Attributes of FSW and UWFSW butt joints of armour grade AA5083 aluminium alloy: Impact of tool pin profile.

AA5083 is an alloy of military-grade aluminum used to make lightweight combat vehicles. Combining this material with traditional welding methods results in the formation of grain agglomerations, alloy separation, porosity, and pores. To overcome these shortcomings, Friction stir welding was utilized. In this work, the problems arising from friction stir welding are reduced by performing the process underwater. A relative study was also conducted to determine the impact of various tool pin profiles. particularly straight hexagonal, straight cylindrical, straight threaded, and tapered cylindrical. Friction stir welding and Underwater friction stir welding were used for welding Aluminium alloy AA5083 alloys of 150 x100 × 6 mm, constant tool rotational speed of 1200 rpm, tool transverse speed of 40 mm/min, and tool tilt angle of 0°. This study revealed that the straight hexagonal pin produced joint in an underwater cooling medium had a greater tensile strength (UTS) of 295 MPa and a joint efficiency of 78 %.

Photoperiod influences endogenous indoleamines in cultured green alga Dunaliella bardawil.

Effect of light intensity and photoperiod on growth, indoleamines and carotenoid production was studied in unicellular green algae D. bardawil. Maximum biomass and carotenoid contents were found when cultures were grown in light (intensity of 2.0 Klux) at a photoperiod of 16/8h light and dark cycle. There was a profound influence of tested photoperiod conditions of light:dark viz. 8:16, 10:14, and 12:12 hr, continuous light on indoleamines (SER and MEL) production as estimated by HPLC and confirmed by mass spectral data obtained from LC-MS-ESI studies. Serotonin level increased from 908 to 1765 pg/g fresh wt with increase in light duration and melatonin level increased from 267 to 584 pg/g fresh wt during increase in dark phase. Carotenoids production was high in continuous light than other tested conditions.

Isoflavone composition, phenol content, and antioxidant activity of soybean seeds from India and Bulgaria.

Isoflavone levels and isoflavone chemical composition in 11 cultivars of soybean, including 4 Indian and 7 genotypes of soybean grown in Bulgaria, were analyzed as determined by C 18 reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector. Antioxidant activity of soybean extracts was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and total phenolic compounds (TPC) were determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The range of total isoflavones (TI) was 558.2-1048.6 microg g (-1) of soy in Indian cultivars, and it was 627.9-1716.9 microg g (-1) of soy in the case of Bulgarian cultivars. The highest and lowest total isoflavone contents were observed for Maus-2 (1048.6 microg g (-1) of soy) and Hardee (558.2 microg g (-1) of soy), respectively, for the Indian cultivars, and they were observed for Boryara (1716.9 microg g (-1) of soy) and Line 5 (627.9 microg g (-1) of soy) for the Bulgarian genotypes. DPPH radical scavenging activity did not differ significantly among the cultivars and did not correlate with TI, whereas TPC correlated well with TI and weakly with DPPH. Malonylglucoside of all the aglycones, total genistein (TGin), and total daidzein (TDin) showed strong correlation with total isoflavones, whereas acetylglucoside and aglycone levels did not significantly correlate with total isoflavone. Profiling of soybean isoflavone is helpful in understanding the regulation of isoflavone biosynthesis for greater improved resistance of crops to disease and greater health benefits for humans. This comparative study of soybean cultivars grown in India and Bulgaria throws light on their composition and nutraceutical value.

Antioxidant property of Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn.

Aromatic edible root of D. hamiltonii was subjected to the extraction of the antioxidant rich fraction. Different parts of root namely whole tuber, peel, tuber without peel and medullary portion were extracted with dichloromethane (European Patent No. W02005063272). The extract was found to contain flavor compound 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (2H4MB), which was identified by TLC and GC. Medullary portion was found to be rich in 2H4MB, (73.73 mg g(-1) dry tissue) followed by peel, containing 68.34 mg g(-1) 2H4MB. Different concentration of dichloromethane extracts were subjected for antioxidant assay by DPPH (1,1 dihydroxy 2-picryl hydrazyl) method, this has shown 44, 46.7% radical scavenging activity in case of medullary, peel extracts and 67.3% in case of pure 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde at 100 ppm concentration, whereas ascorbic acid used as standard showed 94.3% activity. In beta-carotene linoleate model system (b-CLAMS) 43.46 and 45.7% antioxidant activity was observed in medullary and peel extracts at 100 ppm concentrations respectively, whereas standard 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde exhibited 69.64% at 100 ppm and BHA (butylated hydroxyl anisole) 90.1% activity also at 100-ppm level. Similarly hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was found to be 48.36, 46.86, 48.26 and 73.60% in whole tuber, medullary, peel and standard 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde respectively at 100 ppm levels. This is the first report on the antioxidant activity of D. hamiltonii. Results have shown that 2H4MB is one of the major constituents responsible for antioxidant activity. Hence the extract of D. hamiltonii can be utilized for the production of antioxidant rich fractions required for various health benefits.

Production of thiophenes from callus cultures of Tagetes patula L. and its mosquito larvicidal activity.

Calli were initiated from leaf tissues of T. patula, on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 2-4 dichlorophenoxacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin (Kn). The maximum accumulation of biomass was recorded on 6th week at 1.11 g. dry wt/culture. Maximum thiophene content was recorded on 4th week at 0.008% on dry wt basis in callus cultures of T. patula subjected to nutrient stress. Nitrogen stress induced 3-fold increase in thiophene production level in six weeks (0.024% on dry weight basis). The best hormonal supplementation required for thiophenes production was found to be 2,4-D (2.0 mg L(-1)) and kinetin (2.0 mg L(-1)). The thiophenes produced in callus cultures of T. patula showed larvicidal effect against mosquito larvae.

Production of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde in roots of tissue culture raised and acclimatized plants of Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn., an endangered shrub endemic to Southern India and evaluation of its performance vis-a-vis plants from natural habitat.

Axillary buds obtained from field grown plants of D. hamiltonii were used to initiate multiple shoots on Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS) supplemented with 2 mg L(-1) 6-benzyl aminopurine (BA) and 0.5 mg L(-1) indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Profuse rooting was achieved when the actively growing shoots were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l(-1) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Regenerated plants were grown successfully in the plains, in contrast to wild growth in high altitudes and rocky crevices of hilly regions. Roots of different sizes from one-year-old tissue culture raised field grown plants had the same profile of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde as that of wild plants. A maximum of 0.14% and 0.12% 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde was produced in roots of one year old tissue culture derived plants and greenhouse grown plants respectively.

Dual behavior of isatin-based cyclic ketimines with dicarbomethoxy carbene: expedient synthesis of highly functionalized spirooxindolyl oxazolidines and pyrrolines.

A highly stereo-, regio-, and chemoselective method has been devised for the synthesis of a wide range of spirooxindolyl oxazolidines via an intermolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of carbonyl ylides generated from dimethyl diazomalonate and aromatic aldehydes, with cyclic ketimines using 5 mol % of Rh2(OAc)4 under mild conditions. Similarly, highly functionalized spirooxindolyl pyrrolines have also been prepared through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides generated from dimethyl diazomalonate and cyclic ketimines, with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate.

Synthesis, growth and characterization of bis (glycine) lithium molybdate--a semi-organic NLO material.

Single crystals of bis (glycine) lithium molybdate [BGLM] with dimensions 20mmx10mmx5mm were grown by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals were subjected to powder X-ray diffraction studies. Functional groups of the crystallized molecules were confirmed by FTIR analyses. Transmission range of the crystal was determined by UV-vis-NIR spectra. Vickers microhardness test was performed on the prominent plane (011) of the grown crystal. The NLO property of the crystal was confirmed by Kurtz SHG test and compared with NLO efficiency of KDP crystal.

Cimetidine as a single oral dose for prophylaxis against Mendelson's syndrome.

Cimetidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist which inhibits gastric acid secretion, was administered as a single 400 mg oral dose before anaesthesia to forty-six patients undergoing elective gynaecological surgery. The incidence of gastric residue pH above 2.5 was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) in cimetidine treated patients than in thirty-seven control patients. No patient who received cimetidine between 4 and 6 h prior to anaesthesia had a gastric residue pH less than 2.5. These findings suggest that cimetidine may be effective as a prophylaxis against acid pulmonary aspiration (Mendelson's) syndrome.