison to PSP, pain locations were similar to MSA patients. CBD patients experienced pain the least in comparison to MSA, PSP and LBD patients.

Vital Sign Variations with Complications during Dialysis among End-Stage Renal Disease Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the association of vital sign variations with complications during dialysis among end-stage renal disease patients. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Dialysis Centre, Memon Medical Institute Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from December 2016 to February 2017. METHODOLOGY: Patients on regular hemodialysis with permanent vascular access were selected. Analysis was done during their regular hemodialysis session. Vital signs were measured before and after dialysis, and ultrafiltration (in litre) was recorded post-dialysis. Complications and the variations in vital sign during dialysis were documented as 'yes' or 'no' on the proforma. The association of vital sign on complications during dialysis was analysed by using Pearson Chi-square or Fisher Exact test. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Among the study participants, 250 (65.78%) were males and 130 (34.21) were females. Overall mean age and ultrafiltration rate were 51.89 ±15.83 years and 2.11 ±0.99, respectively. Most of the patients suffered with complications of cramps during dialysis,i.e. 151 (39.73%) followed by complication of hypotension 143 (37.63%). Significant association was observed onlyinvariation in systolic blood pressure with complication of hypotension (p<0.001), followed by variation in body weight with complication of cramps (p=0.016) and hypotension (p=0.037). CONCLUSION: Vital signs variations, i.e. variation in systolic blood pressure and variation in body weight, are associated with intradialytic complications, i.e. hypotension and hypotension with cramps, respectively.

Impact of Progression of Parkinson's Disease and Various Other Factors on Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: While much research has been conducted toward understanding the relationship between prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) and generalized anxiety, little has been done considering additional influential factors in the relationship by means of a large ethnically diverse sample. Our study strives to fulfill these deficits in the literature as we set out to determine the impact of progression of PD, age, gender, and Hoehn and Yahr (H and Y) staging of PD on generalized anxiety. METHODS: A retrospective chart review analysis was performed on PD patients who were regularly examined in a community-based PD and movement disorders center from 2005 to 2010. RESULTS: This study consisted of 310 patients with PD among whom 12% had generalized anxiety. Neither age nor gender was significant onset predictors at P = 0.05. The impact of progression of H and Y Stages 2-3 and 2-4 increased the odds of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) prevalence though it was statistically insignificant at P = 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should not expect the risk of developing anxiety to depend on gender nor change as a function of age though it may increase with symptomatic progression of PD as outlined by H and Y. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest and most ethnically diverse prevalence study with a focus on generalized anxiety and PD. SIGNIFICANT OUTCOMES AND LIMITATIONS: The symptomatic progression of PD, but not age or gender, may be associated with an increased risk for GAD. This study lacked adjustment for potential confounders such as depression and PD medications.

Decreased sleep quality in Parkinson's patients is associated with higher anxiety and depression prevalence and severity, and correlates with pain intensity and quality.

OBJECTIVE: Pain, poor sleep quality, restless legs syndrome (RLS), and other symptoms are frequently reported by patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the impact that pain severity and interference has on non-motor symptoms (NMS) has not been extensively studied. The objective of the present study is to explore the relationship between sleep quality in PD to pain and other NMS that affect quality of life. METHODS: The study included 100 PD patients and 100 age and gender-matched controls assessed for pain severity and pain interference using the Brief Pain Inventory and sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Participants were also evaluated for their subjective levels of anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTS: PD patients with poor sleep quality had greater pain severity and pain interference than controls and PD patients with good or borderline sleep quality. PD patients with poor sleep quality also had the greatest case-ness and severity for depression and anxiety. However, RLS was not significantly correlated with depression, anxiety or pain. DISCUSSION: Poor sleep quality in PD patients is related to greater pain severity, pain interference, and more radiating and paresthestic pain that is independent of RLS. There is a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety in PD patients compared to controls, especially in PD patients with poor sleep quality. Our findings suggest a relationship between poor sleep quality in PD with pain, anxiety and depression. Prospective studies are warranted to investigate the causal relationship.

Negative impact of severity of pain on mood, social life and general activity in Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE: Pain is an important non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, it remains understudied. The purpose of previous studies on the relationship between PD and pain, has been to explore the cause, origin and types of pain. This case control study is designed for clinicians and rehabilitation specialists to effectively identify pain from the patient's point of view. Pain present in PD patients correlates with significant disruption to their daily lives, which was seen by analysing characteristics, frequency, severity and interference of pain. METHOD: A total of 100 PD patients and 100 control healthy individuals, consisting of 66 males and 34 females were evaluated during routine clinical assessment followed by a neurological exam. The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) was used to measure chronic pain in terms of pain severity, pain interference and pain frequency between the two groups. RESULTS: It was determined that PD patients had significantly higher pain severity scores compared to controls (p < 0.05). PD patients with depressive symptoms had significantly higher pain severity and pain interference scores than controls without depressive symptoms. PD patients reported greater scores on Global BPI pain interference and all components of the pain interference subscale. DISCUSSION: PD and depression seem to be correlated with higher perceived pain, severity and interference. These findings have not been reported by other case control studies, and warrant further causal research into pain, depression and PD.