Bacteriophage T4 early promoter regions. Consensus sequences of promoters and ribosome-binding sites.

Twenty-nine early promoters from bacteriophage T4 and 14 early promoters from bacteriophage T6 were isolated using vector M13HDL17, a promoterless derivative of M13mp8 carrying a linker sequence, the bacteriophage lambda-terminator tR1, and the lacZ' gene including part of its ribosome-binding site. The consensus sequence for the T4 promoters is: (sequence; see text). Ribosome-binding sites of T4 share the sequence: 5'...g.GGAga..aA.ATGAa.a...3' The consensus sequence of the T4 early promoter regions is significantly different in sequence and length from that of Escherichia coli promoters. Only one of the promoters detected with vector M13HDL17 resembled a typical bacterial promoter. The high information content raises the possibility that additional proteins recognize and contact nucleotides within the promoter region. All T4 early promoters also carry DNA sequences that could support DNA curving, a structural feature that might contribute to promoter recognition.

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray studies of T4 phage beta-glucosyltransferase.

Crystals of the DNA glucosylating enzyme beta-glucosyltransferase from phage T4 have been grown in the presence of uridine diphosphate glucose. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P2(1)2(1)2 with a = 148.3 A, b = 52.6 A, c = 52.6 A. The assumption of one monomer of Mr 40,000 per asymmetric unit gives rise to a Vm of 2.56 A 3/dalton. The crystals diffract to beyond 2.7 A and are suitable for X-ray structure analysis.

High resolution crystal structures of T4 phage beta-glucosyltransferase: induced fit and effect of substrate and metal binding.

beta-Glucosyltransferase (BGT) is a DNA-modifying enzyme encoded by bacteriophage T4 that transfers glucose from uridine diphosphoglucose to 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine bases of phage T4 DNA. We report six X-ray structures of the substrate-free and the UDP-bound enzyme. Four also contain metal ions which activate the enzyme, including Mg(2+) in forms 1 and 2 and Mn(2+) or Ca(2+). The substrate-free BGT structure differs by a domain movement from one previously determined in another space group. Further domain movements are seen in the complex with UDP and the four UDP-metal complexes. Mg(2+), Mn(2+) and Ca(2+) bind near the beta-phosphate of the nucleotide, but they occupy slightly different positions and have different ligands depending on the metal and the crystal form. Whilst the metal site observed in these complexes with the product UDP is not compatible with a role in activating glucose transfer, it approximates the position of the positive charge in the oxocarbonium ion thought to form on the glucose moiety of the substrate during catalysis.

T4 phage beta-glucosyltransferase: substrate binding and proposed catalytic mechanism.

beta-Glucosyltransferase (BGT) is a DNA-modifying enzyme encoded by bacteriophage T4 which catalyses the transfer of glucose (Glc) from uridine diphosphoglucose (UDP-Glc) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-HMC) in double-stranded DNA. The glucosylation of T4 phage DNA is part of a phage DNA protection system aimed at host nucleases. We previously reported the first three-dimensional structure of BGT determined from crystals grown in ammonium sulphate containing UDP-Glc. In this previous structure, we did not observe electron density for the Glc moiety of UDP-Glc nor for two large surface loop regions (residues 68-76 and 109-122). Here we report two further BGT co-crystal structures, in the presence of UDP product (form I) and donor substrate UDP-Glc (form II), respectively. Form I crystals are grown in ammonium sulphate and the structure has been determined to 1.88 A resolution (R -factor 19.1 %). Form II crystals are grown in polyethyleneglycol 4000 and the structure has been solved to 2.3 A resolution (R -factor 19.8 %). The form I structure is isomorphous to our previous BGT UDP-Glc structure. The form II structure, however, has allowed us to model the two missing surface loop regions and thus provides the first complete structural description of BGT. In this low-salt crystal form, we see no electron density for the Glc moiety from UDP-Glc similar to previous observations. Biochemical data however, shows that BGT can cleave UDP-Glc in the absence of DNA acceptor, which probably accounts for the absence of Glc in our UDP-Glc substrate structures. The complete BGT structure now provides a basis for detailed modelling of a BGT HMC-DNA ternary complex. By using the structural similarity between the catalytic core of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and BGT, we have modelled the position of the Glc moiety in UDP-Glc. From these two models, we propose a catalytic mechanism for BGT and identify residues involved in both DNA binding and in stabilizing a "flipped-out" 5-HMC nucleotide.

Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of cDNAs encoding a 31-kilodalton surface antigen of Sarcocystis muris.

Using polyadenylated RNA isolated from Sarcocystis muris cyst merozoites, we have constructed a cDNA library in the expression vector lambda ZAP. Immunoscreening with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed against a 31-kDa surface antigen of S. muris [1] yielded a number of clones with insert sizes ranging between 1.1 kb and 1.3 kb. An additional clone with an insert length of 1.55 kb was isolated by screening with a labeled DNA probe derived from one of the cDNA clones. The cDNA sequence was found to contain an open reading frame specifying a polypeptide of 280 amino acids with a predicted size of 29.7 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence is rich in serine and threonine (22%) and harbors a hypothetical N-terminal signal peptide sequence as well as a C-terminal glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchor attachment site. The predicted amino acid sequence has been confirmed by peptide sequencing and an analysis of the overall amino acid composition of the 31-kDa protein. A recombinant protein was obtained which was recognized by the polyclonal antibodies directed against the 31-kDa antigen. Antiserum raised against the purified fusion protein specifically reacted with a 31-kDa protein from S. muris cystozoites. Southern blot analysis indicated that the corresponding gene exists as a single copy within the S. muris genome.

Characterization of cDNA clones encoding a major microneme antigen of Sarcocystis muris (Apicomplexa) cyst merozoites.

Two monoclonal antibodies directed against a microneme antigen of Sarcocystis muris cyst merozoites (16/17 kDa band doublet) were used to isolate cDNA clones from a lambda ZAP expression library. Restriction analysis revealed that the inserts were highly similar, with sizes ranging between 1.8 and 2.3 kb. In addition, a full-length cDNA insert of 2.6 kb was obtained by hybridization screening. On Northern blots, a single mRNA species of 2.7 kb was detected by a cDNA-derived probe. Southern blot hybridization suggests that the gene is present as a single copy. The nucleotide sequence of the full-length clone contains a single reading frame with a coding capacity of 26.5 kDa. The hypothetical polypeptide consists of a putative N-terminal signal peptide followed by a hydrophilic domain of unknown function, and the mature protein sequence. After purifying the 16/17 kDa antigen from cyst merozoites, a partial N-terminal amino acid sequence was obtained. Thus, the identity of the cDNA sequence was confirmed. The deduced sequence of the mature protein is predominantly hydrophilic and rich in cysteine (8.7%). Database searching suggested weak homologies of the hypothetical polypeptide to plasma kallikrein, tenascin and blood coagulation factors.

Effects of Hoe 065, a compound structurally related to inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme, on acetylcholine metabolism in rat brain.

Hoe 065, a compound structurally related to inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme, caused a fall in the content of acetylcholine (ACh) in different brain areas of the rat following i.p. administration in the range 0.03-30 mg/kg. This effect occurred 0.5 h after a single injection and lasted for at least 6 h. Simultaneous administration of the choline uptake inhibitor hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) with Hoe 065 potentiated the decrease in ACh content induced by HC-3. In the same dose range Hoe 065 acutely enhanced the activity of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase as well as the capacity of the high-affinity choline uptake system which is considered as the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of ACh. Cholinesterase activity in vivo was not altered by the compound. Hoe 065 produced a concurrent elevation of brain cyclic GMP content. Taken together, these results suggest that Hoe 065 acutely increases cholinergic activity within its physiological range, probably by means of an enhanced release of ACh.

Effects of the novel compound, Hoe 065, upon impaired learning and memory in rodents.

The effects of Hoe 065 (n-octyl 2-[N-[(S)-1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-phenylpropyl]-L-alanyl]-(1S,3S, 5S)-2-azabicyclo [3.3.0]octane-3-carboxylate maleate salt) were studied on the performance of mice and rats in different learning tasks. Hoe 065 prevented the disruption of memory induced by scopolamine administered before training. The results indicate that Hoe 065 improves cognitive function in different tasks.

Overexpression, purification, and partial characterization of ADP-ribosyltransferases modA and modB of bacteriophage T4.

There is increasing experimental evidence that ADP-ribosylation of host proteins is an important means to regulate gene expression of bacteriophage T4. Surprisingly, this phage codes for three different ADP-ribosyltransferases, gene products Alt, ModA, and ModB, modifying partially overlapping sets of host proteins. While gene product Alt already has been isolated as a recombinant protein and its action on host RNA polymerases and transcription regulation have been studied, the nucleotide sequences of the two mod genes was published only recently. Their mode of action in the course of the infection cycle and the consequences of the ADP-ribosylations catalyzed by these enzymes remain to be investigated. Here we describe the cloning of the genes, the overexpression, purification, and partial characterization of ADP-ribosyltransferases ModA and ModB. Both proteins seem to act independently, and the ADP-ribosyl moieties are transferred to different sets of host proteins. While gene product ModA, similarly to the Alt protein, acts also on the alpha-subunit of host RNA polymerase, the ModB activity serves another set of proteins, one of which was identified as the S1 protein associated with the 30S subunit of the E. coli ribosomes.

Overexpression, purification, and characterization of the ADP-ribosyltransferase (gpAlt) of bacteriophage T4: ADP-ribosylation of E. coli RNA polymerase modulates T4 "early" transcription.

The bacteriophage T4 Alt gene product is a component of the phage head and enters the host cell in the process of infection together with the phage DNA. It immediately ADP-ribosylates host RNA polymerase, presumably at only one of the two alpha-subunits. Transcription from T4 "early" promoters, therefore, might be catalyzed, at least in part, by an altered RNA polymerase. The T4 alt gene was cloned into the expression vector pBluescript. E. coli cells, transformed with this recombinant vector, overexpressed the 76 kDa Alt gene product, which was purified to homogeneity. The purified enzyme not only ADP-ribosylates the alpha-subunit of RNA polymerase, but also subunits beta and beta', as well as the sigma 70-factor. The recombinant enzyme behaved like the native enzyme isolated from mature phage particles. The effect of the ribosylation reaction on the transcription activity of host RNA polymerase was investigated in vivo. It results in a modulation of T4 "early" promoter strengths, presumably, in a number of cases, leading to an overexpression of T4 "early" genes. The degree of overexpression, in some cases, should reach 50%, and seems to be well dosed for each promoter, controlling an individual transcription unit.

The Vienna SMZO-PACS-project: the totally digital hospital.

This paper gives an overview of the SMZO-PACS-Project in the form of a rough specification of the system architecture and the functional parameters related to it. The PACS architecture, determined by the large amount of data volume produced in the SMZO Hospital is outlined. In both radiology and trauma departments high technical requirements concerning data throughout and fault tolerance are demanded. Therefore these PACS modules are designed to minimize the workload of the network so that the performance is not degraded in the case of fault of a single component. A PACS module includes image acquisition devices of a certain modality with related reporting workstations and a distributed electronic archive. The functionality of the modules is described, special interest is posed on the integration of the different information management systems PACS, RIS and HIS, to achieve a complete record of data input and throughput in the hospital.

Integration of radiology and hospital information systems (RIS, HIS) with PACS: requirements of the radiologist.

PACS development has now reached a stage where it can clearly be stated that the technology for storage, networking and display in a fully digital environment is available. This is reflected by an already large and rapidly increasing number of PACS installations in USA, Western Europe and Japan. Such installations consist of a great variety of information systems, more or less interconnected, like PACS, HIS, RIS and other departmental systems, differing in both hardware and software. Various data - even if they only concern one person - are stored in different systems distributed in the hospital. The integration of all digital systems into a functional unit is determined by the radiologist's need of quick access to all relevant information regardless where it is stored. The interconnection and functional integration of all digital systems in the hospital determine the clinical benefits of PACS. This paper (1) describes the radiologist's requirements concerning this integration, and (2) presents some realistic solutions such as the Siemens ISI (Information System Interface), and a mobile viewing station for the wards (visitBox).

ADP-ribosylation and early transcription regulation by bacteriophage T4.

Bacteriophage T4 codes at least for two ADP-ribosylating activities, the 76 kDa Alt and the 24 kDa Mod gene products. The main target for both enzymes is the host RNA polymerase. We cloned and sequenced the alt gene and overexpressed the corresponding enzyme. The recombinant protein shows ADP-ribosylating activities in vitro, as had been described earlier for the native enzyme isolated from phage heads. The native as well as the recombinant protein ADP-ribosylate the alpha-subunit of RNA polymerase, but also subunits beta, beta' and sigma 70 and perform an autoribosylation reaction. Taking advantage of the pKWIII test system, constructed to measure promoter strengths in vivo, it was found that ADP-ribosylation of RNA polymerase leads to an increase of transcription from T4 early promoters up to a factor of two. In an infected host cell this should cause an enhanced expression of T4 genes. Depending on whether RNA polymerase was ADP-ribosylated or not, it initiated transcription at T4 promoters with different sequence characteristics: unribosylated RNA polymerase recognizes the early T4 promoters by an extended -10 region, whereas the ribosylated enzyme selects for T4 early promoters with an extended T4-specific and highly conserved -35 region. These results may reflect how the virus, step by step imposes its genetic program on the host cell, and in part they give a rationale for the extension of the consensus sequence observed with these promoters. We also sequenced the genomic region of the T4 mod gene and found two open reading frames coding both for proteins of approximately 24 kDa. Up to now none of the reading frames could be cloned into E. coli in an active form, making it highly probable that the ADP-ribosylation pattern inflicted by gene product Mod on host RNA polymerase is deleterious to these bacteria. Comparisons of the amino acid sequences showed significant homologies among the two reading frames. Computer analysis reveals that both Mod sequences and also the sequence of the Alt protein exhibit a structural concordance with the catalytic domains of other prokaryotic ADP-mono-ribosyltransferases such as the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, the cholera labile enterotoxin, the diphteria toxin, the heat labile enterotoxin A of E. coli, and pertussis toxin. We present a detailed model for T4 transcription regulation.

Management of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis: a guideline on optimal and uniform treatment.

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) represents a rare complication of long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD). It is characterised by diffuse peritoneal membrane fibrosis, progressive intestinal encapsulation and the clinical spectrum of intestinal obstruction. The pathogenesis is as yet not well understood but includes inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrosis. The current diagnosis of EPS lacks specificity and relies on clinical, radiographic or macroscopic evaluation. There is no general agreement on managing EPS although accumulating clinical data suggest drug treatment (steroids, tamoxifen), surgery (enterolysis) or a combination of both. Here, we provide a short overview on the current knowledge of EPS, with a focus on treatment. Moreover, we present a diagnostic and a therapeutic algorithm for EPS based on the best available published data and our combined experience.

Antibiotic-based catheter lock solutions for prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.

Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is associated with high rates of morbidity. This systematic review assesses the efficacy of antibiotic-based lock solutions to prevent CRBSI. A secondary goal of our review is to determine which antibiotic-based lock solution is most effective in reducing CRBSI. We searched Medline and the Cochrane Library for relevant trials up to April 2009. Data from the original publications were used to calculate the overall relative risk of CRBSI. Data for similar outcomes were combined in the analysis where appropriate, using a random-effects model. Sixteen trials were included in the review, nine conducted in haemodialysis patients, six in oncology patients (mainly children) and one study concerned critically ill neonates. Three haemodialysis patients needed to be treated with antibiotics to prevent one CRBSI, given a mean insertion time of 146 days (range: 37-365) and an average baseline risk of 3.0 events per 1000 catheter-days. In the oncology patients a number needed to treat (NNT) was calculated of eight patients to prevent one BSI, given a mean insertion time of 227 days (range: 154-295) and average baseline risk of 1.7 events per 1000 catheter-days. There are indications that antibiotic-based lock solutions as compared to heparin lock solutions are effective in the prevention of CRBSI in haemodialysis patients. In trials studying oncology patients the estimated effect showed only a marginal significant benefit in favour of antibiotic-based lock solutions. Our review supports the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in not recommending routine use of antibiotic-based catheter lock solutions.