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PURPOSE: To analyze outcomes and complication rates in an unselected cohort of men with unfavorable (NCCN intermediate and high-risk) PCa receiving combined-modality radiation treatment (CRT). METHODS: Patients received androgen deprivation therapy for 1 year and combined-modality radiation treatment (CRT) consisting of external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT, 59.4 Gy, 33 fractions) and 125J seed-brachytherapy (S-BT, 100 Gy). Subgroups, including WHO group 3-5, and initial PSA (iPSA) < 20 and > 20 ng/ml were identified. Biochemical recurrence-free (BRFS), metastasis-free (MFS), cancer-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated at 5 and 10 years using the Kaplan-Meier method. Subgroups were compared using log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression. Urogenital and gastrointestinal side-effects were reported according to the CTCAE classification. RESULTS: After a median of 6.9 years (range 2-13) calculated 5- and 10-year rates for the whole cohort of 425 men were 92.8% and 82.5% for BRFS, 95.1%, and 88.8% for MFS, 98.2%, and 95.1 for CSS, and 95.4%, and 80.1% for OS, respectively. Univariate (UVA) and multivariate analysis (MV) identified a group with unfavorable outcome with iPSA > 20 ng/ml, comprising 24% of all patients, in which 55% of recurrences, 54% of metastases and 71% of cancer-specific deaths occurred. Side-effects were limited, with < 5% of patients complaining of genitourinary and 0.5% of gastrointestinal AEs after 5 years. CONCLUSION: CRT is an excellent treatment option for men with unfavorable PCa. In a subgroup of patients with iPSA > 20 ng/ml further, possibly systemic, treatment options should be identified.
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Antagonistas de Andrógenos/uso terapéutico , Braquiterapia/métodos , Radioisótopos de Yodo/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Próstata/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Próstata/radioterapia , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antagonistas de Andrógenos/efectos adversos , Braquiterapia/efectos adversos , Estudios de Cohortes , Terapia Combinada , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Radioterapia/efectos adversos , Radioterapia/métodos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of CT scans on diagnosis or change of therapy in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis and obscure clinical infection. METHODS: CT records of patients with obscure clinical infection and SIRS or sepsis were retrospectively evaluated. Both confirmation of and changes in the diagnosis or therapy based on CT findings were analysed by means of the hospital information system and radiological information system. A sub-group analysis included differences with regard to anatomical region, medical history and referring department. RESULTS: Of 525 consecutive patients evaluated, 59% had been referred from internal medicine and 41% from surgery. CT examination had confirmed the suspected diagnosis in 26% and had resulted in a different diagnosis in 33% and a change of therapy in 32%. Abdominal scans yielded a significantly higher (p=0.013) change of therapy rate (42%) than thoracic scans (22%). Therapy was changed significantly more often (p=0.016) in surgical patients (38%) than in patients referred from internal medicine (28%). CONCLUSIONS: CT examination for detecting an unknown infection focus in patients with SIRS or sepsis is highly beneficial and should be conducted in patients with obscure clinical infection. KEY POINTS: ⢠Evaluation of patients with obscure clinical infection is a challenging task. ⢠CT examination of patients with SIRS or sepsis seems to be beneficial. ⢠CT examination confirmed suspected diagnosis in 26% of patients. ⢠CT examination yielded a new infection focus in 33% of patients. ⢠CT examination changed therapy in up to 32% of patients.
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Tomografía Computarizada Multidetector/métodos , Sepsis/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Respuesta Inflamatoria Sistémica/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Preescolar , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sepsis/terapia , Síndrome de Respuesta Inflamatoria Sistémica/terapia , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Transplant recipients face an increased risk of cancer compared with the healthy population. Although several studies have examined the direct effects of immunosuppressive drugs on cancer cells, little is known about the interactions between pharmacological immunosuppression and cancer immunosurveillance. We investigated the different effects of rapamycin (Rapa) versus cyclosporine A (CsA) on tumor-reactive CD8(+) T cells. After adoptive transfer of CD8(+) T cell receptor-transgenic OTI T cells, recipient mice received either skin grafts expressing ovalbumin (OVA) or OVA-expressing B16F10 melanoma cells. Animals were treated daily with Rapa or CsA. Skin graft rejection and tumor growth as well as molecular and cellular analyses of skin- and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were performed. Both Rapa and CsA were equally efficient in prolonging skin graft survival when applied at clinically relevant doses. In contrast to Rapa-treated animals, CsA led to accelerated tumor growth in the presence of adoptively transferred tumor-reactive CD8(+) OTI T cells. Further analyses showed that T-bet was downregulated by CsA (but not Rapa) in CD8(+) T cells and that cancer cytotoxicity was profoundly inhibited in the absence of T-bet. CsA reduces T-bet-dependent cancer immunosurveillance by CD8(+) T cells. This may contribute to the increased cancer risk in transplant recipients receiving calcineurin inhibitors.
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Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Ciclosporina/farmacología , Rechazo de Injerto/inmunología , Tolerancia Inmunológica/inmunología , Melanoma Experimental/inmunología , Trasplante de Piel , Proteínas de Dominio T Box/fisiología , Animales , Femenino , Rechazo de Injerto/tratamiento farmacológico , Supervivencia de Injerto/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia de Injerto/inmunología , Tolerancia Inmunológica/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunosupresores/farmacología , Masculino , Melanoma Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Melanoma Experimental/patología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Sirolimus/farmacologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is a dismal feature of gastric cancer that most often is treated by systemic palliative chemotherapy. In this retrospective matched pairs-analysis, we sought to establish whether specific patient subgroups alternatively should be offered a multimodal therapy concept, including cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and intraoperative hyperthermic chemotherapy (HIPEC). METHODS: Clinical outcomes of 38 consecutive patients treated with gastrectomy, CRS and HIPEC for advanced gastric cancer with PC were compared to patients treated by palliative management (with and without gastrectomy) and to patients with advanced gastric cancer with no evidence of PC. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and multivariate Cox regression models were applied. RESULTS: Median survival time after gastrectomy was similar between patients receiving CRS-HIPEC and matched control patients operated for advanced gastric cancer without PC [18.1 months, confidence interval (CI) 10.1-26.0 vs. 21.8 months, CI 8.0-35.5 months], resulting in comparable 5-year survival (11.9 vs. 12.1 %). The median survival time after first diagnosis of PC for gastric cancer was 17.2 months (CI 10.1-24.2 months) in the CRS-HIPEC group compared with 11.0 months (CI 7.4-14.6 months) for those treated by gastrectomy and chemotherapy alone, resulting in a twofold increase of 2-year survival (35.8 vs. 16.9 %). CONCLUSIONS: We provide retrospective evidence that multimodal treatment with gastrectomy, CRS, and HIPEC is associated with improved survival for patients with PC of advanced gastric cancer compared with gastrectomy and palliative chemotherapy alone. We also show that patients treated with CRS-HIPEC have comparable survival to matched control patients without PC. However, regardless of treatment scheme, all patients subsequently recur and die of disease.
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Procedimientos Quirúrgicos de Citorreducción , Hipertermia Inducida , Neoplasias Peritoneales/terapia , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Gastrectomía , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cuidados Paliativos , Neoplasias Peritoneales/secundario , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Gástricas/cirugía , Tasa de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
There is still no consensus regarding the role of lipid modulators during in vitro embryo production. Thus, we investigated how lipid reducers during the in vitro maturation of oocytes (IVM) or in vitro culture (IVC) of embryos impact their cryotolerance. A literature search was performed using three databases, recovering 43 articles for the systematic review, comprising 75 experiments (13 performed in IVM, 62 in IVC) and testing 13 substances. In 39 % of the experiments, an increase in oocyte and/or embryo survival after cryopreservation was reported, in contrast to 48 % exhibiting no effect, 5 % causing negative effects, and 8 % influencing in a dose-dependent manner. Of the 75 experiments extracted during IVM and IVC, 41 quantified the lipid content. Of those that reduced lipid content (n = 26), 50 % increased cryotolerance, 34 % had no effect, 8 % harmed oocyte/embryo survival, and 8 % had different results depending on the concentration used. Moreover, 28 out of the 43 studies were analyzed under a meta-analytical approach at the IVC stage in cattle. There was an improvement in the cryotolerance of bovine embryos when the lipid content was reduced. Forskolin, l-carnitine, and phenazine ethosulfate positively affected cryotolerance, while conjugated linoleic acid had no effect and impaired embryonic development. Moreover, fetal bovine serum has a positive impact on cryotolerance. SOF and CR1aa IVC media improved cryotolerance, while mSOF showed no effect. In conclusion, lipid modulators did not unanimously improve cryotolerance, especially when used in IVM, but presented positive effects on cryotolerance during IVC when reaching lipid reduction.
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Criopreservación , Técnicas de Cultivo de Embriones , Animales , Criopreservación/veterinaria , Criopreservación/métodos , Técnicas de Cultivo de Embriones/veterinaria , Lípidos/química , Técnicas de Maduración In Vitro de los Oocitos/veterinaria , Técnicas de Maduración In Vitro de los Oocitos/métodos , Fertilización In Vitro/veterinaria , Bovinos/embriología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Embrión de Mamíferos/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Endocrine disruption is considered a highly relevant hazard for environmental risk assessment of chemicals, plant protection products, biocides and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, screening tests with a focus on interference with estrogen, androgen, and thyroid hormone pathways in fish and amphibians have been developed. However, they use a large number of animals and short-term alternatives to animal tests would be advantageous. Therefore, the status of alternative assays for endocrine disruption in fish and frogs was assessed by a detailed literature analysis. The aim was to (i) determine the strengths and limitations of alternative assays and (ii) present conclusions regarding chemical specificity, sensitivity, and correlation with in vivo data. Data from 1995 to present were collected related to the detection/testing of estrogen-, androgen-, and thyroid-active chemicals in the following test systems: cell lines, primary cells, fish/frog embryos, yeast and cell-free systems. The review shows that the majority of alternative assays measure effects directly mediated by receptor binding or resulting from interference with hormone synthesis. Other mechanisms were rarely analysed. A database was established and used for a quantitative and comparative analysis. For example, a high correlation was observed between cell-free ligand binding and cell-based reporter cell assays, between fish and frog estrogenic data and between fish embryo tests and in vivo reproductive effects. It was concluded that there is a need for a more systematic study of the predictive capacity of alternative tests and ways to reduce inter- and intra-assay variability.
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Andrógenos/toxicidad , Alternativas a las Pruebas en Animales/métodos , Disruptores Endocrinos/toxicidad , Estrógenos/toxicidad , Hormonas Tiroideas/toxicidad , Anfibios , Andrógenos/análisis , Animales , Bioensayo/métodos , Bioensayo/veterinaria , Línea Celular , Sistema Libre de Células , Disruptores Endocrinos/análisis , Estrógenos/análisis , Peces , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Medición de Riesgo , Hormonas Tiroideas/análisis , ToxicogenéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Recipient selection for liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is based primarily on criteria affecting the chance of long-term success. Here, the relationship between pretransplant bridging therapy and long-term survival was investigated in a subgroup analysis of the SiLVER Study. METHODS: Response to bridging, as defined by comparison of imaging at the time of listing and post-transplant pathology report, was categorized into controlled versus progressive disease (more than 20 per cent tumour growth or development of new lesions). RESULTS: Of 525 patients with HCC who had liver transplantation, 350 recipients underwent pretransplant bridging therapy. Tumour progression despite bridging was an independent risk factor affecting overall survival (hazard ratio 1.80; P = 0.005). For patients within the Milan criteria (MC) at listing, mean overall survival was longer for those with controlled versus progressive disease (6.8 versus 5.8 years; P < 0.001). Importantly, patients with HCCs outside the MC that were downsized to within the MC before liver transplantation had poor outcomes compared with patients who never exceeded the MC (mean overall survival 6.2 versus 6.6 years respectively; P = 0.030). CONCLUSION: Patients with HCCs within the MC that did not show tumour progression under locoregional therapy had the best outcomes after liver transplantation. Downstaging into the limits of the MC did not improve the probability of survival.Prognostic factors determining the long-term success of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are still under discussion. A subgroup analysis of the SiLVER trial showed that disease control under bridging therapy is strongly associated with improved prognosis in terms of overall survival. However, in tumours exceeding the limits of the Milan criteria, downstaging did not restore the probability of survival compared with that of patients within the Milan criteria.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirugía , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirugía , Trasplante de Hígado/estadística & datos numéricos , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/prevención & control , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/mortalidad , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/mortalidad , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Pronóstico , Factores de Riesgo , Análisis de Supervivencia , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Listas de EsperaRESUMEN
The induction of tolerance towards allogeneic solid organ grafts is one of the major goals in transplantation medicine. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) inhibit the immune response in vitro, and thus are promising candidate cells to promote acceptance of transplanted organs in vivo. Such novel approaches of tolerance induction are needed since, to date, graft acceptance can only be maintained through life-long treatment with unspecific immunosuppressants that are associated with toxic injury, opportunistic infections and malignancies. We demonstrate that donor-derived MSC induce long-term allograft acceptance in a rat heart transplantation model, when concurrently applied with a short course of low-dose mycophenolate. This tolerogenic effect of MSC is at least partially mediated by the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), demonstrated by the fact that blocking of IDO with 1-methyl tryptophan (1-MT) abrogates graft acceptance. Moreover we hypothesize that MSC interact with dendritic cells (DC) in vivo, because allogeneic MSC are rejected in the long-term but DC acquire a tolerogenic phenotype after applying MSC. In summary, we demonstrate that MSC constitute a promising tool for induction of non-responsiveness in solid organ transplantation that warrants further investigation in clinical trials.
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Rechazo de Injerto/prevención & control , Supervivencia de Injerto/inmunología , Trasplante de Corazón , Terapia de Inmunosupresión/métodos , Inmunosupresores/administración & dosificación , Trasplante de Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/inmunología , Ácido Micofenólico/análogos & derivados , Animales , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Supervivencia de Injerto/efectos de los fármacos , Trasplante de Corazón/patología , Indolamina-Pirrol 2,3,-Dioxigenasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Indolamina-Pirrol 2,3,-Dioxigenasa/metabolismo , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Micofenólico/administración & dosificación , Ratas , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/metabolismo , Triptófano/análogos & derivados , Triptófano/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Intestinal ischemia is the prime vascular emergency for the visceral surgeon. However, the diagnosis of mesenteric ischemia is difficult, the surgical options are often limited and the overall outcome is generally poor. METHODS: We report on a single center series of 83 patients undergoing surgery for mesenteric ischemia during a 3-year period. Risk factors, clinical presentation, type and timing of imaging studies and their implications for surgical therapy and outcome are analyzed. RESULTS: Hypertension and diabetes were the most common risk factors (68/64% of all patients). Abdominal pain was the most general symptom upon presentation to the surgical unit (73%). Two-phase, contrast-enhanced computed tomography was applied as the standard preoperative imaging modality (correct diagnosis in 69%). Bowel resections were necessary in most patients; approaches to restore blood flow by vascular surgery interventions were applied in 17 patients (20%). The overall morbidity and mortality rate in our study cohort was expectedly high (59% 1 month mortality). CONCLUSION: The diagnosis and surgical treatment of mesenteric ischemia remains a major difficulty. We recommend preoperative CT analysis followed by an aggressive indication for early surgical exploration and bowel resection. An attempt of revascularization is justified for selected patients with limited macrovascular disease.
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Isquemia , Mesenterio/irrigación sanguínea , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Isquemia/diagnóstico , Isquemia/etiología , Isquemia/cirugía , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Análisis de Supervivencia , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Experiments in MPTP-treated non-human primates testing potential antiparkinsonian action have shown both, beneficial and adverse effects of gutamate receptor antagonists. To investigate this matter further, the novel competitive NMDA antagonist CGP40.116 was administered systemically to three adult MPTP-treated marmosets. When coadministered subcutaneously with a subthreshold dose of L-DOPA, 2 mg/kg, CGP40.116 25-250 micrograms/kg, increased locomotor activity. However, when administered alone, CGP40.116 had no effect on locomotor activity.
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1-Metil-4-fenil-1,2,3,6-Tetrahidropiridina/farmacología , 2-Amino-5-fosfonovalerato/análogos & derivados , Levodopa/farmacología , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , N-Metilaspartato/antagonistas & inhibidores , 2-Amino-5-fosfonovalerato/farmacología , Animales , Callithrix , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Sinergismo FarmacológicoRESUMEN
The effects of the two toxic proteins Pardaxin I and II isolated from the gland secretion of the flatfish Pardachirus marmoratus on frog neuromuscular transmission have been investigated and compared to those of the gland secretion. Pardaxin I and II showed pre- but not postsynaptic neurotoxic effects. They increased the frequency of the spontaneous release of transmitter quanta in a dose-dependent and temperature-influenced way up to more than 100 times control values. At the same time the quantal content of the evoked end-plate potentials was greatly elevated. Pardaxin I was about 5 times more effective than Pardaxin II, and both were roughly in the same range of efficacy as the original gland secretion (w/v). The glycosteroids isolated from the same gland secretion were relatively ineffective in promoting neurotransmitter release; however, at high doses they had postsynaptic effects, as shown by a diminution of the amplitude of the evoked end-plate potentials. They did not reinforce the effect of the Pardaxins. At higher doses both the Pardaxins and the gland secretion induced depolarization of postsynaptic membranes, muscle cell contractions which could not be blocked by (+)-tubocurarine or by tetrodotoxin, and eventually also physical disruption of muscle cells. No effects on nerve conductance were observed. Pore-forming activity of the Pardaxins has already been demonstrated. It is suggested that their presynaptic effects are a result of a possible affinity to the nerve terminals, of their hydrophobicity and mainly of this pore-forming activity. These toxins might be valuable tools in neuroscience research.
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Venenos de los Peces/farmacología , Unión Neuromuscular/efectos de los fármacos , Neurotoxinas/farmacología , Transmisión Sináptica/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Peces Planos , Técnicas In Vitro , Rana temporariaRESUMEN
We investigated whether excitatory amino acids acting at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of the L-glutamate receptor contribute to the dopaminergic neurotoxicity induced by systemic administration of the Parkinson's syndrome-inducing toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in C57Bl/6 mice. The MPTP-regimen chosen (30-40 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously) resulted a 60-70% depletion of striatal dopamine (DA) content and a 20% reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-IR) cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta 20 days after administration. Repeated systemic coadministration of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 or of the novel competitive NMDA receptor antagonist CGP 40116 did not protect against MPTP-induced striatal DA depletion 20 days after toxin administration. Additionally, no short-term protective effects of MK-801 on striatal DA content were observed 24, 48, and 96 h, respectively, after exposure to MPTP. A slight and non-significant attenuation (approximately 10%) of the MPTP-induced decrease in the number of nigral TH-IR cells was observed after MK-801- and CGP 40116-treatment. We conclude that neurotoxicity of systemically administered MPTP is not substantially antagonized by NMDA receptor antagonists in mice.
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2-Amino-5-fosfonovalerato/análogos & derivados , Maleato de Dizocilpina/farmacología , Intoxicación por MPTP , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/antagonistas & inhibidores , 1-Metil-4-fenil-1,2,3,6-Tetrahidropiridina/antagonistas & inhibidores , 2-Amino-5-fosfonovalerato/farmacología , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Catecolaminas/metabolismo , Cuerpo Estriado/metabolismo , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Sustancia Negra/metabolismo , Sustancia Negra/patología , Tirosina 3-Monooxigenasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
The postnatal development of the hippocampus of the inbred mice strains BALB/c, C57BL/6, and DBA/2 was studied in organotypic explant cultures using the roller-tube technique. In vivo, mice exhibit strain-specific mossy fiber distribution patterns. As a main result we found, that after cultivation of 3-4 weeks, similar strain-specific patterns became apparent in vitro, as visualized by a modified Timm staining. From this experiment we can conclude that a postnatal extrinsic influence cannot be the cause of the strain-specific hippocampal features.
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Hipocampo/citología , Ratones Endogámicos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plasticidad Neuronal , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Hipocampo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hipocampo/fisiología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos DBA , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Medial temporal lobe amnesic disorder is characterized by an impairment in explicit memory (e.g., remembering a shopping list) and intact implicit memory (e.g., a woman seems familiar although you cannot remember having met her before). This study examined whether children with high-functioning autism have this same dissociation between explicit and implicit memory abilities. Children with autism and normal development participated in three memory tasks: one implicit task (perceptual identification) and two explicit tasks (recognition and recall). Children with autism showed intact implicit and explicit memory abilities. However, they did not show the typical pattern of recalling more items from both the beginning and end of a list and instead only recalled items from the end of the list. These results do not support the theory that high-functioning autism is a type of medial temporal lobe amnesia. However, these findings suggest that persons with autism use different organizational strategies during encoding or retrieval of items from memory.
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Amnesia/diagnóstico , Trastorno Autístico/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Recuerdo Mental/fisiología , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Escalas de Valoración PsiquiátricaRESUMEN
Intrapancreatic gas in acute pancreatitis is generally due to infection with gas-forming organisms. CT provides evidence of pancreatitis, its extent and complications. The demonstration of gas in an inflamed pancreas indicates abscess formation and is an indication for surgical intervention. A review of our own patients has shown abscess formation in six out of seven patients with gas in the pancreas. The differential diagnosis of gas collections in the region of the pancreas is discussed and illustrated by examples.
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Absceso/diagnóstico por imagen , Gases , Páncreas/diagnóstico por imagen , Pancreatitis/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Anciano , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Natural disease outbreaks of erysipelas and fowl cholera occurred in several lines of turkeys maintained for genetic studies. There were line differences in mortality during both outbreaks, suggesting that there is genetic variation in resistance to these diseases. A line developed by selection for increased egg production had a higher mortality rate from fowl cholera than did the randombred control line from which it was developed. Both the egg line and its control line had a lower mortality rate in the erysipelas outbreak than did a line selected for increased growth rate. Both diseases induced high mortality in a line selected for increased growth.
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Brotes de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/inmunología , Infecciones por Pasteurella/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/inmunología , Pavos/genética , Animales , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/mortalidad , Femenino , Variación Genética , Masculino , Infecciones por Pasteurella/inmunología , Infecciones por Pasteurella/mortalidad , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/mortalidadRESUMEN
Turkey hens were artificially inseminated at three times (0800, 1100, or 2200 hr) under conditions where high or low fertility would be expected. Four trials were conducted and the same two persons collected semen and inseminated the hens in all trials. Each hen was inseminated with .025 cc undiluted semen. There was no significant difference in fertility when hens were inseminated at different times of the day in the first three trials. In a fourth trial, where high fertility was expected, hens inseminated at 0800 hr had lower fertility than those inseminated at 2200 hr. There was no significant difference between inseminating at 0800 or 1100 hr and 1100 or 2200 hr. The results of this study indicate that late evening insemination is not necessary for high fertility.
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Fertilidad , Inseminación Artificial/veterinaria , Pavos/fisiología , Animales , Femenino , Inseminación Artificial/métodos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
This study was designed to determine the influence of: 1) age at and type of beak trimming (BT), and 2) injection of poults at hatch with 2 mL of a commercial mineral and vitamin solution versus noninjection of poults on the viability and growth rate of turkeys to market age. Mortality from 0 to 20 wk of age and BW at 8, 16, and 20 wk of age were recorded. At hatch, poults were BT 1.0 mm (Experiment 1) or 1.5 mm (Experiment 2) anterior to the nostril using an electric arc beak trimmer. In a second treatment (Experiments 1 and 2), one-third to one-half of the beak was removed at 11 days of age with a hot blade beak trimmer. In Experiment 1, offspring from three large-bodied crosses were used whereas in Experiment 2 birds were from a single large-bodied cross. The BT at 1.0 mm anterior to the nostril with an electronic beak trimmer (Experiment 1) increased mortality and decreased BW at 8, 16, and 20 wk of age relative to BT at 11 days of age with the hot blade beak trimmer. The BT at 1.5 mm (Experiment 2) at hatching did not affect mortality and reduced BW only at 8 wk of age relative to BT at 11 days of age. The use of an injectable commercial vitamin-mineral solution did not influence mortality in either experiment and significantly increased BW only at 8 wk of age in Experiment 2. The interactions of strain cross with either age of BT or injection vs. noninjection of poults were NS in Experiment 1.
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Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Electrólitos/administración & dosificación , Pavos/fisiología , Vitaminas/administración & dosificación , Factores de Edad , Animales , Pico , Peso Corporal , Femenino , Masculino , Mortalidad , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
British United Turkeys (BUT) and Nicholas (NIC) hens were exposed to a step-up (10 to 16 h/day) or a step-down (16 to 10 h/day) light program from 4 to 16 wk of age. Lights were increased or decreased by .5h/wk. From 1 to 20 wk, weekly BW data were used to calculate growth curve parameters according to the Gompertz equation. Compared with BUT hens, the slope of the growth curve was greater, but the BW and age at the point of inflection (POI) was decreased in NIC hens. The step-down light program significantly increased the slope of the growth curve, but decreased the BW and age at POI compared with the step-up program. A sample of hens from each strain and program was processed at 16 wk. The relative weight of the Pectoralis minor (P. minor) was increased in BUT hens compared with NIC hens. The absolute and relative weights of the Pectoralis major and the absolute weight of the P. minor were increased in hens from the step-down program compared with the step-up program. The step-up program significantly increased the relative weight of the abdominal fat pad compared with the step-down program, and NIC hens had more abdominal fat than BUT hens. Total carcass lipid was significantly increased by the step-up program, compared with the step-down program, and NIC hens had significantly more carcass lipid than BUT hens.
Asunto(s)
Luz , Desarrollo de Músculos , Músculos Pectorales/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pavos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Abdomen , Tejido Adiposo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Composición Corporal/efectos de la radiación , Peso Corporal/efectos de la radiación , Cruzamiento , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de la radiación , Femenino , Carne/normas , Periodicidad , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
Several genetic strains were surveyed for ovarian follicular development after a long production period (120 or 180 days). Hens still in production were killed, weighed, and number and total weight of ovarian follicles in rapid development were measured. The number of atretic follicles and number of follicles developing in pairs (identical and near identical weight) were recorded. Genetic increases in total egg production resulted in no significant change in the number or total weight of the follicles in rapid development after an 180-day production period. There was also no reduction in the number of follicles developing in pairs or the number of atretic follicles. However, genetic increases in average clutch length increased the number of follicles in rapid development with no consistent change in the number of follicles developing in pairs or number of atretic follicles. Genetic decreases in total days lost from broodiness reduced the number of follicles developing in pairs but had no significant influence on total number in rapid development. Both increases in average clutch length and decreases in total days lost from broodiness increased to total number of eggs produced during the first 180 days of egg production. Increasing body weight by selection resulted in a decrease in total egg production and an increase in the number of follicles in rapid development, total weight of these follicles, and the number of follicles developing in pairs.