RESUMEN
We evaluated the in vitro effects of lyophilization for 2 vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines by using 3 stabilizing formulations and demonstrated protective immunity of lyophilized/reconstituted vaccine in guinea pigs. Lyophilization increased stability of the vaccines, but specific vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines will each require extensive analysis to optimize stabilizing formulations.
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Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Liofilización , Estomatitis Vesicular , Vacunas Virales , Animales , Cobayas , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/administración & dosificación , Estomatitis Vesicular/inmunología , Estomatitis Vesicular/prevención & control , Estomatitis Vesicular/virología , Vesiculovirus/inmunología , Vesiculovirus/genética , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Eficacia de las Vacunas , Virus de la Estomatitis Vesicular Indiana/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The emergence of Marburg virus (MARV) in Guinea and Ghana triggered the assembly of the MARV vaccine "MARVAC" consortium representing leaders in the field of vaccine research and development aiming to facilitate a rapid response to this infectious disease threat. Here, we discuss current progress, challenges, and future directions for MARV vaccines.
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Enfermedad del Virus de Marburg , Marburgvirus , Vacunas Virales , Animales , Humanos , Enfermedad del Virus de Marburg/prevención & controlRESUMEN
The global spread of monkeypox virus has raised concerns over the establishment of novel enzootic reservoirs in expanded geographic regions. We demonstrate that although deer mice are permissive to experimental infection with clade I and II monkeypox viruses, the infection is short-lived and has limited capability for active transmission.
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Monkeypox virus , Mpox , Animales , Monkeypox virus/genética , Mpox/epidemiología , Peromyscus , América del Norte/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The 1918 H1N1 influenza pandemic was among the most severe in history, taking the lives of approximately 50 million people worldwide, and novel prophylactic vaccines are urgently needed to prevent another pandemic. Given that macaques are physiologically relevant preclinical models of human immunology that have advanced the clinical treatment of infectious diseases, a lethal pandemic influenza challenge model would provide a stringent platform for testing new influenza vaccine concepts. To this end, we infected rhesus macaques and Mauritian cynomolgus macaques with highly pathogenic 1918 H1N1 influenza virus and assessed pathogenesis and disease severity. Despite infection with a high dose of 1918 influenza delivered via multiple routes, rhesus macaques demonstrated minimal signs of disease, with only intermittent viral shedding. Cynomolgus macaques infected via intrabronchial instillation demonstrated mild symptoms, with disease severity depending on the infection dose. Cynomolgus macaques infected with a high dose of 1918 influenza delivered via multiple routes experienced moderate disease characterized by consistent viral shedding, pulmonary infiltrates, and elevated inflammatory cytokine levels. However, 1918 influenza was uniformly nonlethal in these two species, demonstrating that this isolate is insufficiently pathogenic in rhesus and Mauritian cynomolgus macaques to support testing novel prophylactic influenza approaches where protection from severe disease combined with a lethal outcome is desired as a highly stringent indication of vaccine efficacy. IMPORTANCE The world remains at risk of an influenza pandemic, and the development of new therapeutic and preventative modalities is critically important for minimizing human death and suffering during the next influenza pandemic. Animal models are central to the development of new therapies and vaccine approaches. In particular, nonhuman primates like rhesus and cynomolgus macaques are highly relevant preclinical models given their physiological and immunological similarities to humans. Unfortunately, there remains a scarcity of macaque models of pandemic influenza with which to test novel antiviral modalities. Here, we demonstrate that even at the highest doses tested, 1918 influenza was not lethal in these two macaque species, suggesting that they are not ideal for the development and testing of novel pandemic influenza-specific vaccines and therapies. Therefore, other physiologically relevant nonhuman primate models of pandemic influenza are needed.
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Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A , Vacunas contra la Influenza , Gripe Humana , Animales , Humanos , Macaca fascicularis , Macaca mulattaRESUMEN
Increasing cases of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections from immunization with current spike protein-based COVID-19 vaccines highlight the need to develop alternative vaccines using different platforms and/or antigens. In this study, we expressed SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins based on a novel vaccinia virus (VACV) ACAM2000 platform (rACAM2000). In this platform, the vaccinia virus host range and immunoregulatory gene E3L was deleted to make the virus attenuated and to enhance innate immune responses, and another host range gene, K3L, was replaced with a poxvirus ortholog gene, taterapox virus 037 (TATV037), to make virus replication competent in both hamster and human cells. Following a single intramuscular immunization, the rACAM2000 coexpressing the spike and nucleocapsid proteins induced significantly improved protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in comparison to rACAM2000 expressing the individual proteins in a hamster model, as shown by reduced weight loss and shorter recovery time. The protection was associated with reduced viral loads, increased neutralizing antibody titer, and reduced neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Thus, our study demonstrates that rACAM2000 expressing a combination of the spike and nucleocapsid antigens is a promising COVID-19 vaccine candidate, and further studies will investigate if the rACAM2000 vaccine candidate can induce a long-lasting immunity against infection by SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. IMPORTANCE Continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants which cause breakthrough infection from the immunity induced by current spike protein-based COVID-19 vaccines highlights the need for new generations of vaccines that will induce long-lasting immunity against a wide range of the variants. To this end, we investigated the protective efficacy of the recombinant COVID-19 vaccine candidates based on a novel VACV ACAM2000 platform, in which an immunoregulatory gene, E3L, was deleted and both the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) antigens were expressed. Thus, it is expected that the vaccine candidate we constructed should be more immunogenic and safer. In the initial study described in this work, we demonstrated that the vaccine candidate expressing both the S and N proteins is superior to the constructs expressing an individual protein (S or N) in protecting hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 challenge after a single-dose immunization, and further investigation against different SARS-CoV-2 variants will warrant future clinical evaluations.
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/genética , Proteínas de la Nucleocápside de Coronavirus , Cricetinae , Humanos , Inmunización , Proteínas de la Nucleocápside/inmunología , Fosfoproteínas , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacuna contra Viruela , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/inmunología , Virus VacciniaRESUMEN
Nigeria continues to experience ever increasing annual outbreaks of Lassa fever (LF). The World Health Organization has recently declared Lassa virus (LASV) as a priority pathogen for accelerated research leading to a renewed international effort to develop relevant animal models of disease and effective countermeasures to reduce LF morbidity and mortality in endemic West African countries. A limiting factor in evaluating medical countermeasures against LF is a lack of well characterized animal models outside of those based on infection with LASV strain Josiah originating form Sierra Leone, circa 1976. Here we genetically characterize five recent LASV isolates collected from the 2018 outbreak in Nigeria. Three isolates were further evaluated in vivo and despite being closely related and from the same spatial / geographic region of Nigeria, only one of the three isolates proved lethal in strain 13 guinea pigs and non-human primates (NHP). Additionally, this isolate exhibited atypical pathogenesis characteristics in the NHP model, most notably respiratory failure, not commonly described in hemorrhagic cases of LF. These results suggest that there is considerable phenotypic heterogeneity in LASV infections in Nigeria, which leads to a multitude of pathogenesis characteristics that could account for differences between subclinical and lethal LF infections. Most importantly, the development of disease models using currently circulating LASV strains in West Africa are critical for the evaluation of potential vaccines and medical countermeasures.
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Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Fiebre de Lassa/genética , Virus Lassa/genética , Animales , Brotes de Enfermedades , Femenino , Cobayas , Humanos , Macaca fascicularis , Masculino , Nigeria , FilogeniaRESUMEN
We demonstrate that 6 distinct Peromyscus rodent species are permissive to experimental infection with Sin Nombre orthohantavirus (SNV). Viral RNA and SNV antibodies were detected in members of all 6 species. P. leucopus mice demonstrated markedly higher viral and antibody titers than P. maniculatus mice, the established primary hosts for SNV.
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Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus , Enfermedades de los Roedores , Virus Sin Nombre , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Peromyscus , ARN Viral , Enfermedades de los Roedores/epidemiología , Roedores , Virus Sin Nombre/genéticaRESUMEN
Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is a severe respiratory disease caused by orthohantaviruses in the Americas with a fatality rate as high as 35%. In South America, Andes orthohantavirus (Hantaviridae, Orthohantavirus, ANDV) is a major cause of HCPS, particularly in Chile and Argentina, where thousands of cases have been reported since the virus was discovered. Two strains of ANDV that are classically used for experimental studies of the virus are Chile-9717869, isolated from the natural reservoir, the long-tailed pygmy rice rat, and CHI-7913, an isolate from a lethal human case of HCPS. An important animal model for studying pathogenesis of HCPS is the lethal Syrian golden hamster model of ANDV infection. In this model, ANDV strain Chile-9717869 is uniformly lethal and has been used extensively for pathogenesis, vaccination, and therapeutic studies. Here we show that the CHI-7913 strain, despite having high sequence similarity with Chile-9717869, does not cause lethal disease in Syrian hamsters. CHI-7913, while being able to infect hamsters and replicate to moderate levels, showed a reduced ability to replicate within the tissues compared with Chile-9717869. Hamsters infected with CHI-7913 had reduced expression of cytokines IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-γ compared with Chile-9717869 infected animals, suggesting potentially limited immune-mediated pathology. These results demonstrate that certain ANDV strains may not be lethal in the classical Syrian hamster model of infection, and further exploration into the differences between lethal and non-lethal strains provide important insights into molecular determinants of pathogenic hantavirus infection.Importance:Andes orthohantavirus (ANDV) is a New World hantavirus that is a major cause of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS, also referred to as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome) in South America, particularly in Chile and Argentina. ANDV is one of the few hantaviruses for which there is a reliable animal model, the Syrian hamster model, which recapitulates important aspects of human disease. Here we infected hamsters with a human isolate of ANDV, CHI-7913, to assess its pathogenicity compared with the classical lethal Chile-9717869 strain. CHI-7913 had 22 amino acid differences compared with Chile-9717869, did not cause lethal disease in hamsters, and showed reduced ability to replicate in vivo Our data indicate potentially important molecular signatures for pathogenesis of ANDV infection in hamsters and may lead to insights into what drives pathogenesis of certain hantaviruses in humans.
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Lassa fever is an haemorrhagic fever caused by Lassa virus (LASV). There is no vaccine approved against LASV and the only recommended antiviral treatment relies on ribavirin, despite limited evidence of efficacy. Recently, the nucleotide analogue favipiravir showed a high antiviral efficacy, with 100% survival obtained in an otherwise fully lethal non-human primate (NHP) model of Lassa fever. However the mechanism of action of the drug is not known and the absence of pharmacokinetic data limits the translation of these results to the human setting. Here we aimed to better understand the antiviral effect of favipiravir by developping the first mathematical model recapitulating Lassa viral dynamics and treatment. We analyzed the viral dynamics in 24 NHPs left untreated or treated with ribavirin or favipiravir, and we put the results in perspective with those obtained with the same drugs in the context of Ebola infection. Our model estimates favipiravir EC50 in vivo to 2.89 µg.mL-1, which is much lower than what was found against Ebola virus. The main mechanism of action of favipiravir was to decrease virus infectivity, with an efficacy of 91% at the highest dose. Based on our knowledge acquired on the drug pharmacokinetics in humans, our model predicts that favipiravir doses larger than 1200 mg twice a day should have the capability to strongly reduce the production infectious virus and provide a milestone towards a future use in humans.
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Amidas , Antivirales , Fiebre de Lassa/virología , Virus Lassa , Pirazinas , Ribavirina , Amidas/farmacocinética , Amidas/farmacología , Amidas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antivirales/farmacocinética , Antivirales/farmacología , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/efectos de los fármacos , Fiebre de Lassa/tratamiento farmacológico , Virus Lassa/efectos de los fármacos , Virus Lassa/patogenicidad , Virus Lassa/fisiología , Macaca fascicularis , Modelos Biológicos , Pirazinas/farmacocinética , Pirazinas/farmacología , Pirazinas/uso terapéutico , Ribavirina/farmacocinética , Ribavirina/farmacología , Ribavirina/uso terapéutico , Carga Viral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Mali had 2 reported introductions of Ebola virus (EBOV) during the 2013-2016 West Africa epidemic. Previously, no evidence for EBOV circulation was reported in Mali. We performed an EBOV serosurvey study in southern Mali. We found low seroprevalence in the population, indicating local exposure to EBOV or closely related ebola viruses.
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Ebolavirus , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G , Malí , Estudios SeroepidemiológicosRESUMEN
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during human pregnancy may lead to severe fetal pathology and debilitating impairments in offspring. However, the majority of infections are subclinical and not associated with evident birth defects. Potentially detrimental life-long health outcomes in asymptomatic offspring evoke high concerns. Thus, animal models addressing sequelae in offspring may provide valuable information. To induce subclinical infection, we inoculated selected porcine fetuses at the mid-stage of development. Inoculation resulted in trans-fetal virus spread and persistent infection in the placenta and fetal membranes for two months. Offspring did not show congenital Zika syndrome (e.g., microcephaly, brain calcifications, congenital clubfoot, arthrogryposis, seizures) or other visible birth defects. However, a month after birth, a portion of offspring exhibited excessive interferon alpha (IFN-α) levels in blood plasma in a regular environment. Most affected offspring also showed dramatic IFN-α shutdown during social stress providing the first evidence for the cumulative impact of prenatal ZIKV exposure and postnatal environmental insult. Other eleven cytokines tested before and after stress were not altered suggesting the specific IFN-α pathology. While brains from offspring did not have histopathology, lesions, and ZIKV, the whole genome expression analysis of the prefrontal cortex revealed profound sex-specific transcriptional changes that most probably was the result of subclinical in utero infection. RNA-seq analysis in the placenta persistently infected with ZIKV provided independent support for the sex-specific pattern of in utero-acquired transcriptional responses. Collectively, our results provide strong evidence that two hallmarks of fetal ZIKV infection, altered type I IFN response and molecular brain pathology can persist after birth in offspring in the absence of congenital Zika syndrome.
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Encéfalo/patología , Enfermedades Fetales/epidemiología , Feto/virología , Interferón-alfa/metabolismo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Útero/virología , Infección por el Virus Zika/virología , Animales , Antivirales/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/virología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/transmisión , Enfermedades Transmisibles/virología , Femenino , Enfermedades Fetales/metabolismo , Enfermedades Fetales/virología , Feto/metabolismo , Feto/patología , Masculino , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/metabolismo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/virología , Factores Sexuales , Porcinos , Útero/metabolismo , Útero/patología , Virus Zika/patogenicidad , Infección por el Virus Zika/patología , Infección por el Virus Zika/transmisión , Infección por el Virus Zika/veterinariaRESUMEN
Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is a severe respiratory disease caused by Sin Nombre virus in North America (SNV). As of January 1, 2020, SNV has caused 143 laboratory-confirmed cases of HCPS in Canada. We review critical aspects of SNV virus epidemiology and the ecology, biology, and genetics of HCPS in Canada.
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Infecciones por Hantavirus , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus , Orthohantavirus , Virus Sin Nombre , Canadá/epidemiología , Orthohantavirus/genética , Infecciones por Hantavirus/epidemiología , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/diagnóstico , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/epidemiología , Humanos , América del NorteRESUMEN
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a membrane enveloped Flavivirus with a positive strand RNA genome, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. The geographical range of ZIKV has dramatically expanded in recent decades resulting in increasing numbers of infected individuals, and the spike in ZIKV infections has been linked to significant increases in both Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. Although a large number of host proteins have been physically and/or functionally linked to other Flaviviruses, very little is known about the virus-host protein interactions established by ZIKV. Here we map host cell protein interaction profiles for each of the ten polypeptides encoded in the ZIKV genome, generating a protein topology network comprising 3033 interactions among 1224 unique human polypeptides. The interactome is enriched in proteins with roles in polypeptide processing and quality control, vesicle trafficking, RNA processing and lipid metabolism. >60% of the network components have been previously implicated in other types of viral infections; the remaining interactors comprise hundreds of new putative ZIKV functional partners. Mining this rich data set, we highlight several examples of how ZIKV may usurp or disrupt the function of host cell organelles, and uncover an important role for peroxisomes in ZIKV infection.
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Orgánulos/virología , Mapas de Interacción de Proteínas , Virus Zika/fisiología , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Peroxisomas/metabolismo , Proteínas Virales/metabolismo , Infección por el Virus Zika/metabolismo , Infección por el Virus Zika/virologíaRESUMEN
Use of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based Ebola virus vaccine during outbreaks and the potential use of a similar VSV-based Lassa virus vaccine has raised questions about the vaccines' stability should the cold chain fail. We demonstrated that current cold chain conditions might tolerate significant variances without affecting efficacy.
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Vacunas contra el Virus del Ébola/inmunología , Ebolavirus/inmunología , Vectores Genéticos , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/prevención & control , Vesiculovirus , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Brotes de Enfermedades , Vacunas contra el Virus del Ébola/administración & dosificación , Vacunas contra el Virus del Ébola/genética , Femenino , Vectores Genéticos/genética , Cobayas , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/epidemiología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/mortalidad , Humanos , Inmunización , Mortalidad , Potencia de la Vacuna , Vesiculovirus/genéticaRESUMEN
Filoviruses such as Ebola virus (EBOV), Marburg virus (MARV), and Sudan virus (SUDV) cause deadly viral hemorrhagic fever in humans, with high case-fatality rates; however, no licensed therapeutic agent or vaccine has been clinically approved to treat or prevent infection. T-705 (favipiravir) is a novel antiviral drug that has been approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan. T-705 exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against different viruses, including MARV and EBOV, and here, we are the first to report the in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of T-705 against SUDV. T-705 treatment reduced SUDV replication in Vero E6 cells. Subcutaneous administration of T-705, beginning 1-4 days after infection and continuing for 7 days, significantly protected SUDV-infected guinea pigs, with a survival rate of 83%-100%. Viral RNA replication and infectious virus production were also significantly reduced in the blood, spleen, liver, lungs, and kidney. Moreover, early administration of low-dose T-705 and late administration (at 5 days after infection) of higher-dose T-705 also showed partial protection. Overall, our study is the first to demonstrate the antiviral activity of T-705 against SUDV, suggesting that T-705 may be a potential drug candidate for use during outbreaks.
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Amidas/uso terapéutico , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Filoviridae/prevención & control , Pirazinas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas , Chlorocebus aethiops , Femenino , Infecciones por Filoviridae/sangre , Infecciones por Filoviridae/virología , Cobayas , ARN Viral/análisis , Células Vero , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Antibody therapy has been used to treat a variety of diseases and the success of ZMapp and other monoclonal antibody-based therapies during the 2014-2016 West African Ebola outbreak has shown this countermeasure can be a successful therapy for Ebola hemorrhagic fever. This study utilized transchromosomal bovines (TcB) vaccinated with a DNA plasmid encoding Ebola virus glycoprotein sequence to produce human polyclonal antibodies directed against Ebola virus glycoprotein. When administered 1 day postinfection, these TcB polyclonal antibodies provided partial protection and resulted in a 50% survival rate following a lethal challenge of Ebola virus Makona in rhesus macaques.
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Anticuerpos Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/prevención & control , Animales , Bovinos , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/mortalidad , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/patología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/virología , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , ARN Viral/análisisRESUMEN
The 2013-2016 West Africa outbreak demonstrated the epidemic potential of Ebola virus and highlighted the need for counter strategies. Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapies hold promise as treatment options for Ebola virus infections. However, production of clinical-grade mAbs is labor intensive, and immunity is short lived. Conversely, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated mAb gene transfer provides the host with a genetic blueprint to manufacture mAbs in vivo, leading to steady release of antibody over many months. Here we demonstrate that AAV-mediated expression of nonneutralizing mAb 5D2 or 7C9 confers 100% protection against mouse-adapted Ebola virus infection, while neutralizing mAb 2G4 was 83% protective. A 2-component cocktail, AAV-2G4/AAV-5D2, provided complete protection when administered 7 days prior to challenge and was partially protective with a 3-day lead time. Finally, AAV-mAb therapies provided sustained protection from challenge 5 months following AAV administration. AAV-mAb may be a viable alternative strategy for vaccination against emerging infectious diseases.
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Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Dependovirus/inmunología , Ebolavirus , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/prevención & control , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/virología , Inmunización Pasiva , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
Lassa virus, the cause of Lassa fever in humans, is endemic to West Africa. Treatment of Lassa fever is primarily supportive, although ribavirin has shown limited efficacy if administered early during infection. We tested favipiravir in Lassa virus-viremic macaques and found that 300 mg/kg daily for 2 weeks successfully treated infection.
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Amidas/uso terapéutico , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Fiebre de Lassa/veterinaria , Virus Lassa/aislamiento & purificación , Macaca , Enfermedades de los Monos/tratamiento farmacológico , Pirazinas/uso terapéutico , Amidas/administración & dosificación , Animales , Antivirales/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Inyecciones Subcutáneas/veterinaria , Fiebre de Lassa/tratamiento farmacológico , Pirazinas/administración & dosificación , Distribución Aleatoria , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
A suspected case of sexual transmission from a male survivor of Ebola virus disease (EVD) to his female partner (the patient in this report) occurred in Liberia in March 2015. Ebola virus (EBOV) genomes assembled from blood samples from the patient and a semen sample from the survivor were consistent with direct transmission. The genomes shared three substitutions that were absent from all other Western African EBOV sequences and that were distinct from the last documented transmission chain in Liberia before this case. Combined with epidemiologic data, the genomic analysis provides evidence of sexual transmission of EBOV and evidence of the persistence of infective EBOV in semen for 179 days or more after the onset of EVD. (Funded by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency and others.).
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Ebolavirus/genética , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/transmisión , Semen/virología , Adulto , Coito , Ebolavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Genoma Viral , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/virología , Humanos , Liberia , Masculino , ARN Viral/sangre , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Sexo InseguroRESUMEN
California serogroup (CSG) viruses, such as Jamestown Canyon and snowshoe hare viruses, are mosquitoborne pathogens that cause febrile illness and neurologic disease. Human exposures have been described across Canada, but infections are likely underdiagnosed. We describe a case of neuroinvasive illness in a New Brunswick, Canada, patient infected with a CSG virus.